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The Historical Ashura books are historical reflections of the Ashura event and they are expressed in the form of narration. The application of new theories of literary criticism in the analysis of historical provides a better understanding of the narrative context of these works. The purpose of this study is to introduce an unknown Ashura historical book and its narratology from Todorov's point of view. This article tries to examine the syntactic level of narration in the book Sar-e-Asrar in a descriptive-analytical way. So that narratives better illustrates the narrative structure of such works. Todorov's narrative analysis is one of the most prominent structuralist approaches that deals with manifestations such as syntactic representation. According to the findings of the research, the narration with its developments, propositions, etc., which show the syntactic manifestation of the narration, has advanced the design of the narration. In terms of linguistic structure, the murder is based on the traits and actions of the characters. From a syntactic point of view; It has ten basic enhancements that include a minor enhancement. According to the findings of the research, the narration with its developments, propositions, etc., which show the syntactic manifestation of the narration, has advanced the design of the narration. In terms of linguistic structure, the book is based on the traits and actions of the characters. From a syntactic point of view; It has ten basic enhancements that include a minor enhancement. Descriptive and present propositions have emerged side by side with various narrative aspects...

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A survey was conducted to identify the fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in Kermanshah province (west of Iran) during 2010-2011. The specimens were collected from nine different localities. Adults were reared from the fruiting bodies of Agaric fungi. Five species are recorded for the first time from Iran: Mycetophila strigatoides (Lundrock), Allodia ornaticollis (Meigen), Rymosia pseudocretensis Burghele-Balacesco, Synplasta gracilis (Winnertz) and Sciophila eryngii Chandler. Eight host associations (gnats-fungi) are also reported for the first time. The diagnostic characters, host range and geographical distribution of each species are given.  

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The fauna of Onychiurinae were investigated in different parts of Kermanshah province during 2013–2014. Specimens were collected from both leaf litter and surface layer of the soil. Totally four species from three genera were found. All of them are new for Kermanshah province and Protaphorura levantina (Christiansen, 1956), Heteraphorura cf. japonica (Yosii, 1967) and Vibronychiurus archivari (Christiansen, 1956) were not previously recorded in Iran; it is also the first time that the genus of Vibronychiurus Pomorski, 1998, is collected and reported for the country.

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Provinces of Iran bordering with Iraq were battle fields during Iran-Iraq war and today are among tourist attracting places in Iran. The factors provoking tourists to see these regions are important to characterize because the needs of the tourists should be identified and supplied. This paper tries to characterize factors driving and provoking the tourists who visit battle fields in Kermanshah. The research method adopted here is field finding and the data gathering procedure is based on library and field findings (N= 384) methods. The T-test and Friedman Test are used to analyze the data. The research sample includes the tourists who visited battle fields in Kermanshah in 2018. Random sampling is used to reach the required sample. The research results show that driving factors are more effective than attracting factors in journey to visit the battle fields in Kermanshah. Political-national identity, perseverance, curiosity and self-flourishing factors are among the most important driving factors with 3.32, 2.85, 2.37 and 1.45 mean rank, respectively. And location holiness, leisure and necessity are among the most important attracting factors with 2.59, 1.72 and 1.69 mean rank, respectively.

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The purpose of this research is to study and analyze the function of civil divisions in the implementation of spatial planning plans in Kermanshah province. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the research is applied. The present study is based on the findings of a questionnaire taken from 218 specialized citizens of Kermanshah province (professors and students of political geography, spatial planning and regional planning) and the structural analysis model for confirmatory factor analysis is used to analyze the data. Based on the estimation of standardized coefficients of the structural and model based on the confirmatory factor analysis of the research and the level of significance (α = 0.068) obtained in the diagram, spatial consistency indices and corresponding information with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.84, proportionality of administrative-executive frameworks with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.90, the resource efficiency and territorial capacities with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.97 are effective. Among the components of efficiency of territorial resources and capacities, the degree of unity and social cohesion of the population groups of the province to advance development goals with 0.77, among the appropriateness of administrative-executive frameworks of land management programs, arrangement and rational establishment of national divisions (Cities, districts, etc.), in terms of the arrangement of ethnic and religious groups in order to optimally implement the province's spatial planning plans with a direct score of 0.65 and among the components of the division of space and related information, the zoning component within the province based official criteria within the province with a direct effect of 0.79 had the greatest impact on the implementation of spatial planning.

