---

This study investigates the integration of post-humanist pedagogies in e-learning for English language teaching (ELT) through the perspectives of Indonesian doctoral students. Post-humanist principles, emphasizing interconnectedness and collaboration, are explored within digital language education contexts. Conducted at Universitas Negeri Malang, the study employed a sequential mixed-methods approach involving 28 participants. Data collection included closed-ended questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, focusing on three key dimensions: relationality, agency and autonomy, and multiplicity and diversity. Findings underscored the preference for collaborative digital learning environments, highlighting peer interaction and the role of adaptive technology in fostering personalized instruction and learner autonomy. The participants also emphasized the importance of integrating sustainability-focused content in language courses to promote ecological awareness. This research advocates for the transformative potential of post-humanist pedagogies in enhancing inclusive, learner-centered language learning experiences that support linguistic diversity and intercultural understanding. Future studies should explore the scalability and socio-political implications of these pedagogical approaches across diverse educational settings to address broader societal challenges and promote equitable education practices.

---

Supply chain Integration importance leads to this believe that some scholars express that the whole concept of supply chain management is derived from integration. Providing the basis for creation and effective continuation of supply chain management requires the recognition of main factors affecting the integration. Studies reveal that the organizations with higher levels of social capital are more successful than their rivals. So, the purpose of this study is to surveying Social Capital Influence on Supply Chain Integration. Considering the purpose, this study is applied research, and based on its research methodology, it is a correlation descriptive, and it is specifically based on the structural equation models. The population consisted of 435 organizations in food industry of Fars province in Iran, and via employing stratified sampling, 124 executives related to supply chain management were selected and the questionnaires were distributed and collected data were analyzed. This model suggests that five factors influence Supply Chain Integration, and the purpose of the research was to investigate the influence of social capital on these factors. The results indicated that the social capital has positive and direct relation with integration, communication pattern, trust and commitment and has no direct relation with power and attitude.  

---

Taking advantage of geometry has been always a current base in Iranian traditional architecture for accommodate survey among form, stability and coordination. Recognition of components’ geometrical behavior along organic :union: making’s direction among skeleton, space and background systems causes integrated feedback formation among effective elements in collection’s stability. Based on existing geometrical limitations in their structures and coordination, Iranian girih as modular units are capable of developing in x and y axes by considering visual values and actionable efficiency. According to controlled process of Iranian girih s’ structure in mentioned axes, transferring this discipline in z axis for -3dimensional action’s maintenance of structure collection is also discussed. So, firstly current article has considered usage method of girih geometry productive parameters by Grasshopper graphical coding software, and then resulting collection of various forms from girih geometry is introduced as a population of analyzable genes by genetic algorithm method. Thereby, supports’ optimized location is developed by -3dimentional action among components for reaching an efficient form of girih’s geometry. Adapted to survey, prevalent population of introduced genes collections is selected after simultaneously analysis of form and mechanism by Karamba addition and the most optimized status of supports’ location is selected in circumstances that structure’s components has the minimum stress. Then, the optimized state and organized sample in supports’ location are considered to explore about resulting behavior in both states toward load transferring to case foundation. According to this study results, it can be concluded that by defining certain legislations, geographical mechanism of Iranian girih causes an integrated behavior’s controlling and multi-dimensional action among quality parameters such as cladding structures’ designing and quantity parameters such as proper behavior toward forces. This coordinating feedback between architecture and structure in supports’ optimized location which results from genetic algorithm method, decreases stress in structures’ components and also maximizes structure’s stability besides economic advantage in used materials. So, firstly current article has considered usage method of girih geometry productive parameters by Grasshopper graphical coding software, and then resulting collection of various forms from girih geometry is introduced as a population of analyzable genes by genetic algorithm method. Thereby, supports’ optimized location is developed by -3dimentional action among components for reaching an efficient form of girih’s geometry. Adapted to survey, prevalent population of introduced genes collections is selected after simultaneously analysis of form and mechanism by Karamba addition and the most optimized status of supports’ location is selected in circumstances that structure’s components has the minimum stress. Then, the optimized state and organized sample in supports’ location are considered to explore about resulting behavior in both states toward load transferring to case foundation. According to this study results, it can be concluded that by defining certain legislations, geographical mechanism of Iranian girih causes an integrated behavior’s controlling and multi-dimensional action among quality parameters such as cladding structures’ designing and quantity parameters such as proper behavior toward forces. Based on existing geometrical limitations in their structures and coordination, Iranian girih as modular units are capable of developing in x and y axes by considering visual values and actionable efficiency. According to controlled process of Iranian girih s’ structure in mentioned axes, transferring this discipline in z axis for -3dimensional action’s maintenance of structure collection is also discussed. So, firstly current article has considered usage method of girih geometry productive parameters by Grasshopper graphical coding software, and then resulting collection of various forms from girih geometry is introduced as a population of analyzable genes by genetic algorithm method. Thereby, supports’ optimized location is developed by -3dimentional action among components for reaching an efficient form of girih’sgeometry. Adapted to survey, prevalent population of introduced genes collections is selected after simultaneously analysis of form and mechanism by Karamba addition and the most optimized status of supports’ location is selected in circumstances that structure’s components has the minimum stress. Then, the optimized state and organized sample in supports’ location are considered to explore about resulting behavior in both states toward load transferring to case foundation. According to controlled process of Iranian girih s’ structure in mentioned axes, transferring this discipline in z axis for -3dimensional action’s maintenance of structure collection is also discussed. So, firstly current article has considered usage method of girih geometry productive parameters by Grasshopper graphical coding software, and then resulting collection of various forms from girih geometry is introduced as a population of analyzable genes by genetic algorithm method. Thereby, supports’ optimized location is developed by -3dimentional action among components for reaching an efficient form of girih’s geometry. Adapted to survey, prevalent population of introduced genes collections is selected after simultaneously analysis of form and mechanism by Karamba addition and the most optimized status of supports’ location is selected in circumstances that structure’s components has the minimum stress. Then, the optimized state and organized sample in supports’ location are considered to explore about resulting behavior in both states toward load transferring to case foundation. According to controlled process of Iranian girih s’ structure in mentioned axes, transferring this discipline in z axis for -3dimensional action’s maintenance of structure collection is also discussed. So, firstly current article has considered usage method of girih geometry productive parameters by Grasshopper graphical coding software, and then resulting collection of various forms from girih geometry is introduced as a population of analyzable genes by genetic algorithm method. Thereby, supports’ optimized location is developed by -3dimentional action among components.

