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Today, the news media has a momentous role in shaping public opinion and social developments. Journalistic translation thus follows guidelines and standards in order to convey the message and objectives of its source material. The translation of the political press discourse surrounding the US and international sanctions on Iran is particularly sensitive, due to its high potential in impacting international relations and political affairs.
The objective of our research is to highlight the importance of methodologies used for the translation of political press discourse. For this purpose, we have analyzed two important news articles related to the aforementioned sanctions. First, we conduct a critical analysis of the political discourse, based on Van Dijk's model, and then we perform a translational analysis, based on Antoine Berman's views. Finally, we explore the different types of modifications made by translators, as well as the efforts made to adapt the news to the media’s political ideology. In line with Van Dijk's opinions, we have shown that there is a close relationship between the ruling policy (power) and the press discourse (media), in shaping the public perception of policies and events at mass scale. We demonstrate how subtle deletion, change, and intensification is strategically used in jo urnalistic translation, in line with their desired discourse functions to achieve political goals.
 

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Rotation of trading partners by Iran, considering the trading background of each partner and its different attitudes towards economic sanctions is an effective initiation for decreasing the negative effects of the sanctions and persuading other countries to ignore them. This initiative will create a positive and sustainable balance for the trading condition of Iran. To further this effort, a more proactive trading approach is regionalism and consequently selection of the right trading partners can be a useful solution. On the other hand, in cross-regional dimension, with regards to the current economical crisis, specifically in Europe, Iran is able to find suitable trading partners. Additionally, Iran can promote the idea that the global economic super powers are losing numerous lucrative opportunities in the attractive market of Iran. This approach can increase the bargaining power of Iran in economical negotiations and persuade other countries to overlook the current sanctions. In this atmosphere, studying the actors of the sanction games and their capacities, the amount of value-creation and interaction and the mechanism of their motivational leadership are important issues in the process of minimization of the negative impacts of the sanctions and the selection of trade partners must be based on the mentioned criteria.

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Rotation of trading partners by Iran, considering the trading background of each partner and its different attitudes towards economic sanctions is an effective initiation for decreasing the negative effects of the sanctions and persuading other countries to ignore them. This initiative will create a positive and sustainable balance for the trading condition of Iran. To further this effort, a more proactive trading approach is regionalism and consequently selection of the right trading partners can be a useful solution. On the other hand, in cross-regional dimension, with regards to the current economical crisis, specifically in Europe, Iran is able to find suitable trading partners. Additionally, Iran can promote the idea that the global economic super powers are losing numerous lucrative opportunities in the attractive market of Iran. This approach can increase the bargaining power of Iran in economical negotiations and persuade other countries to overlook the current sanctions. In this atmosphere, studying the actors of the sanction games and their capacities, the amount of value-creation and interaction and the mechanism of their motivational leadership are important issues in the process of minimization of the negative impacts of the sanctions and the selection of trade partners must be based on the mentioned criteria.

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Hossein Mehrpur Associate Professor, Department of Law, Shahid Beheshti University Mohammad Issaei Tafreshi Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Tarbiat Modares University Mehrzad Abdali Ph.D. Student in Private Law, Tarbiat Modares University Both Law and Morality coxcem the human's social life. They posses the positive and negative commands which are common between them and therefore they must help one another whenever possible, so that, they can minimize the legal rules which are without moral soul or are opposite to the moral rules and important moral rules which are without legal sanction. In this manner, legal rules obtain the moral nature and in addition to objective legal sanction will be accompanied by human feelings and public conscience on the one hand and the moral rules (in the necessary cases) are placed under the shadow of legal protections and theirs enforcement will be more confident on the another hand. The phrase "Legal Enforcement of Morality" is trying to make it clear that law must, by revision in some of concepts and principles of legal responsibility, refrains from disregarding to moral commands which despite of their importance may not be enforced, because they have not legal sanction. Law, for instance, should not refrain from interference in the cases which in the moral point of view are important, such as: Necessity of helping to others when a danger threats them, to refrain from acts cause harm to oneself, necessity of refrain from acts that are natural immoral. Disregarding to this important subject results in separation of morality from law and consequently the justice whish is the real essence of morality will be exposed to danger. Interference of law in morality, of course, should not annihilate the pales of law and morality, because it is clear that enforcement of all moral rules by law is neither possible nor desirable. The considerable point on this subject is that religious law has more desirably protected point on this subject is that religious law has more desirably protected the moral rules, because separation of law and morality in the legal. religious system is not so easy.

