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This study explores how Lacanian psychoanalysis governs and understands the mother-child relationships in Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie (1944/2014) and Darren Aronofsky’s Black Swan (2010). In so doing, the primary purpose of this study has been to establish the links between the central characters' behaviors and the psychoanalytic concept of 'deferral of desire’.' The research proposes a novel aspect of 'psychoanalytic meaning' by basing it on the counter-intuitive process of evading the jouissance of actualizing and immersing oneself in one's object of desire. To support the proposition mentioned above, this study has explored the eventual fate of the children in Black Swan (Nina), and The Glass Menagerie (Tom and Laura), analyzing their respective experiences of (dis)satisfaction after their ultimate success or failure in their attempts to attain their objects of desire. This study has employed the Lacanian psychoanalytic concepts of the objet petit a and register theory to posit that satisfaction lies not in obtaining one’s object of desire, but in repeatedly failing to do so, due to the fact that possessing the object of desire shatters the lack which is the necessary condition of maintaining the desirability of the object of desire. The article concludes that while we are intuitively equipped to think of satisfaction as the effect of the realization of the object of one's desire, psychoanalytically speaking, satisfaction is found in precisely the opposite direction, that is, in a repeated failure to obtain the object of one's desire.

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Physicalists have given several responses to anti-physicalist arguments based on epistemic/explanatory gaps. One of the most critical answers has become known as the phenomenal concepts strategy. Proponents of this strategy embrace the explanatory gap between physical and phenomenal facts. Still, appealing to the special nature of phenomenal concepts, they try to explain why we confront this gap. Chalmers has presented an argument in the form of a dilemma against this strategy. He argues that each horn of the dilemma results in the failure of the strategy. In this paper, I will explain Chalmers’ argument. Focusing on the second horn, I will attempt to show that one of the premises of his arguments faces the problem; then, I will argue that following the second horn, the strategy could be successful, even if one of the conditions he takes necessary for the success of the strategy is not met.
 

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  “Pain and suffering” is one of the tragic aspects of the human life which, as a recurrent motif in art and literature, particularly in women’s contemporary poetry, requires a particular attention. This article presents an ontological analysis of the concept of “pain and suffering” in Forough Farrokhzad’s and Simin Behbahani’s poetry with respect to its quality, quantity, and instances. Accordingly, the article consists of a criticism and analysis of the concept of “pain and suffering,” its objectives, and its effects on the contemporary women’s poetry. Furthermore, an ontological discussion on the examples and different types of “pain and suffering” in Forough Farrokhzad’s and Simin Behbahāni’s poetry is presented.

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The genus Spilomena Shuckard, 1838, is reviewed from the Indian subcontinent. One new species, Spilomena keralaensis Rajan, Sureshan & Girish Kumar sp. nov. is described from the Southern Western Ghats of Kerala and differences from similar species are given.

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Distinguishing between mental and non-mental phenomena requires clear marks. This article examines one perspective on the marks of the mental phenomena. Tuomas K. Pernu offers a "cluster" approach to identifying the marks of the mental phenomena. To differentiate between mental and physical phenomena, which serves as his guide in identifying mental characteristics, Pernu introduces the notions of intentionality, consciousness, free will, teleology, and normativity. After presenting Pernu’s view, this article critically examines his approach. The relationship of this perspective to essentialistic investigations of the mind is assessed, and several questions and critiques regarding his view are raised and addressed. Pernu’s proposed list is deemed incomplete. Furthermore, the article examines how the last three marks on Pernu’s list can be understood as characteristics of mental phenomena. Finally, a methodological proposal is presented to refine the process of discovering the features of mental states.
 

