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Special attention to physical activity in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic
 

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Issue: The Covied-19 Pandemic showed the vulnerability of cities in their current state and revealed one of the strongest stimuli for the need for radical rethinking in Urban Planning. One of the theoretical approaches that has been considered by many cities in developed countries is the 15-Minute City Approach. density, proximity to complementary and consistent functions are its basic principles.
Aims: The purpose of this article is to study the concept of a 15-Minute City, identify the components of achieving it and feasibility study of the adaptation this approach in Iranian cities as a post-pandemic urban planning approach. As a case study, Mehrshahr, Karaj has been studied.
Methodology: It is applied research that is applied descriptive-analytical method. In the analysis of access to index uses, the analysis of the pedestrian network in GIS software was used and using SWOT and QSPM techniques to determine and prioritize strategies for future development. The study area in the direction of the city was 15 Minutes.
Findings: The lack of functional diversity (vacuum in educational, religious and medical uses) and the lack of path continuity and very poor flooring for pedestrians are important issues in this area to adapt to the 15-Minute City approach.
Conclusion: Ensuring the safety and security of pedestrians and cyclists, providing infrastructure and services required for pedestrians and cyclists, applying the principles of mixed and multiple land use and balanced distribution of services are the most important strategies proposed.

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Objectives: Today, after the experience of the corona epidemic for many experts, the impact of urban development programs on the spread of the virus has been proven that new theories in architecture and urban planning regarding the corona pandemic situation can provide suitable solutions for designers.
Research Method: It is based on analytical and descriptive studies and has been compiled based on mutual relations and comparisons between independent variables and new theories in architecture and urban planning in relation to the corona pandemic situation and related variables.
Findings and Conclusion: The dense development of cities and the high communication of people with each other due to the dense urban life, make the ways of breaking the virus distribution chain more difficult. Therefore, the resilience of cities, despite being ignored in the development phase, is very important in times of crisis. Factors such as housing pattern, use of local institutions, neighborhood-based urban planning, public arena, urban transportation, small and local business acquisition and smart infrastructure such as the development of e-urban services are very influential in the spread of infectious diseases in cities and metropolises. The prevalence of COVID-19 suggests potential new pattern changes that are likely to change our development patterns, particularly in both the construction and environmental sectors. Epidemic has been the most significant disruption of human activity in a generation. For many designers, it has been a time to refocus and rethink how products, buildings and cities are designed.
 

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A novel strain of coronavirus was discovered in Wuhan, the capital of the hubei province of China in December 2019.

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Aims: Considering the importance of mortality management in the control of COVID-19 disease, this study was performed to investigate the risk factors of mortality of adult inpatients with Covid-19 in Tehran, Iran using a retrospective cohort study.
Material & Methods: This retrospective cohort study was performed among a random sample of confirmed COVID-19 hospitalized patients, in a main general military hospital in Tehran city (Iran). Laboratory data, clinical sign and symptom, treatment and demographic data were collected and compared between survivors and non-survivors patients.
Findings: Among 393 patients who contributed in this study, 37 (9.4%) with 95% confidence interval (6.7% to 12.7%) died during hospitalization. The result of this study also showed that comorbidity like hypertension and  CHF, vital sign like dyspnea,  RR>24  and Oxygen saturation also laboratory variable like white blood cell, Lymphocyte, C-reactive protein, CR, ESR, Lactate dehydrogenase, Sodium, troponin, Procalcitonin in addition lesion type shown the significant relationship with patients death. The findings of this study showed that the use of drug including Kaltra, Vancomycin, Ribavirin, Meropenem, Levofloxasin, and Methyiprednisolon increased the risk of death but use of drug like Azithromycin, Hydroxychloroquin and Naproxen decrease risk of death in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. More results also showed that ARDS, acute kidney injury and intubation are the most cause of death among patients.
Conclusion: According to the risk factors identified in this study, patients with a higher chance of death can be identified and the necessary treatment measures can be taken to reduce the risk of COVID-19 hospitalized patients.

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Background: Despite the passage of more than two years since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the persistence of the coronavirus and its circulation at varying levels globally necessitates a deeper understanding of the factors influencing its transmission and impact. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between environmental factors, population density, and genetic variations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with a specific focus on elucidating their implications for public health measures and vaccine development.
Materials & Methods: This observational analysis was conducted utilizing daily reported SARS-CoV-2 cases in various countries. Additionally, monthly changes in ultraviolet (UV) radiation index, population density per km², and viral genetic variations were assessed. Comparative analysis was performed to examine correlations between these variables. Data analysis was conducted using SAS 9.3 software with a generalized linear model (GLM) approach.
Findings: This study revealed significant correlations between UV index and key epidemiological parameters, including mortality rate, average case number, and transmission rate. Population density per square kilometer did not exhibit any substantial relationship with these variables. Analysis of viral clades suggests potential immunological insights, indicating varying degrees of immunity conferred by certain genetic variants.
Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of environmental and genetic factors in shaping the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic. By elucidating the role of UV radiation and viral genetic diversity, this study informs public health strategies and underscores the necessity of ongoing surveillance and vaccine development efforts tailored to the evolving SARS-CoV-2 landscape.