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Land use planning, classification of human activity in geographical space, is a thinking that considers all aspects of a country's development, and is a strategic planning and a purely geographical solution for the sustainable development of countries. This issue is more important for Kermanshah province which is neighboring with Iraq, because the existence of a wide range of potential and actual threats in both Iraq and the Kurdistan region have led the implementation of any plan to be corresponded with the analysis of the security situation around the border. Achieving this requires recognizing geostrategic features, analyzing the environment, categorizing the types of threats and identifying their source and origin. This article also serves this purpose, namely presentation of indicators of military centers and bases in Kermanshah province using descriptive-analytic method. The data collection tool is based on documentary and library findings. For this purpose, the required data were collected from documents and written sources and content analysis method is used to analyze the data. The results showed that the arrangement of military centers and bases in Kermanshah province is not very comprehensive and efficient, and it has a traditional approach and has been done regardless of natural and human indicators and threat points, so it has little effect on the effectiveness of projects, decrease in vulnerabilities and increase in defensive capabilities. Also, it is faced with ignoring internal and external threats, unbalanced spatial organization in the manner of establishing and locating military centers, excessive concentration of political, administrative, demographic places and centers, important industries and facilities in the center of Kermanshah province, etc

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Specificity usually refers to one of the properties of noun phrases. In this study, drawing upon the definition of specificity by Enç (1999) and Karimi (1999 and 2003), the Kurdish morpheme “ægæ” is investigated as the morphological marker of specificity in noun phrases in different syntactic positions. Using a  wide range of  evidence and data such as the obligatory presence of “ægæ” at the end of definite and some  of the indefinite noun phrases, it is argued that unlike what Edmonds (1995), MacKenzie (1961), Yarmoradi (1384) and Bahador (1390) point out, in Kermanshahi Kurdish this  morpheme indicates specificity  and not definiteness. Finally, based on Lyons’ classification of languages (1999), Kermanshahi Kurdish is placed among the languages, which only mark indefiniteness. Regarding the fundamental principle in Generative Grammar that the linguistic knowledge in the mind of speakers of a language is similar, the data were collected from the authors’ speech using the argumentative methodology. The theoretical framework was based on the viewpoints of Enç (1991) and Karimi (1999) on specificity.  

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Taq-Bostan Boulevard (Shahid Shiroudi) in Kermanshah city, due to the very rich history and culture of this city, has become one of the most important tourist and recreational destinations. However, the lighting conditions in this boulevard are still not ideal in a way that can add more beauty and charm to the urban space. As a result, the intelligent lighting design of Taq-Bostan Boulevard by using neural network algorithms and providing the appropriate algorithm can improve the lighting and visual conditions of this boulevard, and add more attractiveness to the urban space of Kermanshah city. In this article, first of all, the challenges of lighting sidewalks and implementation points in the design of urban street lighting have been examined. Then, considering the two factors of citizens’ satisfaction and visual beauty as outputs, as well as color temperature, illuminance, lamp type and luminance as model inputs, the MLP neural network algorithm was used for Taq-Bostan Boulevard in Kermanshah. is to design a smart and suitable lighting system for it. The proposed design has the most optimal conditions because the MRE and MAE errors obtained from the neural which is very ideal. Therefore, the designed lighting system ,%0.035 network are less than.aims for the psychological comfort and security of the citizens.