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Research subject: In this study, the occurrence of flooding due to the accumulation of sediment in the downcomer area, which led to an excessive increase in liquid on the upper trays of the distillation column was investigated in a refinery.
Research approach: Vacuum pressure in the upper area of the column, boiler feed water flow from the inlet to the condenser and the discharge of the net product as three very important and effective operational parameters in controlling the severity of the flooding phenomena and the amount of coking value as an important laboratory parameter to reduce the volume of inlet sediments entering the distillation column. Data and results of changes made on each of these three operational parameters showed their effectiveness in controlling the severity of the flooding phenomena.
Main results: In order to control and reduce the problems caused by the simultaneous flooding phenomena around the vacuum pump, the boiler feed water flow of the inlet to the condenser and the flow of the net output product were proportionally increased until the operating conditions of the distillation column are normalized. In this study, how to control the flooding phenomena and reduce the adverse effects due to the accumulation of sediments in the downcomer area of tray No. 22 and above was investigated.
To overcome these problems, first the vacuum pump rotation speed was increased from 850 rpm to 1250 rpm and the boiler feed water inlet to the condenser from 1.95 m³/hr to 3.2 m³/hr was increased. On the other hand, in order to prevent contamination of the pure product, the net output product flow rate also increased from 925 kg/hr to 2300 kg/hr. Also, with regular and accurate control of the coking value index as a very important laboratory parameter, the volume of coke sediments in the coal tar feed entering the distillation column was reduced from 37.5% by weight to 18.4% in a 30-day period after centrifugation.

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S. Aydenlou.PH.D.
                                                  
Abstract
Despite all the different interpretations and analysis written on the story of Rustam and Esfandyar, it still demands re-reading and explanation of some of the ambiguous parts and points. This paper intends to reveal the following points through an analysis of three verses as a sample:
 

1. According to some evidences and documents, Gashtasb imprisoned Esfandyar’s son in women’s prison in order to humiliate Esfandyar. And therefore it is most likely that “bad doers” in a line of this verse refers to this story narration.
2. In a verse the name “Kariman” is mentioned; in Iran’s past literary tradition and also in reading the Shah-nameh ( by Ferdowsi), it was a proper name; and also the name of Nariman’s father. It is the plural of “Karim” bearing its denotative meaning.
3. Alluding to the murder of Shah Haamavaran by Rustam in more than one part of this story; which totally contradicts the destiny of this figure in the narration of Haamavaran’s War, appears to be the antithesis of what is said about it in Shah-Nameh. The reason for this issue is related to two reports on this story in the history of the Iranian epics; while traces of both can be still observed in Shah-Nameh.

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The convergence process and the advantages involved for less developed and developing countries, especially those located in the MENA region is of a great importance in economic studies. Through expanding regional co-operations and playing a wider role in the economies of the member states, it can prepare a suitable ground for growing regional markets and positive international economic reactions and finally can result into total development of the region. This article, using time series model is aiming at testing the convergence hypothesis in MENA region (15 countries) during 1980-2008. For analyzing time series model, we used Augmented Dicky Fuller test, Zivot & Andrews (with the endogenous time break) unit root test, Im, Pesaran & Shin and also Levin, Lin & Chu unit root panel data tests. The results of time series model with ADF and ZA tests show that there are two groups of convergence among the selected MENA countries. The first one is those countries which are converging from the low per capita income up to the average per capita income of the selected countries. The second one is the countries which are converging from the high per capita income down to the average of the region. The rest have diverged from the average per capita income during the period. According to Im, Pesaran & Shin and also Levin, Lin & Chu unit root tests, the convergence hypothesis of per capita income to average, is accepted for the whole sample. Altogether, the selected countries are minimizing the gap between their per capita income and the average per capita income of the region.

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This paper examines the economic, political and social determinants which influence foreign direct investment inflow among a set of 83 countries, member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and selected countries of Mena region during the period 1996-2007. The panel data method has been applied to investigate the impact of governance indicators, human development index, environmental sustainability index, ICOR, GDP and economic freedom index, on foreign direct investment inflows. The results indicate that GDP as proxy for market size, governance and environmental sustainability in both OECD countries and the global model were respectively the most effective variables in attracting foreign direct investment. While in the MENA region the market size, ICOR and economic freedom index show a significant effect on attracting foreign direct investment respectively.

