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When the elements and different components of a literary work are studied and their relation to each other and to the totality of the work is made clear,a reader can claim that she/he has had a formalistic reading of the work.Such a reading facilitates commenting on how the elements and components of the work are interrelated( vertically and horizontally). In this paper,the form and structure of a Ghazal( sonnet) of Bidel Dehlavi are re-read, using the intratextual signs.The first line reads: YEK TAARE MU GAR AZ SARE DONYE GOZASHTEI SAD KAHKESHAN ZE OJE SORAYYA GOZASHTEI The theme of this Ghazal which is continuously repeated all through the poem is "advice to return to oneself and put under observation one’s inner self in the bed of the hastening and transitory time".The subject matters of movement,passing,transition and transformation are spread all through the Ghazal .However the link between the lines of the Ghazal is not the sort of link to create a "bodily structure",rather each line of this Ghazal is a separate bead,related to the other beads by a string( the subject matters of movement and passing of time) creating a necklace( a Ghazal).

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This study was conducted to choose the best species for plantation on a poor drainage soil in southern coast of Caspian Sea, Iran. Nutrient concentrations in live and senescent leaves and soil properties were compared among Alnus subcordata C.A.Mey (N-fixing tree), Populus deltoides­ Marsh. (Non N-fixing tree)and Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich. (Coniferous tree) plantations. In each of these plantations and an adjacent natural forest, six 20×20m plots have been selected according to a 100m × 100m randomly systematic grid. Leaf samples of green trees were collected from the bottom one-third of the tree crown by clipping two small twigs located on opposite sides of the crown (six representative trees were sampled in each plot). Senescence leaves have been collected inside wooden trap-based in each stand. Results revealed different effects of species on soil nutrients. Alnus subcordata increased soil N (%) whereas Populus deltoides­ and Taxodium distichum reduced it.The results of nutrition, litter quality, retranslocation and soil properties indicated that Alnus improve soil quality in comparison with the two others.

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Today most experts agree that in a highly competitive world, product lines or technology are not considered as competitive advantages for organizations,  whereas, HR and manager’s ability to manage people in an organization brings about superiority for an organization among competitors. Therefore, the development of this valuable resource is considered to be vital for organization’s success. Staff training and Development constitutes a strategic and important issue for an organization and through it organizations’ human capital is transformed into permanent capital. While the importance and necessity of designing and implementing training in organizations has become popular and well accepted, what has become extremely important is the effective evaluation of training programs.  In the present study we used the return on investment model to assess training courses at Saipa Company’s Maintenance unit. Results showed that the rate of return on investment for these courses was 35.6%. In addition, reduction in employee transfers, increased employee job satisfaction, increased customer satisfaction, reduction in employee absenteeism, increased employee progress, reduction in employee turnover, increased employee engagement and decreased rate of occupational accidents has brought about intangible benefits for the organization. rn  

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  One of the most important characteristics of Iranian paintings is their connection and unity with Persian literature, which resulted in the formation of common language and similar subjects in these two art fields. However, since the Zands Dynasty, especially their late era, a certain divergence occurred between painting and poetry due to the weakness of literature and the fact that the painters were more influenced by the European art. While focusing on the benchmarks of the poems of the return era, and the Royal Court portrait paintings, this study strives to examine the common aesthetic connection between these two fields of art through performing historical, descriptive, analytical and comparative study, and achieve the response to this question that Which factors were effective in the formation and flourishing of the literature and painting during the reign of Fath Ali Shah Qajar and how and to what extent are their common aesthetic links? The painting and poetry of this era managed to achieve flourishing thanks to the supports granted by an art-lover king, i.e. Fath Ali Shah Qajar. Due to the policies of the Shah during his 37-year reign against the arts, a suitable basis was provided for the alignment of these two fields of art in a new and different manner (notwithstanding the occurred divergence) so that the painters act independently in choosing their subjects, and do not refer to poetry so often, while trying to take benefit from poetical descriptions and literature aesthetic criteria, and represent the same through a human-oriented vision.