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Aims: People's experiences of home quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic are essential to maximize its prevention and minimize its negative effects on families and society to better understand public needs and concerns. This study was aimed to explore the lived experiences of home quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iranian families.
Participants & Methods: This is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Participants were 34 residents of Guilan province, north of Iran, who had experienced living in-home quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were recruited by purposive sampling and the method of data collection was semi-structured interviews. All data were recorded and transcribed and thematically analyzed based on Colaizzi proposed steps. To ensure the rigor of the data, the 4-item scale was used, which includes dependability, credibility, confirmability, and data transferability.
Findings: Four main themes were extracted from data analysis; "emerging experiences" such as the emergence of new habits, compulsory rest, paying more attention to spirituality, "anxious days" such as constant anxiety, trapped in a cage, and increased tensions at home, "in contrasting of fear and hope" such as simultaneously positive and negative emotions, and being engaged with true and false news, and "in financial strait" such as the need to buy expensive personal protective equipment, low wages, and forced to the sale of personal belongings.
Conclusion: The Iranian society experienced various consequences in its social life, economic situation, and psychological condition during the home quarantine for the COVID-19 pandemic, which should be considered by the country's health officials and decision-makers.

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Aims: This paper aimed to report the development and validation of the Coronavirus Pandemic Anxiety Scale, for assessing COVID-19-related anxiety.
Instrument & Methods: This is a methodological and psychometric study, we developed a 7-Item Generalized anxiety disorder of COVID-19 scale to measure symptoms of anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic to help identify people who might need mental health services. In developing the generalized anxiety disorder of COVID-19 scale items, we considered a previous theory and research on anxiety symptoms and symptoms reported in Iran. The scale was validated in the Razavi Khorasan (N=500).
Findings: The CVR in this study for the total scale was 0.81 indicating a satisfactory result. Also, the CVI for the scale was0.78, and the scale had good content validity. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a good fit for the seven-factor model. generalized anxiety disorder of covid-19 scale showed good internal consistency.
Conclusion: The results support the viability of generalized anxiety disorder on the COVID-19 scale as a tool to identify individuals experiencing COVID-19-related anxiety.
 

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Aims: Covid-19 is a new disease that threatens public health. To combat this disease, the first step is to recognize the behavioral categories of people and their reactions, then provide solutions to improve people's preventive behavior. This study aimed to investigate the behavioral patterns of people using the lived experiences of experts in the 4030 call system.
Participants & Methods: In this qualitative research, data were collected from the lived experiences of experts in the 4030 call system by purposeful snowball sampling to achieve theoretical saturation through semi-structured interviews. Ultimately, the codes were converted into categories and sub-categories using MAXQDA 11 software.
Findings: After analyzing people's behavior, in addition to some appropriate behaviors, seven inappropriate behaviors were found, including reckless behaviors, inappropriate responses to fear and stress, indifference and negligence, creating family tension, obsession, and rejecting the sick or recovered patients. The solutions found in dealing with the different inappropriate behaviors of people are as follows: recognizing the cause of behaviors, education and counseling, policymaking and planning simultaneously with proper management, trust-building, monitoring and follow-up, and making laws by taking into account the implementation of Covid-19 prevention protocols.
Conclusion: Individuals had different behaviors at the time of the Covid-19 pandemic, many of which were improper and led to problematic circumstances. The strategies proposed by 4030 call system experts include a proper understanding of the behaviors and their causes, policymaking, planning and enforcing laws appropriate to the challenges ahead, and face-to-face or virtual counseling and training.

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The purpose of the paper was to design a sustainable leadership model in crisis response from COVID-19 for resilience in food industry jobs of Guilan Province. This research in the field of interpretive paradigm is a qualitative research of an inductive approach, and it is based on Grounded Theory.The statistical population is the managers of line and staff departments in companies and food production factories of Guilan province. In this study, purposeful sampling was used to select the sample. According to the saturation rule, this was achieved by using 15 interviews, and for more confidence, the interview was continued until the 20th. Data were analyzed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding to classify concepts and categories. Core category was capacity building for sustainable leadership in the crisis response from COVID-19 and in three foundational, motivational measures and evaluation and control and causal conditions, context, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences at three levels of customers, employers and organizations were and the final model was presented. Managers' practices in crisis situations play a pivotal role in identifying opportunities, threats, and strengths and weaknesses, and managers must have a strong link between fundamental, motivational measures, and evaluation and control in order to effectively implement strategies in crisis. The results of research in the field of crisis response from COVID-19 in food industry jobs will present theoretical innovations and help employers, researchers in the field of food industry to better understand the pattern of sustainable leadership in the coping of the crisis.