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One element of the creation of meaning in fiction is the place element. In order for the author to be able to use the element of place as an important tool to construct and reinforce the intended meaning, he reduces the reference and objective meaning of place. Abstract places can be important in some literary genres due to their imaginative and transcendental nature. This article seeks to examine the types of places depicted in the Malakout novel by Bahram Sadeghi in a descriptive-analytical way and with a semiotic-semantic approach. Then, while classifying these places, we will try to answer this question that how much the place element has served to induce the author's intended meanings. The results of this research show that Bahram Sadeghi in his novel has recreated the myth of creation in a creative way and implicitly represents the desperate atmosphere of society in the post-coup period of 28 August 1332 in the mentioned myth. To achieve this goal, he paid special attention to the element of place and Therefore, by using scary and imaginary spaces and by using all kinds of narrative, phenomenal, spiral and transcendental places, it has portrayed the failure, despair and hopelessness of the society.

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Participation is a process in which people involved to make endeavors aiming at a common goal; and they do this actively, freely with awareness and accountability. Women participation as one of the principles for development can be studied from different perspectives. The objective of the present study is to investigate social and cultural factors influencing social participation of rural women in the developmental process. The theories of experts in modernism domain in general and feminism theories like liberal feminism in particular, are theoretical bases of this study. This research was conducted through interviews (during October 2002 to May 2003) in one of the villages of Azerbaijan Sharghi province; where 155 women with the average of 15-60 were selected as subjects whose answers were then analyzed. The average rate of social participation of rural women based on this research is shown to be low and only 4 percent of respondents had a high participation rate. Their type of participation was mainly traditional and religious including participation in birth anniversary, religious get-to-gether and health houses; it in fact manifests a kind of passive participation. However, based on the data there was a correlation between the social participation of rural women and variables relevant to women’s attitude and self-concept (internal factors), age, education (background factors), their access level to urban centers, and the media (structural factors).

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The current research aims to investigate the phenomenological aspects of meaning in fictional discourse of “The pear tree” by Goli Taraghi- one of the writers of contemporary Persian literature. Research methodology is descriptive –analytical. In fact, the author seeks to explain the underlying interaction of semiotic components in this short story by relying on and investigating the phenomenal presence of enunciator in order to show how aesthetic function emerge in discourse and affect the process of meaning production and perception. To this end, the main objective of the present research is to explain the major attributes of phenomenological approach in literary discourse analysis and it’s semio-discursive components. The results showed that the phenomenological aspects of meaning are as a result of state, tension and adjustment as semiotic correlates of discourse which leads to the formation of aesthetic discourse. The interaction of these elements marginalizes narrative action through modal constituents’ turbulence and then stabilizes them by the emergence of thymic state of love which once again rehabilitates narrative action. Undoubtedly, these interactions are in constant relationship with semiotic modes of presence.
 

1.  Introduction

"The Pear Tree", which is a short story from the collection of stories entirled “ another place” by Goli Targhee, depicts the life of a writer who took refuge in his father's garden in Damavand to write the rest of his new book after a long period of unemployment. But in the garden, the old pear tree, which is full of memories for him, has not borne fruit, and the gardeners ask him to participate in a ritual to scare the tree and bring it back, and he accepts, and in the meantime, he reviews his teenage memories. He pays, when he falls in love with his cousin "Mim" and despite the fact that the girl is older than him, he expresses his love to her, sings love poems to her and performs various plays with her in the garden for hours, because both of them are interested in literature. They are interested, but one day the girl comes to say goodbye because she plans to join his her father, who is abroad, and the narrator asks her to wait, and the girl accepts, but years later, when the writer gets involved in political affairs, he does not answer the girl's letters and leaves her as a historical figure. Then he is postponed until he is imprisoned due to his political activities, and there he receives the news of the girl's death after seeing one of her relatives. Returning from his memories to the present, he finds himself next to a pear tree, which according to the narrator, a teenager sitting on top of a pear tree stares at him and feels a strange closeness to the pear tree. It should be mentioned that Dariush Mehrjooi made a film with the same name based on the basis of this short story in 1376.
The main question of the present research is the analysis of the phenomenal dimensions of meaning in the literary discourse of Goli Targhi which depends on the stative regime of discourse and enunciator semiotic modes of presence which forms his lived experience.In order to investigate the semiotic components of discourse in this work and by relying on the phenomenological aspect of meaning , the author seeks to investigate these components. By analyzing the text and adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the author also explained the place of discourse action and analyzed each one with the help of elements and textual evidence. Also, by examining these factors and in this direction, the writer has tried to answer the following questions:
Research Question(s)
1.what are the major  phenomenal dimensions of meaning and what are their semio-discursive functions and components in this short story? 2. How is it possible to explain the place of action in the whole discourse system of this short story?
Therefore, the hypotheses of the present research are as follows: 1. Phenomenal dimensions of meaning in discourse correlate with state, tension and adjustment which has an aesthetic function; 2. The interaction of these components marginalizes the narrative action by disrupting the order and creating chaos in the modal verbs, and further, with the stability of the modal verbs the narrative action places once again at heart of the discourse field. Undoubtedly, these interactions have a close connection with the semiotic modes of presence.

