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Showing 8 results for Social Security
Volume 1, Issue 2 (2-2009)
Abstract
Social trust means more people in your life trust to each other. But the scope and radius of this trust do not have fixed form, therefore, we have two forms of trust: particular trust and universal trust. In this paper, after designing of the problem, the conceptual and theoretical dimensions of trust, radius and range of social trust were inquired. Then with considering the variables of objective participation, generalized trust, reciprocity, sense of social security and optimism that constitute conceptual and empirical models of this essay, the subject were explained. 18 years old and above residents of Kashan city make the population of this article. After selecting a sample of this population by survey and technique questionnaire, the data were collected and analyzed. The results of this study showed that the radius and range of social trust in Kashan are located at an intermediate level. There is significant relationship between the independent variables of conceptual model and dependent variables. The variables entered the equation can have a good predictability, showing that the scope and radius of trust can be developed as they are improved.
Volume 4, Issue 4 (3-2015)
Abstract
This study has been conducted to Investigate and explain relationship between work ethic and counterproductive behavior at social security organization in Guilan province. Statistical universe consists of 672 employees of social security organization in Guilan province and statistical samples were 152 individuals who have been selected using two-stage cluster sampling. Information gathering tools were two standardized questionnaire in work ethic and counterproductive behavior. Research hypothesis testing has been performed using multi- variable regression and correlation. Regression results through step by step method show that from eight component of Work ethic(Adherence to company policies, Attendance and Punctuality, Cooperativeness and Teamwork, Integrity and Honesty, Observance of organizational provision, Productivity, Proper use of office equipment and electronics, Responsiveness to supervision) have following priority roles order: the Attendance, Punctuality, Responsiveness to supervision, Integrity and Honesty have significant role in explaining counterproductive behavior. Other component have lower priority roles in explaining counter- productive behavior.
Volume 5, Issue 3 (9-2023)
Abstract
Introduction
One of the most important tasks of governments in the past century had been the realization of social security; in such a way that the duties of the government in fulfilling social security have become a matter of course. Nevertheless, the limits of the government's intervention in fulfilling social security has been one of the fundamental challenges of policy making, and several theories have been proposed in this regard, and one of them is regulatory state. The purpose of the present research is to examine the limits of the government's intervention in the social security system in Iran. Although the government's intervention in social security has been examined through several theories; But this issue has not yet been examined from the perspective of the regulatory state theory. Social security is one of the most important tasks of the state in terms of the scope, size and number of people covered. Therefore, the study of issues related to social security is not only of great importance, but also necessary for the expansion, development, expansion and realization of social justice. Although government intervention in social security is taken for granted, the question arises here as to how the limits of government intervention in Iran's social security system can be explained in the light of regulatory state theory.
Methodology
Using a theoretical approach and a descriptive method of analysis, this article draws on library research in an attempt to analyses the limits of state intervention in Iran's social security system from the perspective of the regulatory government.
Findings
The limits of the government's intervention in Iran in order to realize social security from the perspective of the regulatory government can be divided into sectoral and extra-sectoral areas. However, the diversity of issues and the involvement of numerous institutions in order to realize social security has caused the formation of many challenges for government regulation in this field, the most important regulatory challenges can be considered parallel activities and duties, ambiguities and objections in the legal rulings governing the macro structure of the social security system. Governments have several motives for intervening in social security, which can be related to market failure, distributive justice and the protection of citizens' rights. Regulatory measures or criteria also consist of five criteria which are legislative support for regulation, accountability, impartial procedures, sufficient expertise of the regulator and efficiency. In Iran, in general, the government's policy in the field of social security in the direction of regulation can be considered in two sectoral and non-sectoral areas. The sectoral field of social security is implemented by one or more institutions; however, the intersectoral field includes social and economic activities that have an impact on different fields. The field of social security in Iran includes many issues such as medical insurance, pension, provision of medical services, rehabilitation of the disabled and injured, support for the needy and payment of pensions to them. As mentioned above, in the sectoral and non-sectoral fields, many institutions are responsible for social security in Iran; this has led to the formation of parallel activities and duties among the institutions. The parallelism of activities and duties has led to several consequences, such as not providing proper services and wasting financial and human resources. It seems that to solve this problem, these interactions should be fully understood and parallel devices should be integrated or removed so that the facilities can be used in the desired way. For example, in the area of non-insurance assistance, there is a complete parallelism between the Red Crescent, the relief committee and the welfare organization.