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 There  are Israelites and the constructions   made  by  People of the Book in some historical sources and narrative  interpretations of    some Quranic   verses , and the reader becomes   doubtful  by referring to the interpretations from non-Islamic sources  that adapted   and   borrowed   the stories of the prophets  and  quoted  the instauration  of the people of the Book, as well as the translations taken from those interpretations , thus   he /she  reminds  the  concept inconsistent  with  the prophets’  chastity . Addition to maintaining grammatical and rhetorical structures and similarity of the effect of the source and target text,  correct interpretation  and  translation of these verses from the source language to the target language and correct conveyance  of their contents require   a translator  and  commentator   to  have  special  skill  and   be  proficient in  the correct theological principles and feedback of  these basics in the target language so that  they  do not   cause  the  reader  to  thin of  lack of  chastity  of the prophets. This  study, with  analytic- descriptive  method  and   critique  and  selection of   literally , semantic ,  interpretive  and  free  translating  methods, has  aimed  to     investigate  and  criticize  the  translation of verses 31 to 33 of Sad chapter. Results from the study   showed that the interpretations from the constructions made by People of the Book are inconsistent with certain rational and narrative principles and literary arguments. Therefore, an interpretation and translation of these verses are accepted when they are based on the strongest literary arguments and include well-grounded theological reasons such as chastity..
 

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In general, the scarce resources are efficiently allocated to achieve the economic and social goals of an economy. This means the factors of production including labour force and capital stock must be allocated using rational and scientific approaches. This means investors need to be able to evaluate the cost-benefit of investment in order to make informed and efficient decisions. In this article, we analyze the cost-benefit of technical and professional trainings in Iran. Three courses which comprise skilled labor force, first-class and second-class labor forces are considered in this study and then the cost-benefit methodology is employed. This methodology can be used in future cost-benefit studies of technical and professional trainings. The result obtained from the analysis shows that the educational rate of return in all three courses is higher than the rate of return in the participation papers market in Iran. This result obtained after adjusting the effects of individual ability on their income and correcting the adjustment effects of employment.

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Abstract
Folk beliefs, which are an integral element of the culture of a society, have an inextricable link with myth. To analyze such beliefs, it is imperative to investigate the mythological era and understand the ideas of the ancient time about the phenomena in the universe. It can be said that many of the rituals that are prevalent in people's daily lives today, are actually the mythical beliefs that have changed over time. Shifting from myth to ritual, preserving their mythological underpinnings, they have become folk beliefs, though they might have had major or minor changes. Among folk beliefs that have significant mythical representations, three rituals stand out: "marriage with a fountain", "breaking an egg to ward off a wound", and "passing a patient through a wall hole" that have been common among various Iranian ethnic groups for a long time. The present article, using a descriptive-analytic method, has rooted the three beliefs and explained their connection with myths. The findings show that all three of these rituals have a mythical origin; that is to say, the marriage with the springs is a remnant of the myth of sacrificing for the springs in order to please the owner of the water. After the shift from myth to ritual, it has turned into marriage with the spring. The egg-breaking ritual is also associated with the myth of the Seed of the Universe and it can be interpreted as the regeneration of the first creation. Finally, passing the patient through the wall hole is a reminiscent of returning to the womb and repeating the idea of birth. From the mythological perspective, this is a pure and ideal moment for the sake of its divinity.  

Keywords: Myth; folk beliefs; sacrifice; early creation; return to womb.
 
Research Background

Several studies on the relationship between myth and various elements of popular culture have been conducted. Among them, one can mention the following: Mozaffarian (2012) has examined the relationship between myths and folk tales. Parsansab and Manavi (2013) have dealt with the evolution of the "crow" from myth to popular culture. Mousavi and Spargham (2010) have criticized the mythology of the story "Orange and bergamot girl" and examined the cultural backgrounds of the use of orange, bergamot, and pomegranate in this story. In his article, Mokhtarian (2005) has tried to classify fairy tales based on myths. Motevaseli (2016) examined various aspects of the place of myths in the Persian folk literature.

