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Showing 8 results for Provinces
Volume 4, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
An analysis of the state of Iran's water resources shows that hydro-political challenges have shifted from the national scale to the sub-national scale (at the catchment level) and the conflict of interests of users has led to a contradiction in the approach of agents, especially in times of drought. Meanwhile, Karkheh catchment in Khuzestan feeds by Kashkan river in Lorestan province. On the other hand, climate change and Kashkan floods have often been associated with losses. The basic agricultural livelihood of Delfan city and the prevention of floods have made the construction of Gaushmar dam on Kashkan inevitable. The construction of this dam has reduced the volume of water entering the downstream cities of the dam and the Karkheh catchment in Khuzestan, especially during dry seasons. The construction of this dam has led to the conflict of interests of the actors and the emergence of hydro-political challenges on a subsidence scale. The present article is applied and the methodology of the text is explanatory-analytic. The data and information required for the research were collected by library and field methods (interview). The result of the research showed that with the construction of Gaushmar Dam, hydro-political relations within the province (Lorestan) and extra-provincial relations between Khuzestan and Lorestan provinces have been brought hydro-political tension. The adaptation of these conflict of interests eventually led to a reduction in the height of the dam and the volume of water stored behind the dam due to the authorities’ policies.
Alireza Shakibaee, Mohamadreza Ahmadinejad, Fatemeh Taleghani, Zahra Kamalaldini,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (12-2016)
Volume 16, Issue 4 (12-2016)
Abstract
Societies and governments have considered tax as one of the most important ways of public financing. Moreover, identifying new tax capacity to improve tax status and to increase tax incomes is assumed substantial. On the other hand, most economists believe that economic status of a country is affected not only by the economic performance of region but also by the adjacent zones. Therefore, ignoring such spatial factors and linkages may negatively affect the performance of that region. Accordingly, convergence and the related subjects are increasingly drawing the attention of more economists. The present study tries to examine the tax capacity convergence among Iran's provinces during 2001-2011 using Spatial Econometrics in MATLAB software. The findings indicate that meaningful and negative coefficient of the lagged dependent variable represents the convergence of the tax to value added (VA) ratio to its long-term path.
Fariba Salami, Ali Feghhemajidi, Ahmad Mohammadi,
Volume 17, Issue 4 (3-2018)
Volume 17, Issue 4 (3-2018)
Abstract
This paper aims to investigate convergence hypothesis in Iran provinces in terms of per capita income and per capita consumption over the period 2000- 2014 using the cluster analysis. In order to analyze this issue more exactly, in the first step, using taxonomy method, the provinces of the country are divided into three categories: underdeveloped provinces (5 provinces), developing provinces (13 provinces) and developed provinces (13 provinces). Then, the possibility of forming convergent clusters in terms of per capita income and per capita consumption is investigated in each group using cluster analysis. The results show that two convergent clusters (each cluster consists of only two provinces) are observed for per capita income among developed provinces. In studying the convergence status of the mentioned provinces, two clusters (each cluster with two provinces) are identified regarding per capita consumption. In the developing provinces, two clusters (one cluster with eight provinces and another one including two provinces) are formed in terms of per capita income, and two clusters are generated on the basis of per capita consumption(each cluster includes three provinces). In underdeveloped provinces, there is no convergent cluster. Therefore, in general, the findings indicate the divergence between per capita income and per capita consumption among all underdeveloped provinces and most of developed provinces, but there is some evidence of convergence in terms of per capita income among developing provinces in the long run.
Dr Parvaneh Salatin, Mrs. Azam Khoraman, Mrs. Niloofar Ghafari Soomeh,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (6-2019)
Volume 19, Issue 2 (6-2019)
Abstract
Payment systems are the main components of the financial system of each country, which play effective roles in the rapid, efficient and safe transfer of funds among markets and various agents in the financial system, as well as in improving the efficiency of the financial system. These systems facilitate the carrying and using cash in the form of a payment card, and reduce the risks of theft or loss of cash. They reduce the risks of illness transmission compared to the exchange of notes, and allocate the income accrued to the deposit account as a bank profit. In addition, such systems lower the transaction costs and bank charges, and speed up the financial exchanges. Any electronic payment is possible from the platform of these systems. The identification of the effects of electronic payments on different economic and financial sectors is of great importance. This paper aims to investigate the impact of card payments, as a part of electronic payments, on the financial development among the Iranian provinces by using panel data approach. The estimations by Panel Least Squares method indicated that during the period of 2007-2016, the number of points of sales (POSs), the number of automatic teller machines (ATMs), and sum of number of POSs and ATMs as indicators of card payments had positive and significant effects on the ratio of facilities to deposits as an indicator of financial development.