2. Literature Review

In this section, the author intends to briefly present the studies carried out in the framework of semiotic approach to literary discourse analysis on Iranian fictional literature to examine the differences and commonalities of each of them with the present study. It should be mentioned that these studies have provided a rich background on the study of semiotic correlates with the artistic and literary discourse. Both theoretically and practically, it can go through (Shaeiri, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2009a, 2009b, 2012, 2013, 2014, & 2016), Abbasi (2001, 2010, 2011) and Babak Moin (2015) in a systematic way. In the short story  entitled "Pear tree" selected from the collection of short stories  "Another place", Goli Targhi the life of a writer who took refuge in his father's garden in Damavand to write the rest of his new book after a long period of unemployment. But in the garden, the old pear tree, which is full of memories for him, has not borne fruit, and the gardeners ask him to participate in a ritual to scare the tree and bring it back, and he accepts, and in the meantime, he reviews his teenage memories. He pays, when he falls in love with his cousin "Mim" and despite the fact that the girl is older than him, he expresses his love to her, sings love poems to her and performs various plays with her in the garden for hours, because both of them are interested in literature. They are interested, but one day the girl comes to say goodbye because she plans to join his her father, who is abroad, and the narrator asks her to wait, and the girl accepts, but years later, when the writer gets involved in political affairs, he does not answer the girl's letters and leaves her as a historical figure. Then he is postponed until he is imprisoned due to his political activities, and there he receives the news of the girl's death after seeing one of her relatives. Returning from his memories to the present, he finds himself next to a pear tree, which according to the narrator, a teenager sitting on top of a pear tree stares at him and feels a strange closeness to the pear tree. Given the theoretical potentialities of this approach in the analysis of literary texts, no research has been carried out on the concept and the semiotic mechanisms of Phenomenal aspects of discourse and semiotic modes of presence. Therefore, this study is the first attempt in this direction.

3. Methodology
In this research, the author has first investigated different types and correlates of phenomenola aspect of discourse under diverse semiotic titles. To this end and by benefiting from the descriptive –analytical research methodology, the textual data were extracted from the novel through a careful and close reading. Furthermore, all the requirements of theoretical framework were fulfilled in order to analyze and categorize different types of semiotic correlates in phenomenal reading of literary discourse.

4. Results and discussion
4-1:” Pear tree” : A discourse regime based on stative components of discourse with phenomenal and aesthetic function.
4-2: Investigating phenomenal aspect of “Pear tree”:Semiotic analysis and reading of concept of love.
4-3: Stative –tensive modes of presence in “pear tree”

Figure 1.
 The tensive –stative figure of passage from despair to Nostalgia and love



Figure 2 
 Tensive-existential mode of presence in pear tree short story



6. Conclusion
Analyzing the phenomenal dimensions of meaning in Goli Targhi's literary discourse in the short story "The Pear Tree" is the result and subject of the stative regime of discourse and the modes of presence in literary discourse. In the present research, with the phenomenal reading of this short story and in other words, by using the important pillars of studies in semiotic approach to discourse it was observed that throughout this story, in fact, we are faced with stative components of discourse , which as a result of a sensory-perceptual activity in establishing and interacting with the surrounding world, in a way, creates a discourse with an aesthetic function, which was discussed in the course of the story under the title of crystallization of the concept of love for life. . Phenomenal dimensions of meaning in discourse in general and in this short story in particular are the output and subject to state, tension and adjustment, which has an aesthetic function. On the other hand, the interaction of these components marginalizes the narrative action by disrupting the order and creating chaos in modal verbs, narrative action places once again at the heart of literary discourse. Undoubtedly, these interactions have a close connection with the semiotic modes of presence.