Aims, questions, assumptions

The purpose of this study is to explain the origins of the myths of the three popular beliefs: "marriage with the spring", "breaking the egg to repel the sore eye" and "passing the patient through the hole in the wall". Therefore, in this article, we intend to answer these questions: Are the traces of the popular beliefs mentioned in this article traceable in mythology as well? Does the mythical position of these beliefs only belong to Iran? What is the mythical view behind these beliefs? The roots of the popular beliefs studied in this article refer to the ancient and distant mythology, which is one of the common intellectual commonalities in many parts of the world. The belief in the myth of sacrifice for the spring through marriage to the spring lies in the concept of reconstruction in the ritual of breaking an egg and returning to the ideal moment of creation via passing the patient through the hole in the wall.

Discussion

In all eras, myths play role in people's lives and they have stayed with us in the form of certain beliefs and rituals. Some of these myths are so ancient that it is not easy to reveal their presence in the current human beliefs and practices; however, they are prevalent in the popular beliefs and rituals, though people might not be conscious of them. Nonetheless, we find that their origin is the mythical beliefs and pristine thought of the primitive man. For this reason, popular beliefs are the best manifestation of ancient and mythical beliefs in our era, which directly/indirectly display mythical thoughts. According to some scholars, various elements of popular culture, such as stories, myths, and popular beliefs are the degraded and surviving form of the ancient myths in which mythological sanctity has faded (Bastid, 1991, pp. 42-46).

One of these popular beliefs is the ritual of marrying a spring, which is rooted in the ancient myths and expresses the mythical interest of snakes or dragons in girls and women. The ancient people believed that myths were used as a trick to satisfy dragons in order to release water; thus, marrying a spring is a technique of proximity, meaning marrying a dragon near the spring.

Another popular belief, the ritual of breaking an egg to repel a sore eye is another case in point. Since in many parts of the world myths are the origin of the creation of the primordial and cosmic eggs, in the mythology of myth and the rites of the people, the breaking of an egg is reminiscent of the first creation. It confirms the return to the beginning of creation and the primary health.

Another popular belief is the ritual of passing the patient through the hole. The organizers of this ritual have one goal: Imitation and repetition of labor (passing through the hole). Their main purpose of the ritual is to pass the patient through the hole, which means a new birth, resuscitation, and treatment of the patient through a new birth and return to the womb.

Conclusion

The results of the research show that myths and popular beliefs have a deep relationship with each other, and the main source of the beliefs we have today is the mythical ideas of the ancients. Although the passage of time has created changes in myths, according to the mythology, they have been manifested in the form of public rituals and beliefs in our current era. Understanding the mythological origins of popular beliefs is the key to understanding the myriad questions that have arisen regarding such beliefs. In this study, it was found that the ritual of marriage with the spring is the same evolutionary form of the myth of sacrificing water for the client in order to escape the drought. The ritual of breaking an egg to repel sore eye is rooted in the myth of the cosmic egg; because many ancient tribes believe that with the breaking of the cosmic egg that floated in absolute darkness, the universe was created; so, this egg is the beginning of creation. The patient's passing through a hole in a wall, mountain, or tree, which is done to cure the disease, is related to the myth of returning to the womb and the initial birth. It means taking the sick person to the past and the moment of birth when s/he came out healthy and undamaged from the mother's womb.

References

•  Bastid, R. (1991). Mythical knowledge (translated into Farsi by Jalal Sattari). Tehran: Toos.
•  Matevasoli, N. (2016). Study of the place of myths in Persian folk literature. Indexed on the Ittehad Khabar website under the supervision of the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. Published: 20/ Nov /2016. Visited: 22/June /2020.
•  Mokhtarian, B. (2005). The proposed model for classifying fairy tales based on myths. Anthropology Letter, 4(8), 119-139.
•  Mousavi, M. & Spargham, S. (2010). Critique of the mythology of the story of the orange girl and the bergamot and the study of the cultural background of the use of orange, bergamot and pomegranate in this story. Literary Criticism, 3(11-12), 233-255.
•  Mozaffarian, F. (2012). Folk myths and tales. Quarterly Journal of Mystical Literature and Mythology, 8(28), 213-247.
•  Parsansab, M. & Manavi, M. (2013). The evolution of the crow from myth to popular culture. Journal Public Culture and Literature, 1(1), 71-92.