Mrs Zahra Sepidbar, Dr Yousef Mohammadzadeh, Mr Vahid Nikpey Pesyan,
Volume 24, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Volume 24, Issue 1 (3-2024)
Abstract
Introduction
In recent decades, achieving sustainable employment has become one of the main goals of economic policies. As a result, a large amount of research has been carried out in order to determine the most influential variables on the increase of employment in order to make a suitable economic policy. In this research, variables such as human capital (Kapelras et al., 2019), government spending (Doi et al., 2018), income distribution (Neos et al., 2016) and institutions (Galindo Martin et al., 2021 and Urbano et al., 2019)) have been effective factors in increasing the level of employment. However, important factors can potentially provide a significant portion of new jobs. Therefore, entrepreneurship can be another effective factor in increasing the employment rate.
Over the years, entrepreneurship has been proposed not only as a policy and strategy priority for economic growth (Adertesh, 2018 and Pepra and Adekoya, 2020), but also as an engine for creating employment and poverty alleviation (Desai and Hessels, 2008, Adosi, 2016 and Folster, 2000). In other words, the existing literature has proven that entrepreneurship ensures the welfare, productivity and efficiency of the economy (Bamol, 1990) and acts as a main driving force for promoting innovation, achieving new business ideas and changing economic structures(Adretsch et al., 2002; Fritsch, 2008 and Gomes et al., 2022). Furthermore, entrepreneurial activities in an economy have been proven to contribute to resilient economic performance by introducing innovations, implementing change, promoting and improving competitiveness (Wang et al., 2005). The organizational policy of the European Union also confirms the importance of entrepreneurship as a core competency for employment, growth and personal fulfillment (EC, 2004).
Methodology
In spatial econometrics, spatial effects are added to the performance of periodic or complex regression models (panels). Therefore, in spatial econometrics, sample information has a spatial component. When data has a spatial component, two issues can be raised: (1) Spatial dependence, and (2) Spatial heterogeneity. Before estimating spatial panel models, we need to perform spatial dependence tests and to check the existence of autocorrelation between disturbance terms. The existence of spatial coherence between observations and spatial autocorrelation between disturbance terms indicates the need to use spatial panel models. To do this, Moran, Jerry C, and Jetis Ord J tests are used. The Moran test examines the assumption of spatial autocorrelation between disturbance terms. In spatial econometric models, to model spatial reactions, it is necessary to select the numerical value of spatial directions. For this purpose, we have two sources of assumptions: (1) Position on the coordinate plane, which is expressed by latitude and longitude, so that the distance of any point in the location, or distance of any observation located at any point relative to fixed or central points or observations can be calculated. (2) The source of spatial information is neighborhood, and which expresses the relative location in the space of an observed peripheral unit, compared to other such scales.
Findings
The aim of the current research was to analyze the effect of entrepreneurship on employment in the provinces of Iran during 2013-2020 with a spatial econometric approach. First, in order to check the diagnosis of spatial dependence, the spatial dependence of the provinces was confirmed by Moran's test and based on the significance of the above test and according to the statistical coefficient of the Lagrange test, the research was evaluated in the framework of the spatial Durbin model. According to the results of the research, the entrepreneurship index has positive and significant effect on the employment rate of the target and neighboring provinces (overflow), and this result is coompatible with the findings of other researches, including Zu et al. 2022), Levin and Rubinstein (2018), Ataf and Al Balushi (2015), Miriam and Sandi (2015), Amini et al. (2013), Khoda Muradpour et al. (2018) and Khorsand et al. The research questions were confirmed. In addition, the variables of price index and wage rate have negative and significant effects on the employment rate of the target and neighboring provinces, while the gross domestic product has a positive and significant effect on the employment rate of the target provinces.
Discussion and Conclusion
Based on the results, the suggestions of the present research in order to increase the employment are as follows:
In recent decades, achieving sustainable employment has become one of the main goals of economic policies. As a result, a large amount of research has been carried out in order to determine the most influential variables on the increase of employment in order to make a suitable economic policy. In this research, variables such as human capital (Kapelras et al., 2019), government spending (Doi et al., 2018), income distribution (Neos et al., 2016) and institutions (Galindo Martin et al., 2021 and Urbano et al., 2019)) have been effective factors in increasing the level of employment. However, important factors can potentially provide a significant portion of new jobs. Therefore, entrepreneurship can be another effective factor in increasing the employment rate.
