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Introduction
Spatial policy regarding flood risk management is a series of actions that are aimed at achieving a logical solution in reducing the damage caused by floods and reducing the spread of floods (Sinha et al., 2020). The impact of devastating floods on global lives and livelihoods is growing. Large-scale floods caused 104 billion US dollars in damages globally between 2000 and 2015 (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2015). As the climate changes, populations increase, and demand for housing and infrastructure grows, now more than ever, society needs to manage its flood risk and adapt to climate change. For this reason, achieving a spatial and logical comprehensive policy in flood risk management in a way that is efficient and sustainable, in research, policies and practice, requires (related program in flood management, 2017). Accordingly, the issue raised here is that; among the mentioned indicators, which of them is more important in making the spatial policy of rural flood risk management more efficient? Based on this, the necessity of research in this direction is that the present research has first identified all the items related to the indicators. Then he examines the importance of each of them in order to be able to answer this research problem.
Methodology
The method of the present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature of information gathering. The method of data collection in this research will be both library and field. In the first step, library studies related to the research title will be used to compile the research literature, background, and theoretical foundations of the research. In addition, in the second step, it is used in the field and quantitatively by using the questionnaire tool to check the hypotheses of the research. The statistical population of this research consists of experts in the field, including faculty members specializing in this field, graduates and doctoral students with the title of a related thesis, and people in charge of the field, for this purpose, 70 samples have been selected (explained in the table below). From their point of view, the related questionnaire has a favorable level of validity and reliability with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.97, which shows a very favorable level. Finally, one-way ANOVA (F) statistical test was used to analyze the data obtained from the mentioned questionnaire for the items of each index and finally all the indices.
Result and discussion
According to the problem stated in the introduction, in order to examine the importance of various indicators in the spatial policy of rural flood risk management, to examine the status of each of the five indicators (environmental, economic, social-cultural, managerial-institutional) and physical (land use)) deals with spatial policy of rural flood risk management To be able to identify the various aspects of the importance of each of the indicators and finally respond to the problem according to the opinions of the sample community.
To determine the importance of each of the indicators on the spatial policy of rural flood risk management, we have used Duncan's post hoc test, and the output of this test is grouped into three spectrums. They are classified according to their importance. So that the environmental index is the least important with a value of 2.9484 in spectrum one along with the economic index with a value of 3.1056, but the economic index is due to its proximity to social-cultural indicators with a value of 3.2381 and managerial-institutional indicators. With the value of 3105.3, they are the same shade in the spectrum and these two indicators (social-cultural and managerial-institutional) are placed in the third spectrum because of their proximity to the importance of the physical index (land use) and the only index that is the individual is placed in a spectrum and group. It is the physical index (land use) which is placed in the third group with the value of 3.4186 and has the largest sub-set for alpha, which shows the greater importance of this index on the spatial policy of management. The flood risk for the villages located in the watershed of Gorgan River in Golestan province has been that the following graph, which is the output of Duncan's post hoc test, also indicates the same performance of the indicators that as can be seen, environmental indicators are the least important. In addition, after that, the social-cultural index is the least important, and then the economic index and then the administrative-institutional index play a more important role. Finally, the physical indicators (land use) are the most important. The category of significance level, which is stated below the three groups, shows the lack of significance within the groups because of the closeness of their performance within each of the three spectrums.
Conclusion
According to the investigations carried out in the present study in two steps, first, through the study of available sources, the effective indicators and items in the spatial policy of rural flood risk management have been identified. Based on this, 5 indicators and 120 items have been identified. In order to check the importance of each of them, according to the type of indicators, ANOVA test (one-way analysis of variance) was used, the results of which can be summarized as follows: in the inter-group and intra-group sections. It is possible to understand the level of output desirability according to the average of squares and the sum of squares But what is important and effective in the ANOVA test output table is the F test statistic and the significance level value, which the test statistic number is 6.229 and the significance level value is 99 percent, which shows the very high importance of the five indicators on politics. Spatial planning is rural flood risk management. Based on this, Duncan's test was used to determine the importance of each of the indicators separately, and the results show that the output of this test is that the indicators are grouped into three spectrums, the reason for this problem Three spectrums are categorized according to their importance, So that the environmental index is the least important with a value of 2.9484 in spectrum one along with the economic index with a value of 3.1056, but the economic index is due to its proximity to social-cultural indicators with a value of 3.2381 and managerial-institutional indicators. With the value of 3105.3, they are the same shade in the spectrum and these two indicators (social-cultural and managerial-institutional) are placed in the third spectrum because of their proximity to the importance of the physical index (land use) and the only index that is Separately, it is placed in a spectrum and group, it is the physical index (land use), which is placed in the third group with a value of 3.4186, and has the largest subset for alpha.This shows the greater importance of this index on the spatial policy of flood risk management for the villages located in the Gorgan River watershed of Golestan province, and the following graph, which is the output of Duncan's post hoc test, also indicates the same performance of the indicators. As it can be seen, the environmental indicators are the least important, then the socio-cultural index is the least important, and then the economic index and then the administrative-institutional index play a more important role. Finally, physical indicators (land use) have the most importance in the spatial policy of rural flood risk management.