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ABSTRACT The effective rainfall amounts (ER) as a part of the irrigation requirement were estimated for the premature and serotinous varieties of rice in the Mazandaran Plain , using different methods. Finally the “Dependable Rain” method were selected for the estimation.Comparison of the maps, reveals that the ER amounts are more in the western part of the plain than the eastern part ; Consequently , the net irrigation requirement is low in the western part. Because knowing the minimum and maximum values of the ER with specific confidence, helps the planners in different decisions, the ER amounts were estimated at 90 , 95 and 99 percent confidence intervals. The related maps show that the confidence for ER amounts is low for both premature and serotinous varieties in the eastern part; Meanwhile the ER amounts are almost 50 milimeters more for serotinous variety than premature variety at different confidence intervals in the whole region. Also, The maps of return periods, show that the ER amounts are higher in the western and central parts than the eastern part and that the accessibility of ER, varies from lower than 80 to more than 420 milimeters in the growing season in terms of various return periods and different parts of the region.

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For the first time, this paper analyzes the portfolio selection theory in the presence of housing market in Iran. One of the important theories about the housing price is household portfolio theory. Based on the theory, housing business cycles have determining effect on housing share in portfolio. For this purpose, a set of assets data consisting stocks, exchange, gold coins, bank deposits, bonds and housing over the period 1991-2006 are used. After calculation of returns, risks and correlation coefficients of assets over the period using Mean - Variance Model and MATLAB software, a combination of household assets in the portfolio have been extracted .The model, through simulating and supposing different weights for each asset determines an optimal combination of assets in portfolio based on risk classification of households: low risk, medium risk and high risk. Then, they are thoroughly examined to explore: whether the presence of housing asset in the portfolio can improve its risk, return and the composition of assets? Efficient frontier which covers all portfolios is also extracted. The results reveal that housing is an important asset in the portfolio during the housing boom period and causes the efficient frontier transmission move outwards.

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Abstract

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In the present study an attempt has been made to use a non-parametric method Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for assessing source-wise and operation-wise the Technical Efficiency (TE) and Return-to-Scale (RTS) for paddy production in four zones of the state of Punjab, India. The results were then compared to corresponding ones already obtained from a parametric method (Cobb-Douglas production function). The data from farmers growing rice in four zones including labor-h, machine-h, power source, horse power and hours used, kind of machinery used, physical inputs such as seed, fertilizers and pesticides (as inputs) and the yield (as output) were transformed into energy terms (MJ ha-1). The results revealed that farmers in zone 2 with a source-wise TE of 0.91, have consumed energy from more efficient sources, followed by zone 4 (0.90) and then zones 3 and 5 (0.85). No significant correlation could be established between the parametric and non-parametric TE for source-wise energy inputs. According to the DEA results, it was observed that 55.6% and 64.1% of inefficient farmers had an increasing RTS for operation-wise and source-wise energy inputs, respectively. However, a constant RTS had been reported by the parametric frontier function.

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Purchasing stock portfolio is one of the ways of risk mitigation in the light of investment process on securities. The research applies two measures, Z and G, to demonstrate stock portfolio. Fundamental variables applied in the research are Z index, which demonstrates financial authenticity of firm and G index that shows the growth rate of firm’s net profit. Accordingly, The stocks of 153 firms have been rated in Tehran stock exchange in to two patterns comprising nine portfolios and twelve portfolios based on Beta and the return during a five year period. The results showed that the concordance of these portfolios’rating in a 9 porffolio pattern based on risk indexes and return is higher than a 12 portfolio pattern. In addition, concordance of the rate of portfolios based on the return index is higher than the concordance of rates based on the beta index. Z1G3 portfolio has the highest rate in a 9 portfolio pattern based on the return mean. In other words, it yields the highest return in terms of beta mean index. In terms of beta mean, Z2G1 portfolio has the highest rate, that is, it has the least beta.