Over the years, entrepreneurship has been proposed not only as a policy and strategy priority for economic growth (Adertesh, 2018 and Pepra and Adekoya, 2020), but also as an engine for creating employment and poverty alleviation (Desai and Hessels, 2008, Adosi, 2016 and Folster, 2000). In other words, the existing literature has proven that entrepreneurship ensures the welfare, productivity and efficiency of the economy (Bamol, 1990) and acts as a main driving force for promoting innovation, achieving new business ideas and changing economic structures(Adretsch et al., 2002; Fritsch, 2008 and Gomes et al., 2022). Furthermore, entrepreneurial activities in an economy have been proven to contribute to resilient economic performance by introducing innovations, implementing change, promoting and improving competitiveness (Wang et al., 2005). The organizational policy of the European Union also confirms the importance of entrepreneurship as a core competency for employment, growth and personal fulfillment (EC, 2004).
Methodology
In spatial econometrics, spatial effects are added to the performance of periodic or complex regression models (panels). Therefore, in spatial econometrics, sample information has a spatial component. When data has a spatial component, two issues can be raised: (1) Spatial dependence, and (2) Spatial heterogeneity. Before estimating spatial panel models, we need to perform spatial dependence tests and to check the existence of autocorrelation between disturbance terms. The existence of spatial coherence between observations and spatial autocorrelation between disturbance terms indicates the need to use spatial panel models. To do this, Moran, Jerry C, and Jetis Ord J tests are used. The Moran test examines the assumption of spatial autocorrelation between disturbance terms. In spatial econometric models, to model spatial reactions, it is necessary to select the numerical value of spatial directions. For this purpose, we have two sources of assumptions: (1) Position on the coordinate plane, which is expressed by latitude and longitude, so that the distance of any point in the location, or distance of any observation located at any point relative to fixed or central points or observations can be calculated. (2) The source of spatial information is neighborhood, and which expresses the relative location in the space of an observed peripheral unit, compared to other such scales.
Findings
The aim of the current research was to analyze the effect of entrepreneurship on employment in the provinces of Iran during 2013-2020 with a spatial econometric approach. First, in order to check the diagnosis of spatial dependence, the spatial dependence of the provinces was confirmed by Moran's test and based on the significance of the above test and according to the statistical coefficient of the Lagrange test, the research was evaluated in the framework of the spatial Durbin model. According to the results of the research, the entrepreneurship index has positive and significant effect on the employment rate of the target and neighboring provinces (overflow), and this result is coompatible with the findings of other researches, including Zu et al. 2022), Levin and Rubinstein (2018), Ataf and Al Balushi (2015), Miriam and Sandi (2015), Amini et al. (2013), Khoda Muradpour et al. (2018) and Khorsand et al. The research questions were confirmed. In addition, the variables of price index and wage rate have negative and significant effects on the employment rate of the target and neighboring provinces, while the gross domestic product has a positive and significant effect on the employment rate of the target provinces.
Discussion and Conclusion
Based on the results, the suggestions of the present research in order to increase the employment are as follows:
- Financial support for provincial entrepreneurs through the removal of production barriers, the use of up-to-date global technologies in order to create competition with international entrepreneurs and reduce capital risk.
- Presenting specialized trainings in the field of entrepreneurship with the approach of better understanding of investment opportunities, familiarity with different regions and provinces in terms of relative advantages.
- Supporting small and medium enterprises in provincial development programs through incentives, tax exemptions, and government subsidies.
- Stabilizing the price level in order to create a safe environment for encouraging entrepreneurs.
- Adoption of policies to create small and medium industries in rural areas and small towns.
- Establishing provincial meetings between top entrepreneurs for consultation, transfer of experiences, and awareness of existing problems in this field.
- Improving various infrastructures in deprived areas to attract more entrepreneurs.
Mrs Maryam Rishehchi Fayyaz, Dr Mohammad Ali Falahi, Dr Mehdi Feizi,
Volume 24, Issue 3 (9-2024)
Volume 24, Issue 3 (9-2024)
Abstract
Introduction
Inequality in income distribution and social class inequality are among the most serious challenges faced by societies. Revolutionary movements often strive to reduce inequality and establish a more just society. The social class inequality and unfair income distribution have adverse social, economic, and cultural impacts on the community. Therefore, one of the governments’ primary and essential tasks is to create equitable opportunities and address social inequalities. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the influential factors and define precise and reliable variables for measuring inequality.
Methodology
In this research, various methods for estimating the Gini coefficient are applied. This thesis will employ panel data models to investigate the effects of variables such as employment rate in the service sector, per capita income, inflation, and government expenditure on the Gini coefficient.