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Aims: Nowadays, air pollution and rising greenhouse gases are among the major problems in the world. This problem that affects not only human life and health, but also destructive effects on global warming. Concerns about pandemic diseases have increased the importance of healthy air and the health of citizens. The purpose of this study is to introduce the capacities of biological membranes for use as a living and environment-friendly material in the walls of buildings.
Methods: The research method is quasi-experimental, which is based on simulation of the effects of using the proposed shell of the research. The designed operational model represents the production of artificial shells, which have the ability to absorb air pollutant particles and can also warn if the amount of these pollutants increases with color change. The use of lipid-like peptoids - abnormal particles mimicked by peptides and proteins and similar to cell membrane phospholipids - to simulate the plasma membrane of cells and build this synthetic shell has been suggested in this study.
Findings: These molecules, like plasma membrane phospholipids, can attach to side chains and other molecules to absorb pollutant particles, turning them into harmless particles. Therefore, these shells can be produced with special features and functions such as self-repair, self-assembly and air filtration.
Conclusion: The research emphasizes on the necessity of preparation for the post-Pandemic age. Cheap and efficient production, the availability of amines needed to make peptide chains, make these molecules a good choice for building shells as environmentally friendly materials.

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Aims: Common mental disorders increase the risk of pregnancy, and the number is relatively high in economically developing nations. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of common mental disorders and assess the associated risk factors for common mental disorders in a pandemic situation in Indonesia.
Instrument & Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 1,543 subjects in Banyumas-District, Central Java, Indonesia, recruited from January to August 2022. Social support, marital satisfaction, COVID-19 diagnosis, and pregnancy characteristics were the main risk factors measured. Data were collected using a standardized online questionnaire distributed through snowball sampling. Multiple logistic regression was applied to estimate the risk of having common mental disorders in gravid individuals.
Findings: The prevalence of common mental disorders was 17.5%, with a higher case of common mental disorders found in pregnant women who had low social support, poor marital satisfaction, COVID-19 survivors, primigravida, and early pregnancy. After the bivariate analysis, family income, type of family, number of pregnancies, gestational age, and social and marital satisfaction were analyzed in the multivariate test. In the final model, poor relationship quality was the highest risk factor for having common mental disorders in the subjects (OR=5.11; 95%CI=3.33-7.83; p<0.001).
Conclusion: The number of common mental disorders in Indonesian pregnant women is relatively high. Poor relationship quality is the highest risk factor for having common mental disorders. Addressing social and educational determinants is vital for enhancing maternal mental health.
 

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Aims: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between educators' demographic characteristics and their stress and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Instrument & Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 21132 teachers in 14 regions of the Philippines during 2021-2022. The data were collected using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 by pnline mode. The collected data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient through SPSS22 Software.
Findings: There was a significant difference between the workplace stress and demographic characteristics (p<0.05) except for the salary range (p>0.05). There was a significant difference between the frequency of depression and demographic characteristics (p<0.05).
Conclusion: There is a significant correlation between workplace stress and depression with demographic characteristics in Filipino teachers.
 

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Aims: This study aimed to measure the professional quality of life of healthcare workers in an urban hospital in Vietnam after the epidemic and identify the associated factors.
Instrument & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among healthcare workers in an urban hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam, from July to September 2022. A total of 924 participants were recruited in the study. The Professional Quality of Life Scale for Health Workers was employed. Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for data analysis.
Findings: The mean professional quality of life score for healthcare workers was moderate. Being female was positively associated with the PS domain (r=0.7) but negatively related to STS (r=-0.9) and MD domains (r=-0.9). Living with a spouse/partner positively affected the CS domain (r=0.6). Lower education level was negatively correlated with CS and PS scores. Participants with other professionals had higher CS (r=0.9) and PS (r=1.1) scores but lower BO (r=-1.0), STS (r=-0.6), and MD scores (r=-0.6). Being staff was negatively associated with CS and PS scores. Higher working days per week were negatively correlated with CS (r=-0.4) and PS scores (r=-0.4), while a higher number of working hours per day was positively correlated with BO (r=0.2) and STS scores (r=0.1).
Conclusions: This study shows a moderate professional quality of life among Vietnamese healthcare workers after the pandemic.
 

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There is dearth of research on disclosing the ethos of Appreciative Inquiry (AI)-based pedagogy application in language education settings (Johnson, 2014), especially amid the Covid-19 pandemic era. To disclose the ethos in AI-based pedagogy as an appropriate pandemic pedagogy, the present study attempts to uncover the Iranian EFL learners' narratives on their lived experiences of a pedagogical shift in an English language school in northern Iran when dealing with an online class during the pandemic. Embedded in 4-D ethos of AI-based pedagogy, namely Discovery, Dream, Design, and Destiny, this study utilizes data from observational field notes and interviews in shaping narratives. It was shown that the online language lesson agenda is a dynamic resource that emerges from content development and can be planned to confirm the learner's knowledge. More creative ways of learners' assessment are also yearned for to neutralize cheating possibilities. In addition, new modes of meaning in language education are envisaged to be designed. Learners position themselves as enriched multimodal text repertoires in a dynamic not static language community of practice. The current study has some implications for online language practice, especially in periods of crisis such as a pandemic.   
 

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