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Introduction
Cities, as the most complex man-made structures, face a wide range of risks, both due to a wide range of hazards and due to their multiple vulnerabilities. Urban vulnerabilities are felt everywhere, from infrastructure and buildings to telecommunications, transportation and energy lines, and it should be kept in mind that reducing vulnerabilities on the scale of a city is not simply reinforcing buildings and single buildings. The disasters that have happened in recent years show that societies and individuals have become more and more vulnerable, and the risks and hazards have also increased. Risk is a combination of danger and vulnerability. However, reducing risk and vulnerability is often ignored until after accidents occur. Based on the predictions made, by 2030, about 6 billion people out of the 8.1 billion population of the planet will live in cities, and about two-thirds of them will live in metropolises.
Methodology
The current research is applied and is descriptive-analytic in terms of implementation method. The statistical population of this research consists of experts and professors according to the subject, 30 people among them have been selected as the sample size using the personal estimation method. It was done in the 8th region by using some models (Topsis, Shannon Entropy) and finally GIS software was used to draw the maps. Statistical sources and documents were prepared for this purpose, and required maps were collected from related organizations and departments. In general, maps: 1. Map of municipal areas 2. Periodic development 3. Earthquake lines 4. Rivers, etc. were used in the analysis of this article. It should be noted that many of the maps were incomplete, and the authors completed and edited them. After editing the required maps, a new output was obtained, which was considered the final urban development map of Kermanshah metropolis.
This article is trying to explain and use the integration of physical, social and natural components by using quantitative models and also considering the necessary indexing (fundamental studies). Also, solutions that can be implemented (operational methods) have been considered. In this article, purposes such as providing the zoning of vulnerability and the risk map for facilitating the identification of the critical regions of the Kermanshah metropolis, etc., according to the data and results of this research and determining the favorite directions for the physical-spatial development of the Kermanshah metropolis in the future with consideration of the earthquake risk zone and compliance with Passive defense considerations are followed. The results of the research and the favorite directions for the physical-spatial development of Kermanshah metropolis in the future, taking into account the earthquake risk zone, are followed. This process is displayed in the TOPSIS model by using the opinions of the respondents and the physical and spatial development of the city. According to the principles of Passive defense and research objectives, the research method has become operational. The article is practical in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its application. To conduct this research, 4 economic, social, physical and natural components were chosen, along with their indicators.
Discussion and results
The process of periodical development can be defined as the physical expansion of settlements (both urban and rural) that are registered in approved urban development plans or managed under the political-administrative rule of a specific organization, such as the municipality, at different historical periods. Also, from the digitization of aerial and satellite images, etc., by identifying the trends and mentioning the time of physical expansion, their authority depends on the continuous growth (interlacing or joining) of each period of time in a circular or sectional manner to the period before it (none from special exceptions, such as municipal management of a specific town in its immediate territory). Considering the map of the physical development of the metropolis of Kermanshah, it can be acknowledged in the historical ages that the periodic development process of Kermanshah was intertwined with the urban defense system, and in a way, the physical growth of Kermanshah was also a product of the defense factor. Also, the cause of the imposed war and the migration of provincial war veterans, etc., have been among the factors in this unbridled growth. This unbridled population pressure is so evident that the informal settlements and the injection of residential settlements outside the pre-planned development plans have broken the scope of the plan, and these factors, together with economic poverty and a lack of strict monitoring, have made many of the topics of meaningful Vulnerability according to the 45 components and indicators to such an extent that a meaningful relationship between the socio-economic base, like many of Iran's cities have a physical-spatial structure, gave the City a shape in the form of a socio-economic base. The socio-economic base, special neighborhoods and areas were chosen for settlement and the horizontal and scattered development of the City due to these separations spread beyond the original borders (before 1330) and areas 7 and 5 are near and along the mountain. Taq Bostan, and regions 8 and 4 in the heights and Mahor hills of Koh Sefid and regions 3, 2, 6 and 1 in the Kermanshah plain and parallel to the river continued to expand. Undoubtedly, this process of physical development and growth is inevitable in opposition to the scattered fault lines on the surface. The City is located, and it should be considered and paid attention by city managers by creating multipurpose uses and increasing open and green spaces per capita, preventing desertification, emphasizing strengthening, etc., the balanced and horizontal growth of the City in development plans. In the present article, with basic studies and theoretical foundations related to the subject and the study area, the required database in the ArcGIS software environment was formed, and then the vulnerability of the areas was assessed according to the conditions of the study area. Finally, the vulnerability of Kermanshah metropolis according to the principles of Passive defense and quantitative and qualitative criteria using ArcGIS software and the TOPSIS model in the form of a vulnerable zone map and the periodic development of the City and City development directions based on the location of Passive defense.
Conclusions
Cities are moving towards becoming networked and systemic, and the systemic approach is manifested in the system of cities, which contains all the localities and regions of the urban system. Therefore, we should not forget that threats are a living and serious element that has always existed in all human activities and man-made infrastructures. What is taken from the article as results is certain: this is that the distinction between the base and the socio-economic position in the analysis of urban vulnerability has shown its real expression in the more vulnerable zones 5, 7 and 6 and the zones 8, 4, 1, 2 and 3 with less vulnerability, which have emerged from the heart of the metropolis of Kermanshah. Because informal settlements, hieratical, inefficient and worn-out urban neighborhoods are generally located in areas with high Vulnerability (except for the historical context of the City on the border of zones 8, 4, 3 and 2), skeletal, resistant, open-space buildings, etc. are located in areas with less vulnerability. In conclusion, what is evident is that the circular growth and development of the City until 1330 and after that, the linear growth of the City from Sarab Taq Bostan in the northern side to Sarab Qanbar in the southern side was dominant until 1350, and the City, from this date until now, has spread all over and the physical growth of the City has dominated on the western and eastern sides of the City by the construction of industrial towns and the creation of residential areas in these sides with the aim of development programs and helping development and construction. The aspects of physical-spatial development will face problems practically in some regions. This requires concentration and attention to the various faults in the north and south of the city, along with the Qarasu river, which apply principles and considerations of Passive defense in urban development, increasing per capita green uses, relief, etc., using resistant materials, preventing desertification, and creating new multipurpose uses.