Conclusions
One of the most important functions of governments in the last century has been to provide social security. For this reason, governments have always tried to achieve this through intervention. Although the right to social security has been assumed by governments, the level of government intervention has always been a subject of debate. Meanwhile, one of the theories that have been proposed to explain the limits of government intervention in social security is the regulatory government. In order to improve the performance of the government in the field of social security, several suggestions can be made; first, the members of the board of directors should be selected professionally; second, the rule of transparency should be implemented in the procedures; third, many parallel and overlapping structures should be dissolved and operated under one organization; finally, the possibility of developing people's participation in order to increase productivity and efficiency.
One of the most important tasks of governments in the past century had been the realization of social security; in such a way that the duties of the government in fulfilling social security have become a matter of course. Nevertheless, the limits of the government's intervention in fulfilling social security has been one of the fundamental challenges of policy making, and several theories have been proposed in this regard, and one of them is regulatory state. The purpose of the present research is to examine the limits of the government's intervention in the social security system in Iran. Although the government's intervention in social security has been examined through several theories; But this issue has not yet been examined from the perspective of the regulatory state theory. Social security is one of the most important tasks of the state in terms of the scope, size and number of people covered. Therefore, the study of issues related to social security is not only of great importance, but also necessary for the expansion, development, expansion and realization of social justice. Although government intervention in social security is taken for granted, the question arises here as to how the limits of government intervention in Iran's social security system can be explained in the light of regulatory state theory.
Methodology
Using a theoretical approach and a descriptive method of analysis, this article draws on library research in an attempt to analyses the limits of state intervention in Iran's social security system from the perspective of the regulatory government.
Findings
The limits of the government's intervention in Iran in order to realize social security from the perspective of the regulatory government can be divided into sectoral and extra-sectoral areas. However, the diversity of issues and the involvement of numerous institutions in order to realize social security has caused the formation of many challenges for government regulation in this field, the most important regulatory challenges can be considered parallel activities and duties, ambiguities and objections in the legal rulings governing the macro structure of the social security system. Governments have several motives for intervening in social security, which can be related to market failure, distributive justice and the protection of citizens' rights. Regulatory measures or criteria also consist of five criteria which are legislative support for regulation, accountability, impartial procedures, sufficient expertise of the regulator and efficiency. In Iran, in general, the government's policy in the field of social security in the direction of regulation can be considered in two sectoral and non-sectoral areas. The sectoral field of social security is implemented by one or more institutions; however, the intersectoral field includes social and economic activities that have an impact on different fields. The field of social security in Iran includes many issues such as medical insurance, pension, provision of medical services, rehabilitation of the disabled and injured, support for the needy and payment of pensions to them. As mentioned above, in the sectoral and non-sectoral fields, many institutions are responsible for social security in Iran; this has led to the formation of parallel activities and duties among the institutions. The parallelism of activities and duties has led to several consequences, such as not providing proper services and wasting financial and human resources. It seems that to solve this problem, these interactions should be fully understood and parallel devices should be integrated or removed so that the facilities can be used in the desired way. For example, in the area of non-insurance assistance, there is a complete parallelism between the Red Crescent, the relief committee and the welfare organization.