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Aims: Occupational safety, contact care, safety policy, as well as mental-environmental conditions, are supposed among the most significant factors shaping the levels of stress in nurses. Therefore, this path analysis was fulfilled to test a theoretical model to reflect on the relationship between Safety policy, occupational safety, mental-environmental conditions, and Contact Care.
Instrument & Methods: This predictive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018-19. A total number of 530 nurses were selected from 11 hospitals in 4 provinces in Iran. The Stress of Exposure to Sharps Injury Scale was used. A path analysis was also utilized by SPSS 24 software.
Findings: The mean age of the nurses was 35.72±7.78. As well, 12.5% of the nurses had associate’s degrees and 82.2% of them were holding bachelor’s and higher degrees. The path analysis also explained 57.6% of the variance in contact care. Moreover, the findings indicated a direct effect as a significant positive relationship between occupational safety and mental-environmental conditions. Likewise, safety policy could mediate the relationship between occupational safety, mental-environmental conditions, and safety policy.
Conclusion: The study findings suggested that safety policy could mediate the relationship between occupational safety, mental-environmental conditions, and contact care. therefore, designing and implementing suitable safety policy statements can play a vital role in reducing the levels of stress among nurses in terms of patient care.

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 Aims: Knowledge of impacts and damages of natural and climatic disasters, besides the development of related insurance products, are among the factors that play a significant role in a better understanding of climatic threats and climate change adaptation and mitigation. Therefore, this research was carried out in order to examine the status of Iran's insurance industry in understanding the effects of climate change and developing related insurance products.

Materials & methods:  In order to examine the international experiences of the world insurance industry in the field of climate change, library studies were used, and to examine the current situation of the Iranian insurance industry in understanding the phenomenon of climate change and insurance products, a questionnaire was used.
Finding:  Findings show, the deep and extensive attention of the insurance industry to the phenomenon of climate change, the needf for requirements such as providing detailed statistical analyxes of the number of damages and effects caused by the occurrence of climate change, clarifying the harmful effects of climate change on profitability, considering encironmental issues and biological changes in the macro polocies of the country, creating fundamental thinking and attitude regarding climate change in the country. 

Conclusion: The results indicate that climate change has increased customer demand for some insurance products, and the consequences of climate change have caused the need to develop and upgrade the products and use new insurance products.

 

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Identifying, mitigating, and confronting human resources risks is essential for organizational excellence. This study aims to identify, analyze, and provide strategies to deal with risks in one of the government organizations in Isfahan province. The present study is mixed, where the resilience strategies are presented using FMEA and FAAO methods, and the number of resilience is calculated quantitatively. The statistical population of this study is human resource experts. Due to the limitations of the statistical society, all employees were selected as samples. All risks were obtained through the study of research literature and in-depth interviews with experts. The interviews were coded using thematic analysis. In the first phase of this study, thirty four risks were identified, and among them, ten most significant risks were selected, and strategies for dealing with them were presented. In order to retrieve, three risks were selected: long-term illness, staff dissatisfaction, and exit of experience and skill without experience transfer. A total of nine strategies were presented to return to the pre-risk state or more desirable. The resiliency ratio of the organization’s human resources department was 0.66 before the occurrence of risk and 0.84 after the occurrence of the risk.