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The protection of fundamental human rights at the time of war or peace is an obligation that should be observed at anytime by the states and international organizations. After the Second World War, the non-peaceful situations such as occupation and economic sanctions have occurred numerously, which in some cases lasted for more than a decade. Unfortunately, the laws governing these situations are not implemented properly, and therefore fundamental human rights of people, especially their life, integrity and security, have been violated. This article aims at considering legal rules and their effectiveness in protecting fundamental human rights at the times of occupation and economic sanctions. This study is based primarily on the conventional and customary international legal rules.

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    Provisional measures such as injunction, securing evidence, freezing injunction and suspension of releas are among the most important legal measures adopted in fair and equitable proceedings related to the intellectual property rights, which have been considered in the third chapter of the World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) . In the Iranian legal system, this subject is more or less given attention. This study, however, reveals that the new law not only did not put us in a better situation in comparison with the previous law, but also created imperfections and ambiguities that didn’t exist in the previous law. The executive regulations of the new law, sporadically and in a disorderly way have adopted some of the provisions of the previous regulations as part of efforts to remove the existing imperfections and flaws. Actually, it has exceeded the legal limits in some cases. In this research, the author draws a comparison between the new law and the TRIPs Agreement while challenging the new law and its executive regulations. Finally, it sets forth some proposals for amending the existing law.      

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The guarantee of delayed payment price is one of the most important issues in the sales contract. The question is: “If the buyer does not pay the price on time, can the seller terminate the contract initially? Under the article 395 of civil code, the seller can require the buyer to pay the price or terminate the contract. But most of the writers, on the appearance of the article, have limited the seller's right to terminate the contract to the option of the delayed payment of price that appertains to cash price. They believe that in terms of price, the seller has the right to require the buyer to pay the price .This theory not only causes difficulties and injustices, but also is not coordinate by the laws of the developed countries and international trade. It cannot be justified by the civil law too. According to the writer of this article, contrary to the popular opinion, in the case of delay in payment, the seller in addition to the right of enforcement, can terminate the contract whether it is cash price or deferred.        

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Smuggling is a part of informal economy with numerous negative effects on economy and government revenues. Using E-MIMIC method, this study tries to estimate an index of smuggling to Iran and to examine the causes and consequences of its growth. In order to trace the smuggling of imported goods, we consider the difference between imports and exports to Iran. The results show that sanctions, government intervention in exchange rate market, and real exchange rate are the most influential factors in smuggling. The estimated index shows that smuggling was low during the war and early post-war years due to great subsidies granted by the government to formal importers in the form of low exchange rates. Allocation of subsidized foreign currencies to importers resulted in low under-invoice or even over-invoice of imports in some years. However, over the 2000s, after unification of exchange rates and elimination of the foreign currency’ subsidy, the real size of smuggling increased 9.55% per annum, on average. In addition, the relative size of smuggling decreased due to higher growth rate in formal imports. The effect of sanctions was extremely significant. As a result of sanctions, smuggling increased from 24 percent of formal imports in 2010 to 60 percent in 2011 and 75 percent in 2014.

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Aim and Introduction 

Financial sanctions have long been a powerful tool for countries to achieve their political goals and secure their interests. Countries usually apply economic sanctions when they intend to force the target country to change certain policies that are not acceptable to the sending countries. The impact of financial sanctions may be far beyond the scope of a country's economy, so that in addition to affect the economy, it can also have a negative effect on the politics, culture, and social welfare of the target country. Iran has always been under the pressure of many sanctions. Therefore, due to the many sanctions that have been imposed on Iran over the years, the concern of many economists has always been how these sanctions affect Iran's economy. The economic and legal dimensions of sanctions as well as their diversity make it difficult to evaluate the implications related to sanctions on macroeconomic variables.

