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In recent years, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis has become a major subject among issues dealing with environmental economics. This curve tries to show an inverse U-shaped relation between economic development indicators and pollution. In this study, the curve has regionally been considered in the city of Tehran with respect to its municipal solid wastes. The results confirm that over the period 1996 to 2006 there has been no sign of the EKC in Tehran. However, the source separation of dry wastes policy was effective in decreasing the slope of the so called EKC as it is expected.

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The main limitation of the use of adhesive joints is weakening the adhesive layer against damaging environmental factors such as humidity. Use of numerical methods for predicting the strength of adhesive joints exposed to moist environment can significantly save time and cost. In this study, first experimental investigation and numerical modeling of the complete process of moisture diffusion into the adhesive layer and its damaging effect on the adhesive joint strength was determined. Then this process was applied for a single lap joint of SBT 9244 pressure sensitive adhesive and AL2024-T3 aluminum alloy substrate with two 12.5 and 50 mm overlap of lengths. As the first step, moisture distribution for 30, 60 and 90 days exposure times in environmental condition of 100% relative humidity was obtained. Then single lap joint tensile test was simulated using cohesive zone model for different exposure times. In this simulation cohesive zone model parameters were determined in such a way that numerical failure load and the existing experimental failure load be in good agreement. The cohesive zone model parameters were determined dependent on the moisture content. The first simulation was done without considering swelling and in the second one swelling was considered. Swelling stress was obtained separately at different exposure time periods. It was found that swelling effect was more considerable in the joints with longer overlap length and shorted exposure time.

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Globalization is a driving force in emitting carbon dioxide (CO₂), which causes countries to interact with each other economically, socially and politically. The interaction between countries will inevitably affect CO₂ emissions. The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamic effects of globalization and energy consumption on environmental degradation in Iran. Therefore, it examines which variable (globalization, energy consumption or economic growth) is more effective in the process of environmental degradation. The Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) and Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (CCR) models are applied to investigate the subject over the period 1978-2016. In addition, Maki co-integration test is used to check the long-term dynamic relationships. The results show that globalization increases environmental degradation regardless of the decrease or increase in economic growth. This indicates that the scale effect of is dominant in Iran.