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Aims: The insurance strategy of direct insurers (reinsurers) should be in accordance with actuarial risk-based principles. Therefore, every decision and action taken by insurance institutions in relation to climate change adaptation requires a risk assessment. Therefore, examining international underwriting and dealing with the climate change insurance process in Iran can provide useful strategies to managers. This research has been done in order to investigate the situation of Iran's insurance industry in the underwriting of climate change.
Materials & methods: In the beginning, insurance plans and coverage and climate change risk management strategies are reviewed in selected developed and developing countries. Then, the experiences of global surveys, regarding climate change are used in order to develop a questionnaire in line with the current situation of Iran country in the field of climate change insurance.
Finding:  The results of the questionnaire’s analysis distributed among 35 insurance experts on climate change risk management, show that some insurance companies, despite predicting the impact of climate risks in their insurance processes and empowering their employees, don’t have any plan for the assessment and mitigation of greenhouse gases, regular assessment of climate hazards, providing incentives and modeling. Also, the strategy of annual re-pricing and risk-based pricing has the highest priority to face climate change in insurance companies.
Conclusion: Most of the country's insurance companies use different strategies to deal with climate change, of which annual repricing and risk-based pricing have been the most popular.
 

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This research has been done with the aim of identification of the effective factors that influence credit risk and designing a model for the credit rating of the legal clients of Tejarat Bank in 2003-2004 by using Data Envelopment Analysis. For this purpose, the necessary sample data on financial and nonfinancial information of 146 companies (as random simple) was selected. In this research, 27 explanatory variables (including financial and non-financial variables) were identified and examined. Finally, with the application of factor analysis and Delphi method, 8 variables, which had significant effect on credit risk, were selected and entered into the DEA model. Efficiency of the companies was calculated by using these variables. Then the model validity was measured by regression analysis. The DEA credibility scores represented the dependent variables while the 8 ratios used were considered as independent variables. The findings of the research showed that 25 companies stand on the border of efficiency. Also with one exception (owners equity/ total asset), ’all variables had the expected direction α = %5 . Research conclusions confirmed the hypothesis of DEA model’s efficiency on credit rating of the companies who have taken credit facilities from branches of Tejarat Bank in Tehran city.

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Risk management and improving the processes’ reliability are important in operations and production management. Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is regarded as one of the most powerful methods in this area. High applicability and proper analyzability have caused FMEA to be among the most important techniques of systems’ risk analysis and safety improvement. On the other hand, widespread application of this method in various fields has revealed some weak points and constrains; subsequently many researchers have offered revisions and modifications on it. In this article, analytical network process (ANP), a modern and powerful method in decision-making field, has been used in combination with FMEA (ANPFMEA) for defeating the shortcomings. ANP-FMEA considers mutual relationships of hazardous factors, and by offering certain structure, develops a systematic and flexible view in risk management scope. The suggested method deploys simple concept of risk priority number and assigns different importance in the form of power for each factor. The resulted RPN will cope better with the system, in which it is applied. This method provides more accurate analysis of risk and, consequently, more efficient and effective actions, causing attainment and maintenance of more desirable reliability.

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Calculation of Derivations from every objective of the project is very ‎important for both contractors and employers. Time overrun is the function ‎of all project risks. A tool that can assess the risk levels and estimate the ‎derivations from the planed duration is very useful for contractors. This ‎research tries to propose a new methodology to determine the schedule risk ‎of construction projects and the total time overrun. This methodology uses ‎influence diagram to construct the risk model and fuzzy risk assessment ‎system to estimate time overrun for every activity. Then the information of ‎fuzzy risk assessment model is used by scheduling the softwares such as ‎MSP or Primavera to calculate the time overrun of the project. This model ‎has been used in one of the track renewal projects of Iran Railway ‎Administration. ‎ The model was validated by using the estimated data produced by model and ‎the real data of the activities’ duration. Then the mean absolute percentage ‎error (MAPE) was calculated for the activities and the project. MAPE of the ‎activities was equal to 10.75% and the estimated duration of project was ‎equal to 105.24 time unit. In comparison with the real duration of project ‎‎(which was equal to 113 time units and MAPE for the whole project was ‎equal to 6.7%), it can be concluded that fuzzy risk assessment model has ‎remarkable accuracy to be used in construction projects.‎