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Any discourse constitutes of several propositions and discursive formations that are created by focusing on the political, cultural and social conditions of each era. During the rule of Fath- Ali Shah Qajar (1772- 1834), the dominate literary review discourse; which is considered the very traditional discourse, was formed based o the perception system that was governing an era in which, the royal court was recognized as the producing institute of the mentioned discourse. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of the literary discourse of return in images specific to Fath Ali Shah Qajar with regard to the political, social, epistemic contexts and the system of knowledge or spirit of the time.
If we admit that until then, Iranian painting and Persian literature have been more or less intertwined; it must be said that as the literary discourse of this period was formed, visual norms in FathAli Shah’s portraits also changed and new features emerged that were not unprecedented in past centuries. In the present study, the authors have attempted to examine how literary discourse led to the formation and influence of king's icons in court, based on Michel Foucault's theory of discourse as a methodological model and an interdisciplinary approach.Studies show that during this period poetry and poetic descriptions continued to be a source of inspiration for painters.Therefore the images of the King became more unrealistic and his aura of holiness grew larger. The king's body also became more intangible and metaphorical.

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Many variables under study in hydrology are continuous and random; hence, it necessitates using probability and statistics sciences to study them. In a specific classification, variables are categorized to be either explanatory or response variable. An explanatory variable is defined as a variable which explains or predicts changes in the value of another variable, while a response variable is a variable whose prediction of its changes is desired under the effect of other variables. Due to the mentioned definition, a response variable may depend on one or more explanatory variables. Therefore, in the first case the response variable is intrinsically univariate and in the second case is intrinsically multivariate. If it is known that a hydrological response variable is intrinsically multivariate, multivariate statistical approaches must be employed, especially in the case of dependency among explanatory variables, because it has been widely warned that implementing univariate statistical approaches may result in over/under estimations. According to the fact that flood is an intrinsically multivariate event, it is essential to employ multivariate approaches to analyze it. The most important characteristics of flood are peak discharge, volume and duration. A traditional approach in multivariate analyses is to use classical multivariate distribution functions with parametric marginal distribution functions. However, both classical multivariate distribution functions and parametric distribution functions face substantial limitations. Among the limitations attributed to classical multivariate distribution functions, one may refer to the necessity of identifying marginal distribution functions and their parameters and equality of the kind of marginal distribution functions as the most important limitations. Also in the use of parametric distribution functions for marginal variables, an assumed distribution function is used to describe the distribution of data, while perhaps the assumed distribution function does not accurately describe the real distribution of data. The aim of this article is to establish joint distributions of different combinations of flood characteristics and corresponding return periods. Hence, firstly marginal distribution functions are chosen among parametric distribution functions and non-parametric distribution functions, which are not restricted to estimation of some parameters. Then joint analyses of flood variables are performed using copulas, which do not confront limitations of classical multivariate distributions. Finally, having found and appropriate copula for each combination of flood characteristics, joint return periods are calculated and contour plot of joint return periods are plotted. Joint return periods of flood characteristics can be used by water resources decision makers and engineers as a hydraulic design criterion and provide useful information for risk analysis. In this article, joint analyses of flood variables are performed using copulas, which do not confront limitations of classical multivariate distributions, such that marginal distribution functions are chosen among parametric distribution functions and non-parametric distribution functions, which are not restricted to estimation of some parameters. It should be mentioned that the R language has been utilized as the primary tool in order to perform calculations and draw diagrams. Keywords: Flood Frequency Analysis, Joint Return Periods, Copula, Non-parametric distribution

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In this paper, the efficiency of Proton membrane exchange (PEM) fuel cell system by using ejector for returning the additional fuel in the fuel supply circuit and comparison with conventional systems, with compressor in fuel supply circuit, are studied. For this purpose a semi - analytical developed model for calculating the amount of efficiency increment, as well as the amount of power saving as a result of employing ejector in the fuel cell return line is provided by extending the previous models. In this developed model the important stack design parameters and ejector design parameters are correlated by presenting a new dimensionless parameter. The results for a typical fuel cell show that the amount of efficiency increment at different values of current density is different and there is a maximum point for it. The amount of power saving as a result of employing ejector compared with fuel cell power is considerable and will increase with increasing the current density. These results indicate that the ejector for those applications that require high power (for instance the transport applications) is more efficient.