 

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Aims: Indigenous architecture has roots from nature, context and natural archetypes. The main goal of this research is to reframe Persian architecture as biocompatible, biophilic and eco-friendly architecture. It is to extract indicators that highlight biophilic aspects of Persian architecture as a reliable representative of the architecture of MENA region.

Methods: The research strategy is logical argumentation and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The theoretical framework of the research is based on highperformance architecture theory. The Delphi method, discipline of anticipation (DoA), and the Shannon algorithm have been adopted to extract effective indicators. For the discussion group, the opinions of twenty experts in the field are referred to. The tools for collecting opinions are in-depth interviews and structured questionnaires.

Findings: The quantitative research findings show that there is a meaningful correlation between the principles of Iranian architecture and biophilic architecture. These surveys show that the most dominant criteria might be summarized as: 1- socio-cultural dimensions: the occupant behavior, culture of context, measuring happiness instead of incomes, compatibility with the environment and the life cycle assessment; 2- economic dimensions: Persian culture of contentment, flexibility and design optimization; 3- environmental dimensions: performance-based design, carbon neutrality, and bio-compatible materials.

Conclusion: Persian architecture is an invaluable representative of highperformance architecture theory which might be acclaimed for focusing on nature-based solutions. It is to highlight the "process" more than the product; long-term benefits instead of short-term gains; nature-based value creation to encourage a zero-waste building industry, to reduce carbon footprint and biophilic architecture.
 

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This study is conducted through a descriptive classification of interrogating defendants' spoken and written discourse in courts' conversations which has been designed based on ex post facto research. Research sample included 20 cases of criminal files gathered through available sampling method from the Archived Journals of Justice. McMenamin's (2002) Hierarchy Framework of Recognition Authenticity was used to examine stylistic and syntactic markers of defendants' spoken and written discourse. Stylistic and linguistic markers make a hierarchical model that is ranging from 1 to 9 levels. This model analyzed phonological, morphological, semantic, and syntactic clues that are unique among the defendants in the court files. The patterns concerned with that hierarchical model are resemblance, consistency, and population which are recruited to discover the criminals' spoken and written documents. The implications of this study showed that the use of this framework was successful in uncovering the criminals' identification for resemblance (50 percent), consistency (30 percent), and population (20 percent). Implications of the study suggest this framework may help the interrogators, judges, and attorneys to boost the efficacy of their profession.