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Background: Many parasitic diseases cause parasitic complications in humans, in addition to causing significant damage to the livestock industry. This study intended to determine the prevalence pattern of some parasitic infections observed in livestock slaughtered in Kermanshah province.
Methods: Data were obtained through the examination of livestock carcasses in Kermanshah province during 2013-2017 (4367 cows, 29809 sheep, and 8995  goats) and further evaluated descriptively-analytically.
Findings: The highest prevalence rate of a parasitic disease referred to as hepatic hydatid was observed in cows with 166 cases (3.8%), followed by goats with 116 cases (1.28%), and sheep with 320 cases (1.07%), while the highest prevalence rate of Hydatid cyst was observed in cows with 252 cases (5.77%), followed by goats with 304 cases (3.37%), and sheep with 708 cases (2.37%), respectively. Fasciola infection was recognized in 115 cases of cows (2.63%), followed by 37 cases (0.41%) of goats, and 73 cases (0.24%) of sheep, and the disparity between the rates was deemed significant. In terms of the prevalence rate of Dicrocoelium infection, a considerable disparity was observed between cows with 85 cases (1.94%) and sheep with 464 cases (1.55%), while 247 cases (2.74%) were recognized in goats.
Conclusion: Moreover, a significant disparity was observed in the seasonal prevalence of infections between different livestock breeds. Ultimately, the results of this study provided essential information for the implementation of developmental and prevention programs in the monitored area.

