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The effect of the changing age distribution on national saving is estimated empirically in this paper. We have specified a saving function based on Ando – Modigliani’s Life Cycle Hypothesis which incorporates the portion of population in 11 different age groups to represent the age structure of the population. Auto_ Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model estimation technique is based derived from the ARDL model. An Error Correction Model (ECM) of national saving behavior in also constructed and estimated in order to reveal the short run dynamic adjustments of saving towards its long run equilibrium. Data used in the estimation process are time series data within the period 1345 and 1383. Data are tested for stationary and co-integration estimation technique in used for estimating the coefficients of the model. The results indicate that the age distribution in an influential factor an saving behavior of the population. A relative population increase in the age group of 15-24 and 55- and over, tends to lower national saving, while a relative increase in population within the age group of 25-29, 30-34, … and 50-54 has a positive impact on national saving. These in the age group of 35-39 and 40-44 have the highest saving rate.

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The natural disasters decrease the savings through reducing the government savings rate. However, the resultant disasters effect on total savings depends on the private savings changes. In this paper, the impact of natural disasters on total savings is estimated using the data over the period 1973-2006. An Auto-Regressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) technique is used to estimate the empirical model. The results confirm that natural disasters raise the average propensity to savings in Iran. Moreover, the coefficient of error correction term indicates that 69 percent of the disequilibrium is corrected immediately, i.e. in the next year.

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Exogenous shocks and economic fluctuations led to extensive changes in households’ savings. Changes in household savings can also influence macroeconomic indicators. Thus in this study, the impact of household savings on household Income and GDP are examined using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. In the literature, there are two static and dynamic general equilibrium models. We apply the Mixed Complementary Problems (MCP) method using the Iran’s time series data. Two different scenarios are considered in this study. In the first scenario, marginal propensity to household savings will be increased twenty percent while in the second scenario marginal propensity to household savings will be decreased by the same rate. Furthermore, we updated and developed a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Iran. The following results are obtained. Using the static model, the results vividly indicate that the urban and rural household incomes have increased 0.31 and 0.5 percent, respectively, through the supply of labor and capital in the first scenario. Moreover, GDP has also increased. The results of the dynamic model in the first scenario show that the rural and urban household income increased by 6.42 percent. However, in the second scenario it declined at the same rate as the first scenario indicating the fact that there is a positive relationship between household income and their savings. GDP has increased on average by 6.41 percent based on the first scenario. In summing up, it is found that by the implementation of the second scenario, the opposite results are obtained.

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In the combined cooling, heating and power system, electricity is produced by prime mover. Recovered heat from the prime mover supplies heating and cooling demands. In this research, primary energy saving and carbon dioxide emission reduction are employed to evaluate the performances of cchp system compared with conventional system for residential buildings in Tehran. The combined cooling, heatig and power system follows Maximum electrical or thermal demand and Maximum rectangle electrical or thermal demand management. The results indicate that cchp system for residential five, eleven-storey buildings, in maximum rectangle electrical demand, maximum rectangle thermal and maximum electrical demand modes is the best strategy, if cooling demand is produced by absorption chiller and electric chiller. In the best strategy, primary energy saving and carbon dioxide emission reduction are 13% and 12%, respectively. If cooling demand is produced only by absorption chiller, primary energy saving and carbon dioxide emission reduction are decreased. In this case, maximum electrical and thermal demands are the worst strategies. In the worst case, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission in cchp are increased 39% and 56% compared to the conventional system, respectively. Payback period in these strategies are calculated 5.5 and 7 years for 11 and 5 tories.

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In this article, indicators of annual energy intensity 13 residential complexes with different characteristics were evaluated and compared. These features include the type of facade, heating and cooling systems, windows, and separate or shared type gas meters are units available in the complex. Introducing selected complexes, specifications hull, heating and cooling systems as well as the energy used in the study and analysis of energy flows in the complex have been discussed. The data processing methodology for calculating the energy consumption rate index have been studied conglomerate. The indices are calculated energy intensity of buildings and structures with different properties in terms of energy intensity compared. Compare energy intensity indicators show that the use of new energy Mtalh like metal siding board (decorative panels) instead facade, windows UPVC windows instead of metal, instead of single-wall and double glass instead of heaters and boilers as well as the use of semi-centralized heating systems or room in the building's energy intensity has considerably decreased. Also, instead of using a separate gas meter gas meter joint, by influencing the behavior of the occupants of the building and create a financial incentive to reduce energy use saves natural gas consumption and decreasing energy intensity building.

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The main purpose of this study is to examine the household’s behavior in response to the kinds of the wealth and the estimation of marginal propensity to consume out of wealth. By using Ando-Modigliani consumption model and applying Engle-Granger co-integration strategy, marginal propensity to consume out of wealth is estimated in Iran during 1982-2008. The various forms of wealth as durable good, housing, bonds, savings, combinative and normal good are considered. Results show that households respond to kinds of wealth differently. This study finds that the marginal propensities to consume (MPCs) out of labor income and wealth, in the form of durable good, are 0.93 and 0.012, respectively. In addition, the MPCs out of labor income and wealth in the form of housing are 0.8 and 0.027, respectively. Regarding bonds as wealth, the corresponding MPCs are 0.67 and 0.055, respectively. For savings, the corresponding MPCs are 0.58 and 0.081, respectively. In combinative form of wealth, the computed MPCs are 0.7 and 0.04, respectively. Finally, considering normal goods as wealth, this study reaches the MPCs of orders 0.59 and 0.16, respectively. The long-run relationship shows that individuals’ MPC is about 0.79 apart from what types of wealth they hold. One important finding is liquidity allocation by individuals facing various kinds of wealth. This study indicates the fastest velocity of liquidation of savings and the lowest velocity of liquidation of durable goods.