By examining the studies conducted in the field of financial sanctions and their effects on economic variables, it was found that most of these studies had investigated the effect of sanctions on two or more macro-economic variables, However, in the present study, the most important macroeconomic variables are included in the model and analyzed. Another innovation that distinguishes this research from other studies is the research method used in this research, which has not been used in Iran for the subject under study.

 Methodology

First, the optimal interval of the model is determined using the Hannan-Quinn statistic, then the Bayesian vector regression model is estimated using the optimal interval, and then the effect of financial sanctions on the variables of the model is investigated. In order to create a comparative framework, the results of the Bayesian VAR model are analyzed, and the results of both BVAR and VAR models are compared. It should be noted that Eviews 12 and 16, Excel and Matlab 2021 softwares were are used to estimate the model and analyze the results and form the instantaneous response function.

Findings
After estimating the Bayesian vector auto-regression model with the SSVS prior, the results of the instantaneous response functions are as follows:
The effect of the shock on the variable of fixed investments is negative and decreasing. The effect of the shock on the price index variable of consumer goods and services is positive and increasing. The effect of the shock on the export variable is negative and decreasing. The effect of the shock on the import variable is negative and decreasing. The effect of the shock on the GDP variable is negative and decreasing. The effect of the shock on the variable of overdue loans to the private sector is positive and increasing. The shock effect in the monetary base variable is negative and increasing. The effect of the shock on the country's external debt variable is negative and increasing. The effect of the shock on the variable of the currency market pressure index is negative and increasing.
After estimating the vector auto-regression model, the results of the instantaneous response functions are as follows:
The effect of the shock on the variable of fixed investments is negative and increasing. The effect of the shock in the price index variable of consumer goods and services is negative and increasing. The effect of the shock on the export variable cannot be investigated. The effect of the shock on the import variable cannot be investigated. The effect of the shock on the GDP variable is negative and variable. The effect of the shock on the variable of overdue loans to the private sector is negative and variable. The effect of the shock on the monetary base variable is negative and variable. The effect of the shock on the country's external debt variable is negative and increasing. The effect of the shock on the variable of the currency market pressure index is positive and variable.
As it is clear from the results, the information obtained from the auto-regression vector model is very inaccurate and with high variance, and the reason for this is, as previously stated, the existence of many parameters and the reduction of the degree of freedom of the model, which causes the accuracy to decrease. The estimate as well as the dispersion function becomes instantaneous. But Bayesian models solve this problem by shrinking the model and increase the estimation accuracy. As it is clear from the instantaneous response functions obtained by this method, the graphs have less dispersion and are much closer to the middle line, and also by examining the results, it can be said that the results are consistent with experimental studies and predictions taken is closer.

Discussion and Conclusion
The lack of appropriate quantitative indicators has caused most of the studies related to the investigation of the effects of sanctions to be focused on the explanation of the channels of the impact of the sanctions on the economic environment. Sanctions affect various economic sectors such as trade, investment, employment and economic growth regardless of success or failure in achieving the ultimate goal. Therefore, for accurate policies in these areas, it is necessary to evaluate the exact amount of the effects of sanctions on these sectors based on quantitative models, along with the influence channels.
According to the results of the auto-regression Bayesian vector model with SSVS prior, financial sanctions have a negative effect on the GDP and cause it to decrease. With the decrease in the productive capacity of the economy, fixed investments also decrease. A decrease in economic growth causes a recession. A decrease in private consumption, private investment, and a decrease in economic growth can greatly strengthen the recessionary conditions, therefore, it is recommended that the government, while managing the budget, avoid excessive reductions in construction costs, so that by strengthening the effective demand in the economy, it can bring it out of stagnation.
On the other hand, financial sanctions reduce the country's exports and imports and increase the country's foreign debt. Therefore, it is suggested that the import of luxury goods, which have a high value, should be put on the agenda in the conditions of prohibited sanctions and self-sufficiency in the production of some imported products. Besides, increasing the diversification of export goods can partially compensate for the decrease in exports. In this case, the policy of supporting domestically produced goods and export-oriented goods is recommended.
Since financial sanctions increase the pressure index of the currency market, it is suggested to prevent the entry of luxury goods and to put autarky in the production of these goods. In this regard, the creation of knowledge-based companies and the creation of career guidance and specialized employment offices in universities and the policies of training human resources in the specialties needed by society should be included in the goals of the country's vision.