Conclusions
One of the most important functions of governments in the last century has been to provide social security. For this reason, governments have always tried to achieve this through intervention. Although the right to social security has been assumed by governments, the level of government intervention has always been a subject of debate. Meanwhile, one of the theories that have been proposed to explain the limits of government intervention in social security is the regulatory government. In order to improve the performance of the government in the field of social security, several suggestions can be made; first, the members of the board of directors should be selected professionally; second, the rule of transparency should be implemented in the procedures; third, many parallel and overlapping structures should be dissolved and operated under one organization; finally, the possibility of developing people's participation in order to increase productivity and efficiency.
Volume 11, Issue 3 (12-2021)
Abstract
Imbalance between resources and expenditures, inefficient investment management of available, the need for structural reform and the successful experience of a multi-pillar social security system in some countries, have encouraged this system in Iran. Research aims to identify and prioritize the challenges and impeller forces effective in the implementation of this system and evaluate the resources organization and develop and select scenario. The research modeling was carried out using DEMATEL technique and data analysis done with ANP. The research method is descriptive, and based on a survey of experts that includes 45 social security managers in Isfahan province. The results showed that the most effective challenge group is the "Challenges of Insurance and Retirement" and the "Proximity to The Financial Breakeven Point" is a major sub-challenge. Also, two factors of "sustainable financing" and "interaction of related institutions and organizations" were identified as two forces behind the establishment of this system. By placing these two propellers on the Schwartz matrix, the most probable scenario detected as the Honey free hive.
Volume 13, Issue 2 (9-2023)
Abstract
Purpose: This study was conducted in order to identify and structure the financial crisis of the social security organization using the SSM method. The results of this research can be used to determine changes in this organization.
Methodology: To identify and structure the problem, CATWOE and soft systems methodology have been combined. Therefore, the current research is applied research with inductive-deductive logic, which is an example of a qualitative mixed method. The data of the research are the opinions of experts, whose number is 28, and they were selected in a purposeful way. Research has been done in two main stages, which are extracting the structure of the problem and identifying solutions.
Findings: In this research, the structure of the financial crisis of the social security organization (rich image) and the factors related to it were determined. In addition, it was found that in order to solve the crisis, reforms should be made in governance and organization measures in three areas: policy, economy and supervision.
Mahmood Mahmoudzadeh, Soheila Sobhani,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (9-2013)
Volume 13, Issue 3 (9-2013)
Abstract
The impact of social security expenditure on the labor market (wages and employment) has been regarded in economic researches. This paper evaluates the short-run and long-run effects of social security expenditure on wage and employment using Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) approach during 1979-2007. Our findings indicate that the insurance contribution deductions from the employees have negative impact on the real wage in both short-run and long-run and decrease their purchasing power. Moreover, employer's social security expenditure has a negative but insignificant effect on employment. In addition, labor productivity and economic growth are the main factors affecting the labor market.
Ebrahim Hadian, Majid Eslami Andargoli,
Volume 16, Issue 2 (8-2016)
Volume 16, Issue 2 (8-2016)
Abstract
The mutual dependence of economic growth and social security and achieving optimal rate of tax on private income require persistent coordination between macroeconomic policies and social welfare programs. To do this, we survey the welfare effects of various scenarios of the social security on Iranian economy. For this purpose, these scenarios have financed by increasing private income tax rate and simulated by use the computable general equilibrium model and GAMS software. The simulation results show that the GDP, as the main indicator of economic welfare, will increase in all of these scenarios. Among these scenarios, a 70 percent increase in in income tax rate has highest effects on the GDP. Consequently, this scenario is introduced as the optimizing income tax rate in the Iranian economy. In addition, the overall results of this study indicate that the sudden change in tax rates is better than a gradual change in view of private sector.