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Sustainable development is an essential goal for developing countries, which can be measured by various indices. This paper computes genuine saving for the Iranian economy based on national accounting and examines the relationship between genuine saving and present value of discounted consumption during 1960-2012. The results indicate that genuine saving is mostly negative over the period under study and there is also a negative relationship between genuine saving (as a measure for the nation wealth) and the change in the present value of consumption (as a national welfare index). According to Hartwick’s rule, these findings mean that welfare reduction is a possible outcome in the future.

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Recent energy-saving policies in Iran led to more insulation implementation in buildings. Therefore, the occurrence of anti-insulation increases in the building industry. The anti-insulation phenomenon is the reverse function of insulation that causes cooling energy increment rather than energy saving. This phenomenon is an important and effective factor in energy consumption and the resident’s comfort. However, it has not been considered in thermal insulation studies worthily. Therefore, in this study, the anti-insulation occurrence temperature set-point is detected under eight climates of Iran by simulation in the EnergyPlus software. Four thickness of polystyrene insulation is evaluated under three insulating methods including external, mid and internal insulation. Results indicate that the anti-insulation occurs in six climates of Iran. Furthermore, cold and marine climates are more likely to anti-insulation occurrence than hot climates. The anti-insulation happens at a lower temperature by increasing the insulation thickness. In external insulation, due to usage of the wall’s thermal mass, anti-insulation occurs in high temperatures compared with mid and internal insulation methods.

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Water deficit is a major factor limiting plant productivity of fruit quantity and quality, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The total yield, fruit physical characteristics and nutritional value of four drought tolerant tomato genotypes (KSU-TOM-102, KSU-TOM-106, KSU-TOM-107 and TL–01860) were evaluated in response to deficit irrigation (DI) under field conditions. Three levels of crop evapo-transpiration (ETc; 50%, 75% and 100%) were applied at three different growth stages (vegetative, flowering and fruiting stage) to the four tomato genotypes. Tomato genotypes differed in their responses to water deficit. Among different genotypes, KSU-TOM-102 recorded the highest average total yield (89.54 t.ha^-1) under irrigation treatment with 100% of ETc during all stages as well as 75% of ETc during the fruiting stage. But, in general, total yield decreased under water deficit. Significant (P≤0.05) differences in fruits quality characteristics exerted by irrigation water treatments, tomato genotypes and their interactions. Irrigation with water at 50% ETc at all growth stages significantly (P≤0.05)  increased vitamin C, titratable acidity, total soluble solids and total sugar contents for tomato ‘KSU-TOM-107’ followed by ‘KSU-TOM-102’. But, this increase in nutritional value was accompanied with decrease in total yields by nearly 40-50%.   KSU-TOM-102 irrigated with water at 75% ETc at fruiting stage or vegetative stage recorded 0% and 12% reduction of the total yield, respectively, while maintaining good nutritional value as compared with 100% of ETc during all stages. Therefore, these treatments can be recommended as irrigation management strategy for tomato ‘KSU-TOM-102’ production under field conditions.

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Ascorbic Acid (AsA) is a water-soluble antioxidant that makes plants resistant to environmental stresses by neutralizing free radicals. However, it is unknown to what extent this antioxidant may help Improve Irrigation Water Use Efficiency (IWUE) and reduce the adverse effects of water deficit on mung bean growth and yield. In an attempt to clarify whether exogenous application of this antioxidant could alleviate the adverse effects of water deficit on mung bean plants, two seasons (2019 and 2020) of field experiments were conducted using twelve combinations of three AsA levels (distilled water as a control and 10 and 20 mM of AsA) and four irrigation water amounts (25, 50, 75, and 100% of the plant water requirement). Based on the results, the maximum IWUE was obtained with W₅₀AsA₂₀ in the two seasons. The beneficial effect of AsA application on IWUE was determined under water stress conditions (W₅₀). High water deficit (W₅₀) plus applying 20 mM ascorbic acid, i.e. W₍₅₀₎AsA₍₂₀₎ treatment, improved seed yield about 43.7% as in the two seasons compared to high water deficit without ascorbic acid, i.e. W₍₅₀₎AsA₍₀₎. In 2019 and 2020, water saving in W₍₅₀₎AsA₍₂₀₎ compared to the control, was equal to 50% (2,550 and 2,500 m³ ha^-1, respectively). In W₍₅₀₎AsA₍₂₀₎ treatment, the increase of seed yield ranged between 79-107% in both seasons. Thus, the results reveal the potency of AsA to save water under low water supply and increase yield in mung bean fields.