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Introduction:
All economists believe that the most important goals of economic policy are achieving full employment, price stabilization and economic growth in the society. On the other hand, rendering the formation of the exchange rate to the market mechanism and increasing it disproportionately with the purchasing power of the rial has a negative effect on production and employment and causes an increase in prices and a decrease in the value of the national currency, which again provides the ground for the next increase in the exchange rate. For this purpose, in most societies, especially in developing countries, currency policies are used to achieve the mentioned goals. Changes in exchange rates affect economic performance in different ways. In this study, we will examine the effect of exchange rate changes on the performance of important macroeconomic variables, namely production, employment and the general level of prices. Taking into account the effects of sanctions against the country, the model considers the mechanism and channel of its effect on the foreign sector of the economy, while creating an index with monthly frequency for it, and its effect has been calculated directly on all macroeconomic variables of the foreign sector of the model.

Methodology:
During the last two decades, tremendous developments have taken place in the field of modeling time series variables and predicting the future values of economic variables, one of which is to specify and estimate equations where the variables involved in that equation, unlike usual, have different frequencies. Mixed-data sampling (MIDAS) has been specified and estimated with the help of time series data over the period 1959-2017. Mixed data sampling regressions are now commonly used to deal with time series data sampled at different frequencies.
A MIDAS regression is a direct forecasting tool which can relate future low-frequency data with current and lagged high-frequency indicators, and yield different forecasting models for each forecast horizon. It can flexibly deal with data sampled at different frequencies and provide a direct forecast of the low-frequency variable. It incorporates each individual high-frequency data in the regression, which solves the problems of losing potentially useful information and including mis-specification.

Results and Discussion:
The presented macro econometric model is developed in the framework of the aggregate supply-aggregate demand model. Total demand is made up of household consumption expenditures, investment expenditures separately from private and government, government current expenditures and net exports. The production function forms the supply side of the economy according to the utilization rate of the production capacity. The modeling of the two parts of supply and demand has been done in a completely consistent manner, so that after the estimation of the model, it is possible to solve and simulate the model to examine the effect of economic policies and predict macro variables. According to the results of the model, in relation to the policy of devaluation of the national currency in the Iranian economy, the increase in the exchange rate in the face of sanctions, in addition to reducing production, paves the way for employment and inflationary pressures. Indeed, The incorrect approach of increasing the exchange rate has not only limited economic growth due to the increase in production costs, but has also caused the impoverishment of the oppressed and the unfair distribution of income in the society.

Conclusion:
Because the model under study has better explanatory power than other time series models due to more complete information, it is expected that it will be possible to evaluate exchange rate policies more accurately. The model has sections on production, consumption and investment expenditures, foreign trade, government, employment, money and prices. In addition, according to the very good results obtained from the dynamic simulation of the model, the model can be a good representative of the mechanism of the Iranian economy. Finally, the results of the evaluation of foreign exchange policies in the context of sanctions can be reviewed.

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Introduction:
Exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) is one of the most important indicators for monetary policymakers that shows the impact of exchange rate volatility on price indices (such as CPI, PPI, etc.). The economic stability and inflation environment are two factors affecting ERPT. The lower the inflation environment, the lesser the ERPT. In an oil-exporting country, the long-run situation of oil revenues can be a state variable of the economy and affect the expectations of economic agents. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of sanctions against Iran and oil revenues situation on the ERPT from 1990Q2 to 2021Q1.