---

A method for spatial analysis in architecture and urban planning for more than three decades, which has been widely used in graph theory, is the method of analyzing convex space. In contrast, one of the methods of this theory, which is less used in architectural analysis, is the analysis of the intersection point. Although the intersection point method has several potential advantages to old methods in graph theory, there has not been a convincing comparison between this method and other methods.
An analysis of the convex space for each plan yields useful information for qualitative visual analysis. The visual analysis allows researchers to quickly identify the spatial structure of a plan and locate important functional spaces in relation to each other. For this purpose, a graph is usually drawn, that a single room or outer point is considered as the root of the graph. Such a graph is called the justified plan graph (JPG). A justified plan graph based on the type of spatial structure of the plan is divided into two sets, if the graph is deep, it is like a tree, if the graph is shallow, it is like a bush. Another common structure found in JPGs is the root-like spatial relationship, which is often seen in circular or looped plans. Root graphs have a very high flexibility or permeability in the building.
Convex space analysis requires simplification of the plan in the form of a set of convex spaces called in the graph as nodes. There are several procedures for this process, which are presented in three stages.
In the first stage, the rooms with four walls, the bedrooms or bathrooms, are defined as convex space. This is the first set of convex spaces that introduces spaces that there is no visual ambiguity in their convexity. According to the contract, convex spaces of a dimension smaller than 300 mm are included in the largest contiguous space adjacent.
The second stage relates to non-convex spaces that are L-shaped or T-shaped. These rooms are divided in such a way that the least number of convex spaces with room function is created. If, after division, the spaces have not the primary function, they must divide so that the convex spaces produced have the lowest ratio of the perimeter to the area. According to Hiller and Hanson’s view, convex space contains the smallest and fattest space. These kind of spaces are more circular and therefore have less ratio of the perimeter to the area.
In the final stage, the division of other spaces that are not convex is done according to the previous step.
After these steps, the convex map is ready to enter the Depthmap software. In this software, convex space tools are used to draw spaces and create graph nodes. Then the linking tool is used to add graph edges. The Depthmap software calculates the dimension of the graph theory for use in future analyzes.
Although the speed of the convex map production process is a significant advantage for some studies, it may not accurately analyze the location of a more precise points of the plan. For this purpose, an alternative process is needed to summarize the plan and convert it into a graph. This method, called visibility graph, is applied to a grid that is placed on the plan so that each square of the grid represents a node of the graph. Graph edges connect both squares that are able to see each other. Thus, a straight line from the center of each square of the network is drawn to the center of each other visible square. This method is also an efficient method, but only when computer software is used. A kind of interaction between these two techniques - the visibility and convex space - is seen in another rarely used method. This method is called intersection analysis method in a axial map.
The process used in this paper to produce axial maps is a protocol for linking multiple classes in which the axial lines are defined as the lines of movement instead of the lines of vision. In this way, a line may begin from a point in a floor, move horizontally down the floor, and then go to the end of the floor, without passing through the stairs, but there is not necessarily a visual connection between the two ends of the lines.
The first stage of the production of the intersection map begins with the identification of the points where the two main lines are interrupted and marked on the map with a circle. Then the file containing the axial map and the intersection points is ready to enter the software. The Depthmap software does not have a preset tool for analyzing intersection points. Therefore, using the convex space tool, each intersection point is considered as a node of the graph as a convex space, and it is manually connected to all points. Each node must be connected with at least two lines and connected directly to each node on which two lines are located. After adding all the connections, the software will be able to calculate the theoretical dimensions of the graph.
The "endpoint" method is a kind of intersection point method that examines the end of each axial lines. To do this, a straight line from the end of each line should be drawn to all the planar visible vertexes. If all of these vertexes are visible from intersection points, the end of the line does not have a unique surveillance feature and is considered an invalid location for the endpoint. Otherwise, the two ends of the axial lines become nodes in the intersection of the graph. For these endpoints, a new node in the software is mapped. After adding all the connections, the software is able to perform the relevant calculations.
In this research, three samples of Kashan's houses are analyzed with convex space analysis method and their results are compared with the analysis of the intersection point. For each of these three houses, first, the convex space analysis is done and the mathematical results are calculated. When map is converted to graph For mathematical analysis of the relationship between intersections, the paths in the original axial map are reversed. During the inversion process, two intersection point graphs can be generated, one that is entirely focused on the position of the intersection points (called the intersection point graph), and the other contains stubs with unique surveillance features (A type of intersection point graph that is called the end node graph). From these two graphs, the intersection point of mathematical values is extracted which can be compared with the results of the convex space analysis. Through these processes, the weaknesses and relative strengths of these three methods are determined for the first time.
The result shows that the intersection point method is more effective in identifying the concept of space from the perspective of movement and routing than the convex space method, and also the inclusion or non-inclusion of stubs have a tangible effect on the integration values. Finally, it can be said that the present research, while mainly applying and evaluating the two methods of graph theory analysis, briefly describes examples of the valuable traditional architecture of Kashan.