Mr Hamidreza Naeb Khosroshahi, Dr Mohammadreza Nahidi Amirkhiz, Dr Mohammadali Motafakker Azad, Dr Seyyed Ali Paytakhti Oskooe,
Volume 24, Issue 3 (9-2024)
Volume 24, Issue 3 (9-2024)
Abstract
Introduction
Economic development is one of the main goals of all countries, and most scientists believe that development is only accessible if there is equality. For this reason, despite the differences and contradictions in schools and societies, the issue of inequality and especially economic inequality has been always a vital concern of economists and policymakers all over the world. Meanwhile, since justice is one of the fundamental goals of Islam, Islamic economists have a more scrutinizing and much clear vision of equality. Apart from the importance of economic equality in Islam, it has a cucial role in social security systems and equality concepts as well. Takaful insurance, is a widely used Islamic model in insurance risk coverage which has fundamental differences with conventional insurance mechanisms. Takaful is cooperative, not profit oriented, and fully allined and complied with Islamic rules and regulations. This study is aiming at investigating the effect of various layers of social security system on Islamic-economic equality in the Iranian provinces during 2008-2021. GMM prediction model is applied for predicting the effect of Takaful on inequality and directing houshold religious expenses towards Takaful insurance.
Methodology
According to previous theoretical and experimental literature, economic inequality can be affected by inequality in previous years. Therefore, in this study a dynamic econometric method is used to include the lagged dependant variable as one of the explanatory variables. In general, if a variable depends on vaiables of previous periods, among other independent ones, it is better to use a dynamic panel data model. Generalized method of moments is one of the common and widely used dynamic approaches. The reason for the popularity of this method is that it is very flexible and requires only some weak assumptions. Therefore, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) greatly solves the problems of static panel data methods related to autocorrelation, variance heterogeneity, and skewness. The reason for using this method is that, firstly, there is a possibility that the current dependent variable is affected by the lagged variables, and secondly, since one of the ways to control the endogeneity of variables is to use instrumental variable and due to the fact that it is very difficult to find such an instrument, it is possible to use lagged variables as appropriate instruments applying GMM estimator.
Findings
The results of this research indicate that the inequality of the previous period has a positive and significant relationship with current economic inequality in all three models. This means that high inequality in the previous period causes high inequality in the current period. Moreover, consistent with some studies, GDP has a positive and significant relationship with economic inequality. It means that an increase in GDP is associated with increased inequality. This result indicates that in Iran, there is no antipoverty growth. Inflation rate has also a negative relationship with inequality in all models, and this relationship is significant in two models. Following some previous studies, this result can be interpreted as the negative relationship can be caused by the fact that the inflation of luxury goods is higher than the inflation of essential goods and therefore, increased inflation is more detrimental to the rich. In addition, all three layers of social assistance, basic social insurance, and supplementary social insurance significantly reduce inequality. Meanwhile, basic social insurance has the greatest effect, and social assistance has the least effect on reducing inequality. In addition, based on the results, it can be stated that by directing houshold religious expenses towards Takaful insurance, which is an Islamic insurance and a type of basic social insurance, it is possible to reduce Islamic-Economic inequality in 2023 and 2024. The amounts of the decreases are predicted to be a minimum of 0.31 and 0.25 (Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari) and a maximum of 5.95 and 5.91 (Markazi).
Discussion and Conclusion
According to the results, investing in all three layers of social security can lead to a reduction in inequality. Therefore, it is suggested not to ignore any layer in policymaking. Due to the greater impact of basic insurance on equality, it is thought to consider it as the basic layer of social security and focus on this layer to reduce inequality more. Managers and policymakers can also focus on Takaful as one of the basic types of insurance and help to provide Islamic-Economic equality by directing houshold religious expenses towards Takaful. Moreover, it is suggested that the governmental plans should be based on combining economic growth with improved welfare and income distribution which is one of the main goals of the Islamic economy. It is also suggested that the religious and cultural officials should create the necessary explanation and enlightenment related to Takaful and social responsibility of people. The government responsiblity in creating a foundation and guiding people to fulfill their social responsibility by strengthening and developing Zakat headquarters and communicating with social security organization should not be underestimated.
