Showing 4 results for Taxes
Parviz Rostamzadeh, Yazdan Goudarzi Farahani,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (3-2018)
Abstract
This paper aims to examine the replacement oil revenues with tax revenues in the Iranian economy. For this purpose, using dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) approach, a small open economy model consisting of two tradable and non-tradable production sectors is designed. In government revenue side, various taxes such as consumption tax, and income tax arising from the supply of labor and capital rent are included in the model. Model parameters were estimated by Bayesian approach using quarterly data for the period 1988-2014. Two scenarios were designed in order to replace oil revenues with tax revenues. In the first scenario, the government only receives oil incomes, and oil price is determined exogenously. In the second one, oil earnings are totally saved in the National Development Fund (NDF), and government spends only tax revenues to meet current and capital expenditure. The results indicate negative impact of higher taxes on macroeconomic variables such as economic growth and private consumption in the short-term and positive impact on GDP, consumption and investment in the long- term.
Dr Amir Jabbari, Dr Narges Moradkhani, Mrs. Shiva Habibzadeh,
Volume 23, Issue 2 (5-2023)
Abstract
Findings
The results show that the rate of social welfare resulting from the imposition of a tax on financial services at the tax rate of 4% (optimal rate) is the highest and the tax rate is 9% for insurance services at the optimal rate.
Discussion and Conclusion
One of the important results of this research is the changes in government tax revenue that stem from taxes on financial and insurance services in Iran. It is observed that tax revenues have increased due to both tax regimes and the tax revenues from the financial services are higher than tax revenues from insurance services. This shows that financial services in Iran economic space have more tax capacity than insurance services.
Looking at the Iranian economy in recent years, it is considered that the economic variables do not depict acceptable conditions. Despite the inflation rate reaching over 47%, it is expected that the Iranian economy will experience a decrease of more than 7% in GDP while the unemployment rate will also increase. Examination of livelihood variables also shows a decline in the consumption level of Iranian households for basic goods. Additionally, during these years, capital accumulation has significantly decreased, and for some production sectors, there is negative capital accumulation.
The mentioned situation of the Iranian economy variables shows that Iran is deviated from its long-term growth path and production capacity in Iran's economy is severely degraded. As a result, Iran's economy will be poorer than before and this poverty will reduce consumption.Considering these economic variables, indicators, and research results, such taxes should be applied with great caution, as based on the current economic realities and welfare of society, it can be said that any new tax base until the relative stabilization of the economy and inflation control would result in reducing the consumption of low-income consumers in favor of the government, leading to more unjustified inflation.
Keywords: Financial Services, Economic Growth, Social Welfare, Taxes, Computable General Equilibrium Model
JEL Classification: C68, F43, G21, H21
Volume 26, Issue 3 (12-2022)
Abstract
The freedom to transfer property as one of the most prominent examples of contract law issues, is limited by tax laws. Iranian Direct Taxes Law, has considered taxable the transfer of real estate with any legal nature - Sale (Art. 59), Exchange (Art. 63), Gift (Art. 119 to 128), Inheritance (Art. 17) etc. - whether official (Art. 52, 59 and 187) and informal (Art. 52, 59, 61, 64, 71, 74, 78 and 80), and whether they are for business purposes or otherwise (application of arts. 52, 59 and 77). On the one hand, such a situation has caused an illegitimate infringement of the tax laws on the sovereignty of will and freedom of contract, and on the other hand, it has prevented the realization of the goals of tax redistribution. The basic question is how the imposition of real estate transfer tax does not encounter the legal freedoms of individuals? The main method of this research is descriptive-analytical and in a library style. Because of the relationship between this research and the function of tax institutions, field research has also been considered. As a result, the separation between professional real estate transfer contracts (based on business) from contracts concluded to meet personal needs (non-professional) and the taxation of the first group can prevent the above encounter.
Volume 28, Issue 1 (5-2024)
Abstract
Fraudulent phoenix occurs when the managers of a company, with the aim of avoiding some or all of its legal obligations, declare the company bankrupt and continue their business by creating a new company. One of the most important debts that remain unpaid during this operation is the company's tax debt. In section 198 of Iranian Direct Taxes Law, the legislator has held managers jointly and severally liable for paying the company's taxes. The subject of this research is to discuss the similarities and differences between the legal systems of Iran and Australia in relation to the liability of managers for tax debts arising from fraudulent phoenix activities. The result of the research shows that in Iran, unlike Australia, it is not possible to release managers from the responsibility of paying taxes of a bankrupt company under any excuse or defense. Also, while in Iran managers are responsible for paying all sources of taxes, in Australia directors are only responsible for paying taxes in which the company is the tax collector and not the actual payer. Nevertheless, there are similarities between the two systems in terms of responsibility of managers and stipulation of other restrictions for directors. Given the inflexibility of the regulations in Iran, it is suggested that the legislator changes the basis of manager’s liability to presumed fault liability and provide the opportunity of defense for managers who have taken all reasonable measures to fulfill their tax obligations but have not succeeded. It is also necessary to establish regulations regarding disqualification of directors who have been involved in the bankruptcy of numerous companies.