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McGurk effect is a perceptual phenomenon in which subjects use information from both auditory and visual modalities to come into a unified percept. In the classic example of McGurk, when auditory /bɑ/ is dubbed over the lip movements of /ɡɑ/ , subjects report perceiving /da/. Although this illusion is not considered a universal one, it is experienced by the majority of subjects. The effect had been the subject of multiple studies in different languages. The present study is the first survey which examines this effect in Persian and Kermanshahi Kurdish language. Our main question is to examine whether the effect is significant in Persian and Kermanshahi Kurdish language. We also investigated the effect of gender on the occurrence of this phenomenon. It investigated McGurk in Persian and Kermanshahi Kurdish subjects. 121 (11*11) audiovisual stimuli were presented to 120 subjects (60 Persian speakers and 60 Kermanshahi Kurdish speakers). The Results demonstrate a reduced McGurk effect in both Persian and Kermanshahi Kurdish subjects; however, the probability of its occurrence is significant in Kermanshahi Kurdish. The phenomenon is highly significant when an auditory labial CV is dubbed with a visual velar CV for Persian subjects; however, for Kermanshahi Kurdish subjects the effect was robust when an auditory velar CV is dubbed with a visual palatal CV. The effect of gender (both presenter and subjects) on the occurrence of this effect is also studied in this research. Results show significant effect of gender on audio-visual perception of consonants. However, if the percept happens, female presenters significantly affect the audio-visual perception of the subjects.                     
 

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The Iranian folk culture originates from ancient time so that Iran can be considered the origin of ancient rituals and beliefs. Kermānshāh province is one of the regions rich in cultural heritage. Therefore, the beliefs of its inhabitants may well reflect the folk culture of this region. In the same vein, as an important element of folk culture and literature, the crystallization of this rich culture in these deeds is highly important and remarkable. By adopting a descriptive-analytical research methodology, the current research investigated the attributes of folk culture and literature in five deeds of Qājār Era in Kermānshāh Province. The results indicate that these texts are the best indicator to observe people's thoughts during Qājār period and can be clearly seen in the reflections of folk culture and literature. The expressions of professions, instruments, weight and quantity, titles, curse and prayer, measurement and religious rituals are among the material and spiritual elements that have been analyzed, identified and investigated in these deeds.
 

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Aims: Dust phenomenon is one of the natural hazards affecting the arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. It carries large amounts of particulate matter, which have dangerous impacts on human health, environment and vegetation. Therefore, dust is considered as one of the most important environmental problems that have drastically increased in recent times. Recognizing the origin and size of these particles, their chemical and physical properties and their elements are important for controlling and evaluating their effects on human health and the environment.
Materials & Methods: The Kermanshah province is located in the west of Iran and is one of the provinces that receive the most exposure to dust storms. For this investigation, four cities that are exposed to dust were selected: Sar-Pul-e-Zahab (SZ), Gilan-e-Gharb (GG), Islamabad (IA) and Kermanshah (K). For the installation of marble sediment traps in the Kermanshah province, 36 areas were selected. After collecting dust samples, particle size distribution analyses were conducted by using laser size analysis techniques. Chemical compositions were measured with the help of different techniques such as x-ray fluorescence and x-ray diffraction.
Findings: The results showed that the sizes of dust particles varied from 0.0004 to 112 microns, putting them in the range of clay and silt. The particle size in Gilan-e-Gharb was 0.04 to 0.45, Sar-Pul-e-Zahab was 0.04 to 112, Kermanshah 0.04 to 90 and Islamabad 0.0004 to 10 microns. The mineralogical composition of the dust particles mainly constituted quartz, calcite, muscovite, plagioclase feldspar, dolomite and vermiculite. X-ray spectroscopy studies on the dust particles generally showed the presence of aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), silicon oxide (SiO₂), calcium oxide (CaO), iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), strontium oxide (SrO) and zinc oxide (ZnO).
Conclusion: In total, the results of this research work show that SrO, ZnO, silicon, aluminum, calcite, iron and their mineralogical compositions are the main oxides and elements in the dust of the Kermanshah province. Furthermore, the predominance of particle sizes in the range of clay and silt suggests that particles have been transmitted from medium to far distances alongside hinting at a similarity in their sources.