Economic development is one of the main goals of all countries, and most scientists believe that development is only accessible if there is equality. For this reason, despite the differences and contradictions in schools and societies, the issue of inequality and especially economic inequality has been always a vital concern of economists and policymakers all over the world. Meanwhile, since justice is one of the fundamental goals of Islam, Islamic economists have a more scrutinizing and much clear vision of equality. Apart from the importance of economic equality in Islam, it has a cucial role in social security systems and equality concepts as well. Takaful insurance, is a widely used Islamic model in insurance risk coverage which has fundamental differences with conventional insurance mechanisms. Takaful is cooperative, not profit oriented, and fully allined and complied with Islamic rules and regulations. This study is aiming at investigating the effect of various layers of social security system on Islamic-economic equality in the Iranian provinces during 2008-2021. GMM prediction model is applied for predicting the effect of Takaful on inequality and directing houshold religious expenses towards Takaful insurance.
Methodology
According to previous theoretical and experimental literature, economic inequality can be affected by inequality in previous years. Therefore, in this study a dynamic econometric method is used to include the lagged dependant variable as one of the explanatory variables. In general, if a variable depends on vaiables of previous periods, among other independent ones, it is better to use a dynamic panel data model. Generalized method of moments is one of the common and widely used dynamic approaches. The reason for the popularity of this method is that it is very flexible and requires only some weak assumptions. Therefore, Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) greatly solves the problems of static panel data methods related to autocorrelation, variance heterogeneity, and skewness. The reason for using this method is that, firstly, there is a possibility that the current dependent variable is affected by the lagged variables, and secondly, since one of the ways to control the endogeneity of variables is to use instrumental variable and due to the fact that it is very difficult to find such an instrument, it is possible to use lagged variables as appropriate instruments applying GMM estimator.
Findings
The results of this research indicate that the inequality of the previous period has a positive and significant relationship with current economic inequality in all three models. This means that high inequality in the previous period causes high inequality in the current period. Moreover, consistent with some studies, GDP has a positive and significant relationship with economic inequality. It means that an increase in GDP is associated with increased inequality. This result indicates that in Iran, there is no antipoverty growth. Inflation rate has also a negative relationship with inequality in all models, and this relationship is significant in two models. Following some previous studies, this result can be interpreted as the negative relationship can be caused by the fact that the inflation of luxury goods is higher than the inflation of essential goods and therefore, increased inflation is more detrimental to the rich. In addition, all three layers of social assistance, basic social insurance, and supplementary social insurance significantly reduce inequality. Meanwhile, basic social insurance has the greatest effect, and social assistance has the least effect on reducing inequality. In addition, based on the results, it can be stated that by directing houshold religious expenses towards Takaful insurance, which is an Islamic insurance and a type of basic social insurance, it is possible to reduce Islamic-Economic inequality in 2023 and 2024. The amounts of the decreases are predicted to be a minimum of 0.31 and 0.25 (Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari) and a maximum of 5.95 and 5.91 (Markazi).
Discussion and Conclusion
According to the results, investing in all three layers of social security can lead to a reduction in inequality. Therefore, it is suggested not to ignore any layer in policymaking. Due to the greater impact of basic insurance on equality, it is thought to consider it as the basic layer of social security and focus on this layer to reduce inequality more. Managers and policymakers can also focus on Takaful as one of the basic types of insurance and help to provide Islamic-Economic equality by directing houshold religious expenses towards Takaful. Moreover, it is suggested that the governmental plans should be based on combining economic growth with improved welfare and income distribution which is one of the main goals of the Islamic economy. It is also suggested that the religious and cultural officials should create the necessary explanation and enlightenment related to Takaful and social responsibility of people. The government responsiblity in creating a foundation and guiding people to fulfill their social responsibility by strengthening and developing Zakat headquarters and communicating with social security organization should not be underestimated.
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