Methodology:
Regarding the implementing date of sanctions (2012Q1), the sanction period is from 2012Q1 to 2021Q1. Considering Lucas' critique, the switching models are not appropriate, and separated models are preferred. Therefore, by using the Bai-Perron (2003) method and taking oil revenues as a state variable of economy, the rest of the period is separated into two periods. The first period (from 1990Q1 to 2000Q4) is the phase of shortage in oil revenues and the second period (from 2001Q1 to 2011Q4) is the phase of abundance in oil revenues. The inflation environment during sanctions and shortage in oil revenues was high, and it was low in the period of abundance in oil revenues.
The ERPT for each period was calculated using the Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) model. Oil price gap is the exogenous variable and the endogenous variables are respectively as follows: USA GDP, USA CPI, domestic GDP, exchange rate, liquidity and domestic CPI. All variables are in the first difference of logarithmic form. The Cholesky decomposition were used. The optimal lags for each model were selected by Hannan-Quinn information criterion (HQ), Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Final Prediction Error (FPE).
In this model, ERPT is the ratio of the accumulated response of CPI to exchange rate structural shock.
ERPT=k=1nDLCPIkk=1nDLEXk                                                                                             (1)
To investigate the effect of endogenous variables shocks on domestic CPI, variance and historical decomposition are used. Finally, the autoregressive trend of imports for each period is calculated to explain the status of imports versus different oil revenues. These equations can explain the dependency of CPI to imports.

Results and Discussion:
Only the ERPT in the sanctions period has a long-run effect on the economy. This effect is about 43%. The ERPT is 9.9% for the period of shortage in oil revenues, 25.1% for the period of abundance in oil revenues and 10.1% for the sanctions period. Unlike most previous studies, the results show that the lower the inflation environment, the higher the ERPT, and the higher the inflation environment, the lower the ERPT. The main cause of these unexpected changes in ERPT is related to share of imports in consumption basket. The import trend, either in the sanctions or the shortage oil revenues period, was decreasing while in the abundant oil revenues period, was increasing.
The results of the variance and historical decomposition show that in the period of sanctions, the exchange rate structural shocks have the largest share in inflation shocks, while in the other two periods, the inflation structural shock has the largest share in inflation shocks.

Conclusion:
The central bank of Iran is using the nominal exchange rate as an anchor to limit inflation and, finally, increase the monetary policymaker's credibility.  In Iran, increasing oil revenues leads to implementing the crawling peg exchange rate system instead of the managed floating exchange rate system, and consequently, not only the PPI inflation will be greater than the imported goods inflation, but also the imports will increasingly grow. Therefore, it is expected that the share of imports in the consumption basket grows and CPI will be more sensitive to imports. These results can explain the ERPT changes.
In order to increase the credibility of the monetary policy maker and reduce the ERPT sensitivity to oil revenue situations, instead of using the nominal exchange rate anchor, the central bank should be more independent, commit to implementing monetary policy. So, according to the real sector of the economy, the central bank should announce its goals in the short-run and commit to them and announce the status report at the appointed times, and in the medium run, the central bank should pursue only its goals implicitly and increase its credibility among economic agents by making the economy more predictable. The more independent the central bank is, the easier it will be to follow the above policy.
 

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Lien right is one of sanctions which is determined for protection from warrantee where contract is faced with delay. But possibility of performance of this right has not been studied in contractual omission obligations. Whereas the lien right means suspension of performance of obligation and the contractual omission obligation means non-performance of a specified act, this question has not been asked till now, if there are necessary conditions for it, is it possible to perform this right in practice. Also for differences between Afghanistan& Iran law, necessary conditions for performing the lien right has been studied in both system. Information for this paper has been gathered by referring to library sources and studied by analytical-descriptive methods. According to the results, instances for performance and waive of the lien are more in Afghanistan law than Iran. Additionally, by studying legal general principles, Islamic jurisprudence rules and the cases studies ofimplementation of this right, a general principle was created for using the lien right in the contractual omission obligations, this is, if implement of this right eventuated in loss of matter of obligation, fulfilment of lien right is not possible, and where this does not take place, warrantee has the authority to do it.
 

