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This paper examines the effects of agricultural land productivity improvement on the economy of Iran assuming that the domestic and international trade liberalizations will open up the opportunities to expand market access. A 25-sector computable general equi-librium model was developed to simulate the effects of this policy. The simulation results indicate that enhancing agricultural land productivity while implementing trade policy reform results in an expansion of agricultural sector which, in turn, leads to the expansion of food manufacturing and service sectors and mitigating the problem of unemployment. Furthermore, improving land productivity results in a decrease in the price of food prod-ucts and an increase in real GDP. Consequently, food security enhances and Iranian wel-fare improves. As a result, this is an appropriate domestic policy for Iran. This policy re-sults in an expansion of agricultural sector which in turn leads to expansion of food manu-facturing and service sectors, mitigates the unemployment problem, improves the Iranian welfare as the real GDP increases, and improves the food security in Iran, as the price of food products decreases.

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This paper aims to measure the extent of mark-up and monopoly pricing in different sub sectors of the Iranian manufacturing. We measure annually the degree of monopoly pricing and mark-up for sub sectors over the period from 1959 to 2003. A panel data approach is developed and applied to gauge the mark-up and degree of monopoly pricing The results show that in four sub sectors, including chemical, non-ferrous metals, basic metals and machinery, these kinds of pricing are dominated and it is also prevalent in other sub sectors. Capital intensity and increase in the number of firms in each sector cause a reduction in mark-up while trade liberalization leads to an increase in productivity. The experience of liberalization in Iran over a short period of time confirms that mark-up is reduced, productivity is increased and capital intensity is decreased.

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Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models have become a standard tool of empirical economic analysis and were extensively used to assess the impact of trade liberalization by policy analysts. In this study, the effects of imports tariff reduction as a trade liberalization index are investigated on key economic variables using computable general equilibrium approach. The data used in this study are obtained from the social accounting matrix of year 2001 in which parameters of model are calibrated accordingly. Results of simulations show that if the imports tariff rate is cut by 50% and 100% across all sectors, total supply and investment will reduce while total exports, total imports, household income and consumption will increase.

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Economic liberalization policy has been among the major concern of the governments during the last few decades. However, its impact on economic growth is still a controversial issue. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of trade liberalization and financial development on economic growth in Iran using annual observations over the period 1973-2007. The current study would use ARDL technique to estimate the empirical model. The findings of this paper indicate that there is a long run positive and significant relationship between trade liberalization and financial development and economic growth in Iran over the period of the study. The error correction coefficient is around 0.32 showing that the adjustment towards the long run equilibrium takes place within almost three years. The Granger causality test indicates that causality runs from trade liberalization and financial development to GDP.

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The impact of trade liberalization on welfare of trade partners has been the subject of various economic studies, but components of welfare and their decomposition is considered by this study. The study of Huff and Hertel (2000) and the global trade analysis project constitute the theoretical basics of this research. First, by using the graphical approach, the distortion in labor market is investigated within a closed economy with two producing sectors. Than by using a mathematical approach, welfare effects will be decomposed using single and multi regions models. It is shown that various components affect welfare changes resulting from policy shocks. The effects of reduction in tariffs of imported agriculture commodities from Iran to WTO are examined. The results show that the Iran’s welfare rises because of positive contribution of allocative efficiency, terms of trade and tariff revenues. The changes in aggregate labor demand, investment and technology progress are the important elements in welfare changes due to trade policy, but in static models such as GTAP, these components are fixed, however the theoretical analysis shows that they may lead to welfare.       

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Iran's membership in Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), in addition to political and security gains, can bring broad economic benefits. In this regard, in this research, the economic impacts of decreasing import tariffs of Iran and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization have been analyzed. In this study, empirical analysis and quantifying the results have been done regarding Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, as a computable general equilibrium CGE, and global and multi-regional model. Considering the international nature of analysis, a global model and database were required to achieve the purposes of this study, thus, version 10 of GTAP model and its database (published in 2020) was selected for analysis. In this research, the economic impacts (welfare, production, trade) of Iran's presence in the SCO in various economic sectors were analyzed in two scenarios (50% decrease and 100% decrease in bilateral tariffs). The results indicate that sector "Grains and Crops" in terms of high initial tariff rate, sector "Textiles and Clothing" in terms of high initial tariff rate, sector " Light Manufacturing" in terms of high initial tariff rate and sector " Heavy Manufacturing" due to high trade volume is the significant and influential sectors of Iran's membership in Shanghai Cooperation Organization. It is recommended that tariff rate changes of the mentioned sectors be performed with high accuracy. In general, the results indicate that the variables of welfare, production and trade are increasing in Iran.

 

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Since the health of the human community is very important, and on the other hand, free trade has undeniable benefits, there must be a balance between the freedom of trade and the health of the community so that people benefit from both. Therefore, in order to minimize potential conflicts between commerce and health and maximize their benefits, there is a need for greater interaction between business and healthcare policymakers in mutual awareness of the policies of the parties, as well as the establishment of codified principles to support both of them , Next to each other.
This article attempts to examine the important and fundamental agreements of the World Trade Organization and the importance of the public health for the World Trade Organization.
In light of the review, it seems that the World Trade Organization has tried, while respecting its principles and objectives, such as free trade and non-discrimination, to take into account public health and, in its agreements, The conditions for countries to limit free trade, if necessary, to protect the public health and health of their societies.