1. Introduction
Forensic linguistics is an interdisciplinary field that deals with the scientific study of language in legal sciences. For reaching growth and dynamics, this discipline which is one of the sub-branches of applied linguistics needs the basics of theoretical linguistics in legal affairs. One of the main problems in the preparation of case documents is the analysis of the writing/speaking styles and structures of the defendants and proving their written and spoken authorship and identity in situations where it is difficult to verify and the suspects deny their handwriting or the recorded speech. In this case, forensic linguistics can help to check and prove the identity of the authors or speakers by comparing their previous and current speech and writing and using structural and stylistic markers. McMenamin (2002) proposed a hierarchical approach, which has three methods including resemblance, population, and consistency, and also several structural and stylistic discourse markers. Structural markers include grammar, use of vocabulary, the spelling of words, type of sentences, writing style (formal-informal), and so on. Phonetic markers include tone of voice, stress, repetition of words, accent, dialect, abbreviations, speaking style (formal-informal), silence, pause, ambiguity, etc. This research aims to reveal the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the forensic linguistics approach in the classification of interrogating diagnoses through the analysis of structural and stylistic discourse markers in the speech and writing of suspects.
The research questions address McMenamin's approach to the article which is examining the documents and identifying defendants' written and spoken identities as follows:
1. To what extent does McMenamin's (2002) approach to identifying a hierarchy of defendants' written and spoken authenticity help in the recognition of the written and spoken authorship in courts?
2. What are the differences between the effect of resemblance, population, and consistency methods of identifying hierarchy on defendants' written and spoken authenticity recognition?
2. Background
In this article, descriptive analysis has been used to determine defendants' written and spoken authorship in forensic linguistics based on McMenamin's (2002) stylistic and structural approach. McMenamin listed three characteristics of stylistic-structural markers in language. The first one is the standard language or norm-referenced which is prescriptive. It means what the linguistic structures should be as standard norms. The second one is the change from the standard norms; however, the utterance is understandable. In other words, there is a change in the grammatical structure. The third one addresses the deviation from the standard norms and the utterance is rarely used in society or it belongs to a specific group or individuals.
Several scholars have used interrogations in legal courts and their relationship with language variations of speech/writing patterns of the defendants (Asiai & Noorbakhsh, 2014; Razovian & Jalili Doab, 2016; Najafi & Haghbin, 2019; Monsefi, 2012). Ainsworth (1993) examined the analysis of legal cases with linguistic descriptions and proposed the description of the language used by interrogators, suspects, and witnesses in the interrogation processes from the perspective of forensic linguistic domains. He has examined the way of language control and mentioned several points worthy of attention in this regard.
McMenamin (2002) focuses on the structures and styles of court discourse and classifies them into spoken and written discourse. Each discourse type includes variations of styles (speech/writing style) and structures (speech/writing grammar). These two are connected and form a continuum. McMenamin's hierarchical approach can be used to identify the markers that determine the defendants' spoken/written identity. In this approach, step-by-step determining the similarity or dissimilarity of the writings or statements of the suspect is matched with the writings or statements in their written or spoken records. This hierarchy starts from levels 1 to 3 (non-matching and definite identification) the person is removed from the list of suspects. This investigation continues from level 4 onwards until 9 (matching writing or speech and determining the identity of the accused). In this approach, intermediate levels (4 and 5) lead to information that the identification of suspected authors or speakers is done with 50% certainty and requires further investigation. Therefore, spoken/written documentation in the higher ranks leads to the identification of the identity of the suspect with almost certainty.
Innovation of the present study can be regarded as the gap in the research literature concerned with the lack of forensic research in identifying the authorship of the defendants with a scientific approach. Therefore, the present research has evaluated methods of resemblance, consistency, and population in identifying defendants via McMenamin's (2002) hierarchical identification approach. In these methods, the handwriting or audio files are matched with the previous records produced by suspects; and their degree of similarity or difference is checked from levels 1 to 9. Each level shows the degree of proximity of the suspect to determine the point of certainty.

3. Methodology
The current study examined twenty criminal cases such as signature forgery, text message/letter forgery, fake suicide letters, threatening text messages/letters, threatening audio/telephone files, or telephone harassment. The pool of data was gathered in the form of available samples from the archives of the Legal Journal of Justice between the years 2016 and 2021. These incidents happened in different provinces of Iran. To achieve a correct analysis of the writing style, all stylistic markers are identified in these texts. Then, the identification of the written and spoken identity of the defendants was investigated and analyzed based on McMenamin's (2002) framework with three analytical models of resemblance, population, and consistency.
The research method was a descriptive-analytical type, which analyzed the records of the cases in the past. Then, the identification of the written and spoken markers was analyzed based on McMenamin's (2002) approach with three analytical models' resemblance, consistency, and population.

4. Results and Conclusion
The results of the research showed that 80% of the investigated cases (i.e., 16 cases out of 20) carried out the principles of identity recognition based on McMenamin (2002). The framework was successful in recognizing the identity of the defendants. Moreover, findings showed that the use of this framework uncovered the criminals' identification for resemblance (50 percent), consistency (30 percent), and population (20 percent). Implications of the study suggest this framework is a help for interrogators, judges, and attorneys to boost the efficacy of their profession.
The investigation of the classification of verbal and written recognition of criminals showed that court experts or linguists were able to identify the spoken/written identity of criminals with high certainty. In McMenamin's hierarchical method, the similarity method took the highest percentage, because this method is one of the simplest methods to discover the comparison of phonetic and written markers. In the 20 investigated cases, there were more signature and text message forgery cases than the rest of the crimes
 