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The purpose of this study is to present the model of production resilience in Iran (case study Saipa Automotive Group). The approch of this study is a mix method. In the qualitative part, grounded theory was used according to the systematic method of Strauss and Corbin. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with production experts and continued until theoretical saturation based on the snowball technique. Out of 930 key phrases obtained from the interviews, 711 first level codes, 137 second level codes, 68 concepts and 32 categories were obtained. The qualitative evaluation of the model was performed and approved according to Strauss and Corbin in all dimensions. Structural equation modeling and Smart PLS software were used to quantify the model.All significant numbers greater than 1.96 and standard coefficients greater than 0.4 were obtained and the model was approved. Due to the fact that the GOF (Goodness of Fit) was 0.712, the fit of the final model was confirmed. The most important research findings in the field of action strategies included factors such as developing the vision of resistance economy at the strategic level, production commensurate with the localization of provincial regions, implementation of internalization instead of outsourcing and establishing a training center for jihadi managers in creating resilience.

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Once, between parties to a contract, a dispute arising out of sanctions imposed by a third country is raised before dispute resolution authority, the authority can apply the sanctions to the contract and obligation of the parties thereto as “overriding mandatory rules” only if three significant requisites are fulfilled: “application worthiness of the sanction”, “close connection between the disputed contract and enacting state” and “prevalence of the benefit of a decision to give effect to a sanction over a decision to disregarding it”. Lack of each of the requisites will preclude the application of the sanctions enacted by a third country. This research will provide an answer to this question: concerning a sanction enacted by third countries what the nature of “application worthiness requisite” is what the criteria to fulfill this requisite are. Sanctions enacted by a third country will be worth applying as an overriding mandatory rule only if the object and purpose of the sanctions require considering it. I.e., according to the standards of the state of seat (in court proceedings) and the standards acceptable by the international community (in arbitral proceedings) benefits secured by means of sanctions must be “legitimate and be worthy of protection”, and the sanction must be a necessary and proportional means to achieve its purpose as well.

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As a confrontation tool, economic sanctions are applied by the developed states against the developing states in order to make the state under sanctions adjust to demands imposed by the states sponsoring sanctions. The sanctions produce a variety of economic, social, legal and other effects, including an effect on contractual commitments. Whereas no specific law has been devised with regard to the effect of international sanctions on contractual commitments in Iran’s legal system, the issue has been addressed in international arbitration and judicial procedures of other countries. The main question addressed in this study, is that what approach Iran’s legal system and international trade law adopt towards the effect of economic sanctions on commitments. The findings of the present study note considerable differences. To begin with, in international trade law system, the effects are examined, using three doctrines of hardship, frustration and force majeure, while no particular approach is observed in Iran’s legal system in this regard. Secondly, in international trade law system, a single approach, considering economic sanctions as a force majeure, hardship or frustrating event, is not observed. However, most procedures tend toward the frustration doctrine. In the meantime, Iran’s judicial systems for the most part seems to gravitate towards considering international sanctions as force majeure.

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Consent and party autonomy, along with the neutrality of arbitral tribunal, are the most featured distinction of arbitration vis a vis other dispute resolution methods. These fundamental features, however, might be affected by the application of unilateral economic sanctions of regional organizations (i.e. European Union) which is indeed for protecting their foreign security policy frameworks and fundamental interests.
In one hand, the arbitral tribunals have to respect the parties’ choices, namely the applicable law (which might be against the sanctions), and in the other hand, the courts are obliged to recognized the European Union sanctions as public policy and overriding mandatory provisions and accordingly, set aside or annul the arbitral awards contrary to these provisions.
Therefore, the main aim of this research project is to study of the effect of European Union economic sanctions on commercial arbitration disputes, as well as the approach of pertinent courts. The key result is that arbitral tribunals in confrontation with such sanctions as jus cogens, rely on their authorities particularly in term of applicable law, recognition and enforcement of the arbitration award.