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Managers in developed countries are increasingly interested in outsourcing as a potential source of competitiveness and value creation. One of the most useful outsourcing activities in service sector is information system/technology outsourcing. This paper is trying to determine the ISP managers’ perceived risks and benefits of IT/IS outsourcing and also the rate of awareness about potential of IT/IS outsourcing. Design/methodology/approach - In order to achieve those aims, we first review the previous literature on this topic and later analyze the results of a survey carried out from 30 ISPs managers in Tehran using the structured interview method. Findings: According to the ISPs under analysis, the main advantage of IT outsourcing is reducing/controlling the general cost while the main risk is the excessive dependence on the provider. Nevertheless, some characteristics of the ISPs (e.g. their size and outsourcing level) can determine to some extent what risks and benefits are more relevant. Originality /value: The conclusions explains that total IT/IS outsourcing can turn out to be a very dangerous strategy, mainly due to the dependence it creates. However, it can enable the ISP managers to reduce and/or control the general cost of building a new IT/IS service. The paper investigates the advantages, risks and some dimensions of IT/IS outsourcing decisions in ISPs of Tehran which can potentially develop the services in-house. Therefore, the “make-or-buy” decision for managers of ISPs requires even more attention to these aspects of IT/IS outsourcing (advantages, risks and decision criteria) than other service companies.

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Credit institutions to provide variety of facilities to their customers, need to comprehensive studies by qualitative and quantitative aspects of their applicants. By this way, accomplish a complete evaluation of repay ability measure and calculate the refund facilities probability and finance services by them , these reviews generally validation name. The purpose of this study was ranking customer groups and specifies the best part of them until brokerage firm do its credit allocation process mechanically. Here, after the preprocessing of the data, they are processes in the RFM model. Then SOM neural network as one of the clustering algorithms will change customers to 10 cluster. Using the proposed model, the clusters will rank. The top clusters, identification and facilities grant operations to the members of these clusters will do. Finally, three clusters 5, 1 and 7 defines as top clusters that they are the target customers. Coefficient facilities granted to the top three clusters respectively are 0.271, 0.173 and 0.556.

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The aim of this study was to examine potato growers' perceptions of risk sources and risk management strategies and their risk management behavior. A Survey research method was used in this study. The data originated from a sample of potato growers (n= 128) of Ardabil Province in the cropping year of 2013. The respondents were divided into two groups of Less Risk-Averse (LRA) and More Risk-Averse (MRA). Results show that more than half of the respondents were MRA. In general, potato price, marketing and yield were important sources of risk. The MRA farmers perceived price, yield, input costs and subsidy elimination as highly important sources of risk. Change in farming practices times, sharing farm machinery and hedging were important perceived strategies. LRA farmers marked more importance to management strategies than their counterparts. Except for a few strategies, there was consistency between the growers’ perception and management behavior. The results also show that there were significant relationships between farmers’ perception of strategies and their application. The results have implications for agricultural policy makers, extension and advisory services on the brink of subsidy targeting policy in Iran.

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For years, researchers and managers have been popular with Balanced Scorecard and during the time, several edits have been developed from this base model. “Strategy map” is a topic that have been invented by researchers of the Balanced Scorecard to ease the understanding of issues that related to the strategic objectives set. The organization's strategic plan to achieve organizational goals, there are several ways that researchers have developed models to analyze these pathways. Bayesian networks, probabilistic networks have many applications in various sciences have provided. In this study, path analysis in Bayesian networks has been the strategy map. In this study, a model is presented by which one can achieve the ultimate goals of risk below the risk-based goals (in lower amounts) can be calculated and appropriate solution to mitigate risks identified organizational goals In this study, an investment firm is studied and the model is implemented and the results have been analyzed.

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Value engineering is a powerful tool for solving problems based on creativity and function and it has been used in construction projects for many years and could prove its advantages to all members of this industry in recent years. However, like other tools, it has the ability to upgrade and increase productivity. This study attempts to provide a consolidated framework for value engineering and risk management. Accordingly, after identifying the model’s factors in these two areas, models which are more associated with the construction industry have been chosen. Based on experts' opinions, top models were selected for integration. By using the Delphi method, experts reached a consensus for sequence of the framework steps. After necessary synchronization, this framework implemented in Ports and Maritime Organization as a verification. By using this framework, the process of value engineering is improved. Risk management (associating experts who are aware of all aspects of project) was executed in two levels and based on fuzzy logic. It resulted in spending less time and money.

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