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Today, base isolation of buildings is a conventional approach to earthquake resistance. The prominent goal is to reduce displacement of structure by movement of elastomeric bearings installed on the base of structures on the ground. Considering widespread construction of asymmetric buildings well as the intensity of damages to such types of structures resulting from earthquake, the present research covers study of interaction mechanics of asymmetric base-isolated structures, where motion equations are presented in two coordinates, one fixed on the building base (global coordinate) and the other on the torsional isolation level (local coordinate). In this conventional approach, the motion equations are calculated on linear form in the initial coordinate system, whereas in the new approach proposed in this research, motion mechanics analysis in the secondary coordinate system will lead to non-linear equations. Three types of structures are proposed with ratio of torsional-lateral correlated natural frequency on asymmetric natural frequency. Responses of both linear and nonlinear methods for the three types of structures under harmonic effects and earthquake are compared while analyzing time history and frequency. Some differences are observed between the linear and nonlinear methods. Then, some non-linear phenomena such as saturation, energy transfer between modes, and rigid displacement in such structures are also analyzed.

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The present research investigates the productivity of compound noun maker patterns in Persian language based on the theoretical framework of Plag (2003). For this purpose, the authors have extracted 1300 compound nouns from a corpus taken from Persian language database (PLDB). The method of the present research is descriptive-analytic and data collecting is corpus based. After the study of collected data of research, the authors have concluded that the only quantitative method for measuring the productivity of word formation processes introduced by Plag (2003) is to count the outputs of a word formation process. Also, the most productive compound noun maker pattern among compound noun maker patterns is (noun+noun). Moreover, different methods of measuring the productivity rate of compound noun maker patterns offer different results. Analysis of the extracted data from the research corpus shows that among the compound noun maker patterns in Persian, (noun + noun) pattern has the highest productivity and these patterns ( pronoun + noun / pronoun + stem of present verb / noun + imperative verb / number + number) have the lowest productivity.

1.     Introduction
One of the most important word formation processes in the Persian language, which is also highly productive, is the process of composition, which is used in the construction of new words, especially compound nouns, and plays an important role in the formation and enrichment of Persian language words. Words play an essential role in the formation of human language, so knowing the productive word-forming processes and, above all, the productive noun-forming processes, can be one of the most practical methods of creating new words in any language, especially the Persian language. 
Languages have benefited from the process of composition, which is one of the most important processes of word formation and is considered one of the generative processes of word formation. Therefore, this research, based on the theoretical framework of the generation of Plug (2003) as well as the analysis of the data obtained from the corpus, investigated the quantitative methods of measuring the generation of patterns of compound nouns in Persian language, and the patterns of the formation of compound nouns which can help Persian language in naming and choosing words for new domestic or imported products and inventions.
Despite many studies that Iranian and non-Iranian researchers have done on nouns, only a few studies have been conducted in relation to the issue of the reproduction of noun formation processes, and so far no researcher has exclusively investigated the reproduction of compound noun formation patterns in the Persian language. Based on this, the authors intend to study the rate of reproduction of compound noun formation patterns in Persian based on the theoretical framework of reproduction of Plug (2003).

Research Question(s)
In this regard, the following questions have been raised:
1. What are the quantitative methods of measuring the productivity of compound noun formation patterns in Persian language?
2. Among the patterns of compound nouns, which one is more productive?
For the above two questions, two hypotheses have been proposed. For the first question, it is assumed that the quantitative methods of measuring the generation of compound noun formation patterns in Persian include counting the outputs of a noun formation process, using possible words, using monofrequency words, and counting new words. For the second question, it has been assumed that the pattern (noun + noun) has the highest rate of reproduction among the patterns that make up compound nouns.

2.    Literature Review
Shaghaghi (2011) defines productivity as follows: if a process can be used for phonetic changes or making new words or sentences, that process is considered productive, like the adjective-forming suffix (-y) in Persian language, which has a high productivity.
Amir Arjamendi (2009) in her doctoral thesis entitled "Productivity in the process of composition of the Persian language" based on the theoretical framework of Borer and Borer (1988) and by studying and researching the linguistic databases of the Persian language, provided a general picture of productivit.
Amir Arjamandi (2009) believes that it is possible to quantitatively measure the productivity in the composition of the Persian language by measuring the productivity by counting the outputs of the composition process using possible words and using single frequency words and by counting new words, but the reason for the limitations in the Persian language database was that it was only able to examine the productivity of the composition process using two methods of counting the outputs of the composition process and using single frequency words.                                                          
Badakhshan (2011) in his doctoral dissertation investigated the rate of reproduction of the composition process in Persian based on the theoretical framework of Plague (2003). According to Badakhshan (2011), fertility is not absolute, but rather continuous. He deals with productivity as a quantitative and qualitative concept and then introduced the methods of measuring productivity and because of the limitations he faced such as the impossibility of choosing compound words separately in the linguistic body and also the lack of software that can separate compound words from other words. He is satisfied with only one method and by counting the outputs of a derivational process, he measures the fertility of non-current compound words in Persian language.