Results and Discussion
The final results of this study demonstrate that: first, per capita income significantly negatively impacts income inequality in the studied provinces during this period. In other words, as the per capita income of provinces increases, the level of income inequality decreases. Second, according to the findings of this research, government expenditure in each province have a positive and meaningful effect on income inequality. As government expenditure increases, income inequality will also rise. Inflation also positively and significantly impacts inequality, as increasing inflation leads to higher income inequality among provinces. Finally, employment in the service sector has a positive and significant effect on income inequality in the Iranian provinces, meaning that as the employment share in the service sector increases, income inequality will also increase.
Conclusion
Income inequality does not solely encompass economic issues, it will also extend to a wide range of social, economic, and even political matters. For this reason, achieving social justice has been one of the most complex and significant responsibilities of governments throughout history. Establishing fairness and equality in society can lead to development goals, economic growth, prosperity, increased security, and overall societal well-being. To attain a reasonable level of income equality, it is imperative first to define a suitable index for measuring the extent of inequality that is precise, measurable, and reliable. Subsequently, it is necessary to identify the key and influential factors contributing to income inequality and, ultimately, take steps to reduce income inequality."
The main objective of this research is to investigate the impact of employment in the service sector on income inequality in the provinces of Iran during the years 2011-2019. As the results have shown, throughout the study period, employment in the service sector has affected income inequality in the Iran's provinces. However, contrary to the results in most developed countries, employment in the service sector has worsened income inequality in provinces. There are multiple reasons for the results obtained. As explained in the theoretical background, a major contributing factor in developing countries like Iran is the prevalence of low-paying service jobs that attract many individuals. Many service jobs within this category do not require specialized skills or infrastructure, making them appealing to individuals seeking employment. Employing more individuals from this group in service jobs does not decrease income inequality. It may exacerbate income inequality within society.
In all economies, service sector complements other sectors and facilitates the conduct of different activities, greatly influencing the quality of outcome. If educational, health, and recreational services are not available in society, the workforce will not be efficient, and desirable productivity will not be achieved, thus affecting the economy negatively. In addition, in production sector, service institutions have the highest efficiency in adding value to goods. Service institutions can be divided into three main categories: (1) primary institutions, including research and development institutions. (2) secondarty institutions that operate in activities such as engineering, legal, and consultancy services. (3) Final institutions that play a role in activities such as packaging, sales, and advertising. Another advantage of the service sector is related to education. The more educated the workforce, the higher the productivity level will be.
The concepts mentioned above are just a few of the job advantages in service sector. Nevertheless, in most developing countries, including Iran, more attention is paid to the industrial sector. This is despite World Bank data showing that about 70-80 percent of employment in advanced countries is in service sector, and special attention is paid to that. Most fundamental discussions also revolve around employment opportunities there. Despite all the advantages and experiences of different countries, Iran has not been able to use the existing capacities in this sector effectively. Many policymakers still view the service sector as low-level jobs, brokerage, and intermediaries, which has prevented serious attention to this sector, even though the service sector includes profitable jobs and contributes significantly to the growth and development of the country. Employment in this sector can also help employment in the industrial and agricultural sectors achieve higher productivity levels.
Inequality in income distribution and social class inequality are among the most serious challenges faced by societies. Revolutionary movements often strive to reduce inequality and establish a more just society. The social class inequality and unfair income distribution have adverse social, economic, and cultural impacts on the community. Therefore, one of the governments’ primary and essential tasks is to create equitable opportunities and address social inequalities. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the influential factors and define precise and reliable variables for measuring inequality.
Methodology
In this research, various methods for estimating the Gini coefficient are applied. This thesis will employ panel data models to investigate the effects of variables such as employment rate in the service sector, per capita income, inflation, and government expenditure on the Gini coefficient.
Results and Discussion
The final results of this study demonstrate that: first, per capita income significantly negatively impacts income inequality in the studied provinces during this period. In other words, as the per capita income of provinces increases, the level of income inequality decreases. Second, according to the findings of this research, government expenditure in each province have a positive and meaningful effect on income inequality. As government expenditure increases, income inequality will also rise. Inflation also positively and significantly impacts inequality, as increasing inflation leads to higher income inequality among provinces. Finally, employment in the service sector has a positive and significant effect on income inequality in the Iranian provinces, meaning that as the employment share in the service sector increases, income inequality will also increase.
Conclusion
Income inequality does not solely encompass economic issues, it will also extend to a wide range of social, economic, and even political matters. For this reason, achieving social justice has been one of the most complex and significant responsibilities of governments throughout history. Establishing fairness and equality in society can lead to development goals, economic growth, prosperity, increased security, and overall societal well-being. To attain a reasonable level of income equality, it is imperative first to define a suitable index for measuring the extent of inequality that is precise, measurable, and reliable. Subsequently, it is necessary to identify the key and influential factors contributing to income inequality and, ultimately, take steps to reduce income inequality."