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The present study, as a research in the field of language and gender, aimed at investigating the Persian spoken by women in Kermanshah city based on Lakoff’s dominance approach. Research in the field of language and gender began by Robin Lakoff (1973, 1975). She postulated that the language of women is different from men. According to her, women have a tendency to use the linguistic features that reflect and reinforce a subordinate role in society’s power structure. These linguistic features include "hedges", "indirect requests", "tag questions", "fillers", "and empty adjectives “and” up talk". She further suggested that women use "super polite forms" and have a "poorer sense of humor" than men. The purpose of this study was to investigate, describe and categorize the specific features in women’s speech. It further analyzed the impact of age on the frequency of using these speech features. The data of the present study were collected using questionnaires and interviews from 90 urban middle-class Persian-speaking women of Kermanshah in three different age groups with diploma or no academic degree. The authors of this study, in addition to examining the language of Kermanshahi women in line with Lakoff’s approach and explaining them based on "Freud's defense mechanism theory", succeeded to add several other features based on the science of psychology. These new and innovative speech features which were pointed out in the present study are: "childlike speech and tone", "stretched sounds", "histrionic language", "avoidant language", and "animism". The research findings were analyzed quantitatively using chi-square test, and qualitatively adopting the framework of Freud's defense mechanisms theory. The findings of the study demonstrate that age creates a significant difference in the frequency of using most of these speech features. Save for the two features of "rising tone in statements" and "tag questions", all the other features of Lakoff's approach and the features discovered by the researchers exist in women's speech, with different frequencies though, and can be generalizable to the population at large.
The table below presents both group of features of women’s language by Lakoff and the authors:
 
Features of the Persian language spoken women (Kermanshahi)

Features included in Lakoff's approach	Features Discovered by Researchers
Hedging	Childlike speech and tone
Color terms	Stretched sound
Empty adjectives	Avoidant language
Super polite forms	Histrionic of choice
Weak quantifiers	Animism
Expletives
Empathic stress

 
 

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Minthodes oramanatae Gilasian & Ziegler sp. nov. is described as new to science from western province of Kermanshah, Iran. This species is separated from other Minthodes species by its shiny black abdomen, narrow frons, long postpedicel, presence of basal scutellar marginal setae, short petiole of wing cell r₄₊₅ and absence of marginal setae on abdominal tergite 2. Photographs of the male habitus and terminalia are given. The comparison of the morphological characters of M. oramanatae Gilasian & Ziegler sp. nov. with its closely related species M. atra (Kugler, 1971) and M. rossica (Mesnil, 1963) is provided. Photographs of the habitus and male terminalia of M. atra are presented for the first time. The identification key to the Iranian Minthodes species is provided.

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This study was conducted in order to determine the situation and position of Jetstream in the west of Iran and its speed during the rainy synoptic systems in land surface. Therefore, rainfall data of sven synoptic stations in Ilam and Kermanshah provinces during the 1990s, and 60 systems were selected and of the accessible systems the maps 54 were analyzed. The required analyses were carried out by assessing maps on two days before precipitation, beginning of the precipitation day and the days of maximum precipitation. The results showed that Jetstream tracks had anticyclonic curve two days before precipitation which acquire cyclonic curve on the beginning of of precipitation day and the days of maximum precipitation. The value of the Jetstreams meridian gradient is much more, on the days of maximum precipitation than the other days and falls to the minimum rate on the days before precipitation. Jetstream cores were spread on two days before precipitation too which were concentrated in two areas on the beginning and on the maximum precipitation days. The first area was placed in 25-30° north latitude and 32.5-42.5° east longitude (Northern Red Sea) and the second area in 35-39° north latitude and 45-50° north longitude (Southeastern Caspian Sea). There was no linear correlation between Jetstream cores velocity and the volume of system precipitation, because of the effect of many factors on the amount of the systems, precipitation amount. The maximum effect of Jetstream in the studied area was when the Jetstream in the upper levels of troposphere (200 hp) was place of in the south of the lower levels of the Jetstream (300 hp), so that the Jetstream in the lower levels of troposphere was closer to the studied area.