3. Methodology
The method of conducting the present descriptive-analytical research and the method of collecting the research data is to use the language corpus available in the Persian language database in the Research Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies (PLDB). The data collected from the 8 linguistic corpora of the research included 1300 compound nouns selected from 63 sources. 

4. Results
In this article, the fertility patterns of compound nouns in Persian were investigated based on the opinions of Plag (2003). In this research, by extracting 1300 compound nouns from 63 sources in the Persian language database (PLDB), researchers tried to answer the two questions raised in this research and prove the hypotheses raised for each question.
In order to find the most productive pattern of compound nouns and after examining all the patterns of compound nouns, the authors came to the following conclusion: the pattern of compound nouns (noun + noun) with a frequency of 623 compound nouns and a sample frequency of 6740 compound nouns is one of the highest fertility among the compound noun patterns. Therefore, the hypothesis related to the second question of this research is confirmed.  The authors, in examining and comparing different methods of measuring the productivity of the patterns of compound nouns, obtained different results of these patterns.
For example, in the first method of measuring the productivity rate of the data extracted from the body of the current research through counting the outputs of noun formation processes, which is a quantitative method, the compound noun pattern (noun + noun) had the highest fertility rate, while in the second method of measuring, the fertility rate of the data extracted from the body of this research, that is, by using single frequency words, which is based on the model of Plague (2003), is not a quantitative method and in this research is only used to compare and verify different productivity measurement methods. The compound noun formation pattern (pronoun + current stem (present)) which had very low productivity in the first method, in the second method has the highest rate of productivity among the compound noun formative patterns and the most productive noun pattern, called compounder.
 

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In this research, a numerical simulation of liquid jet ejecting from elliptical orifices into gaseous phase with different aspect ratios, at Rayleigh regime is performed. The range of the Weber number and the aspect ratio of the orifice are from 20 to 300 and 0.25 to 0.66, respectively. The volume of fluid (VOF) method and large eddy simulation are used to simulate the liquid interface dynamics and the jet breakup utilizing the OpenFoam software. In order to achieve the most accurate results for axis-switching phenomenon and jet breakup length, the dynamic mesh refinement is used for all the examined cases. The results, which are validated with recent experimental and numerical works, indicate that the jet breakup length raises by increasing the Weber number. Also, it is shown that the jet breakup length declines as the aspect ratio of orifices decreases. Finally, it is observed that for the orifices with lower aspect ratios, jet is breaking into droplets with uniform sizes with almost no satellite droplets which always present in the circular jet breakup.

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Piston effect is an important mechanism of heat transfer in a supercritical fluid flow under microgravity condition. In this study, a Lattice Boltzmann Model (LBM) has been introduced to simulate the piston effect. Variations of diffusion coefficient has been accounted for by adding a corresponding term to equilibrium distribution function. To calculate the intermolecular forces and compressibility in the LBM, a van der Waals equation of estate has been employed. Boundary conditions corresponding to compressible LBM at the presence of van der Waals forces have been set to eliminate the speed jump at the wall. It has been shown that such boundary conditions provide high accuracy in problems involving forces with an error of second order of magnitude in terms of space. The developed thermal LBM together with compressible LBM have been applied to simulate the heat transfer to supercritical fluid flows. The piston effect has been modeled by considering van der Waals inter molecular forces. The errors associated with each of the schemes used have been evaluated. A comparison between a pure conduction case and heat transfer due to piston effect has been made. It has been shown that the heat transfer occurs faster once the piston effect is in effect.