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In the present paper, flow field in all components of a two-stage centrifugal compressor are simulated using one-dimensional method. Internal flow simulating is performed by solving basic equations of corrected empirical relations of geometry, thermodynamics and dynamics with an algorithm with iterative solution was in MATLAB. The purpose of simulation is to obtain the effect of inlet guide vanes and return channel intake angle changes on performance maps. The inputs include stagnation temperature, stagnation pressure and mass flow. The solution is done by calling the primary geometry and inlet thermodynamic and ambient conditions at the nominal speed and 70, 90 and 105 percent of the nominal speed, by applying a continuous flow with convergence of mass flow rate and Rothalpy conservation. Then in performance stability range the results of one-dimensional model are validated by empirical and three-dimensional modeling results. Then the effect of incidence angles of inlet guide vanes and return channel on compressor performance at performance maps are expressed and analyzed. This model can be used to design inlet guide vane and return channel and estimate optimized angle of guide vanes to gain maximum performance and pressure ratio.

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In this thesis we considered the effects of macro-economic factors on stock returns in order to estimate the risk free rate of return. For doing so, we used monthly returns of companies from 1383-1 to 1387-12.The sample of this thesis was consist of 48 companies which were present in stock market. Then the effect of 10 macro economic factors like Import, Export, Coin price, Oil price, M1, Inflation, Exchange rate, Index, Indext-1,construction permit on monthly stock returns was estimated for 5 years. The method which was used in this research was multi-factor model Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) and the method used was Factor Analysis.The aim of this research was to clarify whether co-movement of stock returns was the result of macro -economic factors or not, and also to estimate the risk free rate of return.The result of this thesis showed that co-movement of stock returns was due to different effects of macro- economic factors ,for inflation and indext-1 affected Tehran stock return during these 5 years ,and the estimated risk free rate of return of investment market was more than the risk free rate of return of monetary market.

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The adequate capital is a main requirement for protecting the health of the banking system. Each bank or credit institution should always keep the proper ratio between the capital and the risk of their assets in order to ensure the stability and sustainability of its activities. The main function of such ratio is to support the bank, the depositors and creditors against unexpected losses. Previous studies on the relationship between financial and capital adequacy ratios have found different results. This study investigates the relationship between accounting financial ratios and capital adequacy ratio of the banking network. The data of three bank groups are evaluated using panel data analysis during 2006-2011. In both public and private commercial banks, the findings indicate a significant positive relationship between the size of the bank and capital adequacy ratio, and significant negative relationship between financial leverage and capital adequacy ratio. Within private banks group, return on assets and return on equity have significant positive and negative relations with capital adequacy ratio, respectively. Within public commercial banks, return on assets and return on equity have significant negative and positive relations with capital adequacy ratio, respectively. With respect to F-statistic, the findings indicate no relationship between financial accounting ratios and capital adequacy ratio in 95% confidence level among the bank group of article 44, which necessitates paying attention to capital adequacy ratio.
 

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literary complexity, linguistic vulgarity and assigning of Safavid period poetry to decline were among the main causes of the emergence of literary return current whose dominant thought was returning the poetry and literature to their past boundaries of authority and glory. Following this thought, imitation of the past literary works, especially the works of the poets and writers of Khorasani and Iraqi styles, and sometimes the Voghooie style, was spread. In this regard, one of the forms of imitation and following was composing the sketch poems. The sketch poems were those that were designed and ordered by the owners of the associations and literary circles, and the poets were asked to compose a poem based on the rhyme and rhythm of that sketch poetry. Although being important in examination of the style of the return period poetry, this issue has not been specifically addressed. So, the authors of this paper have tried to describe, criticize and review this topic in a content analysis method (descriptive-analytical approach). Accordingly, it has been determined that composing the sketch poems is one of the important forms of imitation and following of the predecessors' literary styles prevalent from the early Safavid period to the late Qajar dynasty. The oldest sample of composing this kind of poetry dates back to the era of ShahAbbas government and The composing this kind of poetry was also prevalent in the Qajar dynasty, especially the governments of Fath Ali Shah and Nasser al-Din Shah. Neshat Isfahani, Saba Kashani, Sahab and Mojmer are among the most famous poets of this kind. Furthermore, since this kind of poetry was composed based on a certain plan, it was mainly imitative, repetitive, and obligatory although lacked creativity and innovation, but, because it was in accordance with the dominant ideas of the literary return current, it plays a great role in returning the poetry to the past periods.