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Aims: The availability of precipitation data plays an important role in many meteorological, hydrological and applications.
Materials & Methods: In this study, to improve precipitation maps and increase the accuracy of precipitation maps, linear regression, multivariate, and Kriging subsets were used. The data from 14 meteorological stations and IMERG images in the period of 20 years (2001 to 2020), digital elevation model, Latitude and Longitude maps were used. At first, based on regression in Minitab software, the relationship between air and ground parameters was taken. Finally, with the interpolation methods and based on the error coefficients, the best equations for predicting precipitation were determined and the spatial distribution of precipitation was obtained.
Findings: According to the results, six out of 13 models were selected because of low RMSE and high R², R, and NS. In regression models where only one climatic or edaphic parameter was used, forecast accuracy was reduced. But in the models that were used in the regression elevation, Longitude, Latitude and IMERG parameters in combination with interpolation methods, the extracted data matched the real data with a slight difference. In this study, instead of the average of the input parameters, the maps of each parameter were used, increasing the accuracy of the forecast model to R²=0.8.
Conclusion: results showed that combining satellite precipitation products with interpolation methods led to a more accurate estimate of precipitation in the points without recording data will be precipitated and the multivariate regression method will be more accurate than the linear gradient.

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Popular beliefs in Kermanshah province, especially among the Kurds living in this province, are special, untouched and related to mythological thoughts. In this essay, the author has investigated and analyzed the marriage rituals in the Sanjabi, Kalhor and Goran. Among the many marriage rituals in the mentioned clans, courtship rituals, holding a wedding on a odd day, the presence of a woman named Pākahsūr, the bride's red dress and bread and salt with her, the magic of the knot, the presence of male elements in the symbolic affairs of the wedding, dance and music . According to the research, matchmaking in the mentioned clans is mostly in the form of the girl's family leading the way, which is reminiscent of marriage in matrilineal periods. The woman who is referred to as Pākahsūr has the key role of the goddess Ašī. Holding weddings on odd days of week is related to sacredness of one, three and seven in mythology. The red color of the wedding dress has mythological meaning and shows life, and bread and salt with her is related to the concept of Farrah. The magic of the knot, which is more commonly referred to as tying the groom, is a kind of imitative magic, and the strong role of male elements in the wedding is in connection with fire and the symbolic concept of the stove. The Kurdish music and dance (Halaparkī) is basically a repetition of the rituals of honoring the land and related to the agricultural era.
 

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The aim of this study is to identify the tracking and origin of the arriving precipitation systems to the region under study and to count the frequencies of these systems. For this purpose, the rainfall data of seven stations of two provinces (Kermanshah and Ilam) were investigated during a 10 years period (1990-99). Therefore, 80 systems were selected. Then, surface level maps and 500Hp of 68 available systems were studied. The analysis was carried out over the central cyclonic of the surface level maps in the 6 hour cycles and upper-level low trough axis level of 500Hp in the 12 hour cycles. The results of indicated that majority of the systems with precipitation for the region were Sudanese systems. Moreover, only the Sudanese systems had more than 300mm precipitation. On the second level of significance were the compo (Mediterranean-Sudanese) systems. The most important compound area of compo systems is the east Mediterranean at the longitude of 33°-36° Eastern and the latitude of 30°-35° Northern. The Mediterranean systems mostly originate from the Adriatic Sea and the central Mediterranean and normally move towards east along the latitude of 35°. So, Monsoon systems bring about precipitation for the target areas at the end of spring and summer during their intensification. Normally, in most of the rainy days, positions of the Mediterranean long wave axis locate at the east of the Mediterranean to the north of the Red Sea (longitude 30°E-40°E). Morever, there is no direct relation between the deepening, of the end of the trough axis and the rate of precipitation.