The main objective of this research is to investigate the impact of employment in the service sector on income inequality in the provinces of Iran during the years 2011-2019. As the results have shown, throughout the study period, employment in the service sector has affected income inequality in the Iran's provinces. However, contrary to the results in most developed countries, employment in the service sector has worsened income inequality in provinces. There are multiple reasons for the results obtained. As explained in the theoretical background, a major contributing factor in developing countries like Iran is the prevalence of low-paying service jobs that attract many individuals. Many service jobs within this category do not require specialized skills or infrastructure, making them appealing to individuals seeking employment. Employing more individuals from this group in service jobs does not decrease income inequality. It may exacerbate income inequality within society.
In all economies, service sector complements other sectors and facilitates the conduct of different activities, greatly influencing the quality of outcome. If educational, health, and recreational services are not available in society, the workforce will not be efficient, and desirable productivity will not be achieved, thus affecting the economy negatively. In addition, in production sector, service institutions have the highest efficiency in adding value to goods. Service institutions can be divided into three main categories: (1) primary institutions, including research and development institutions. (2) secondarty institutions that operate in activities such as engineering, legal, and consultancy services. (3) Final institutions that play a role in activities such as packaging, sales, and advertising. Another advantage of the service sector is related to education. The more educated the workforce, the higher the productivity level will be.
The concepts mentioned above are just a few of the job advantages in service sector. Nevertheless, in most developing countries, including Iran, more attention is paid to the industrial sector. This is despite World Bank data showing that about 70-80 percent of employment in advanced countries is in service sector, and special attention is paid to that. Most fundamental discussions also revolve around employment opportunities there. Despite all the advantages and experiences of different countries, Iran has not been able to use the existing capacities in this sector effectively. Many policymakers still view the service sector as low-level jobs, brokerage, and intermediaries, which has prevented serious attention to this sector, even though the service sector includes profitable jobs and contributes significantly to the growth and development of the country. Employment in this sector can also help employment in the industrial and agricultural sectors achieve higher productivity levels.
Volume 26, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
The tourism industry is one of the ten most influential industries in economic development in most countries. To this end, major research from various perspectives on this industry has been conducted and is ongoing at all international, national and regional levels. One of these areas of research that plays an important role in micro and macro policy making of decision makers is the issue of ranking different regions. In this research, the provinces of the country are ranked based on operational indicators. These indicators have been developed in this research by studying the samples of valid researches, interviews, field researches and valid national statistics of the country. The result of this identification was 18 operational and performance indicators whose information was accessible and validated in the country. It should be noted that in this study to develop tourism indicators, a wider range of well-known literature called tourism and travel (T&T) has been considered. After identifying the indicators that can be a valid reference for future research, the provinces are ranked by two multi-criteria decision-making tools, TOPSIS and Macbeth. These algorithms are developed in the MATLAB programming environment. Finally, the result of the two methods was that the algorithms confirm each other's ranking in more than 90% of cases. In addition, the provinces of Tehran, Mazandaran and Khorasan Razavi have the first to third places.
Volume 28, Issue 3 (12-2024)
Abstract
The examination of the official metropolitan regions of Iran elucidates their pivotal function in the configuration of the spatial frameworks of provinces. These regions serve as economic and social nuclei, shaping the allocation of resources and fostering development. Comprehending this function is instrumental in developmental strategizing and mitigating regional disparities. This research investigates the influence of metropolitan regions on the spatial configurations of provinces through the analysis of demographic concentration, regional activities, and urban hierarchies. Quantitative techniques, including the Ttest, Kmeans clustering, and Moran's I index, are utilized in this scholarly inquiry. The results suggest that the eight provinces possessing established official metropolitan centers exhibit a higher level of advancement compared to the 23 provinces that do not have such centers. Furthermore, the adjacent provinces surrounding these metropolitan regions also demonstrate a greater degree of development. The outcomes derived from the Moran's I index illustrate a clustered spatial arrangement, which is corroborated by the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) map, thereby underscoring the concentration of development in the central plateau of Iran. Nevertheless, the province of Khorasan Razavi deviates from this pattern due to its geographical proximity to less developed regions. The application of Kmeans clustering has identified Tehran, Isfahan, Fars, and Alborz as the most developed provinces, while Qom and Sistan and Baluchestan are categorized within the less developed cluster. These results underscore the critical importance of metropolitan areas in facilitating the structural transformations occurring within Iran's provinces.
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