---

The effect of the changing age distribution on national saving is estimated empirically in this paper. We have specified a saving function based on Ando – Modigliani’s Life Cycle Hypothesis which incorporates the portion of population in 11 different age groups to represent the age structure of the population. Auto_ Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Model estimation technique is based derived from the ARDL model. An Error Correction Model (ECM) of national saving behavior in also constructed and estimated in order to reveal the short run dynamic adjustments of saving towards its long run equilibrium. Data used in the estimation process are time series data within the period 1345 and 1383. Data are tested for stationary and co-integration estimation technique in used for estimating the coefficients of the model. The results indicate that the age distribution in an influential factor an saving behavior of the population. A relative population increase in the age group of 15-24 and 55- and over, tends to lower national saving, while a relative increase in population within the age group of 25-29, 30-34, … and 50-54 has a positive impact on national saving. These in the age group of 35-39 and 40-44 have the highest saving rate.

---

In this research , the effect of Iran’s government’s expenditures on private sector’s investment during the period between 1971 to 2005 has been investigated . The results of the Cointegration vectors derived from the johansen method indicates that government investment expenditures have complimentary effects on the private investment expenditures while the government consumption expenditures have competing effects

---

One of the best strategies to obtain competitive advantage and reduce the failure rate of new product development is product co-development. Knowledge-intensive organization required to receive new idea and knowledge to produce product and service according to market, because their nature based of innovation and knowledge. So this firms rely to open innovation and building collaboration network with external partners in order to access new knowledge and technologies, therefore for using the internal and external knowledge in product development process, firms should be promote its knowledge integration capability. The aim of this research is effect of knowledge integration capability on product co-development with mediating open innovation. Data has been gathered using questionnaire in 70 knowledge-intensive institutions in Guilan Science and Technology Park. Data analyze via Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)-PLS. The results showed that the KIC indirectly has positive and significantly effect on product co-development through OI but directly no effect. Moreover, KIC has positive and significantly effect on OI and, OI has positive and significantly effect on product co-development.

---

Iran plans to export natural gas (NG) to Western Europe using a system of pipelines running through Iran, Turkey, and Western Europe. International gas pricing is usually undertaken through negotiations between buyers and sellers on a bilateral basis. Currently, Russia is the only exporter of gas from the Former Soviet region. So, Russia competes strongly with Iran to export NG to Western Europe. This paper develops a bargaining model to study natural gas pricing and analyze competition between Iran and Russia as gas suppliers to Western Europe. In this model, it is assumed that NG pricing is usually linked to the prices of alternative fuels as competing energy sources. Therefore, in light of previous evidence, it is reasonable to consider that there is a long-run relationship between NG price and price of alternative fuels. Initially, a regression model is specified to investigate unlagged relationship among variables. This relationship is estimated using the Johansen cointegration technique and then we forecast margins of the Iranian NG price. Finally, a VECM model is identified and used to forecast the lower and upper bounds of future NG price.

---

In this paper a macroeconomic approach is derived to develop a long run electricity demand model to analyze the main factors affecting electricity demand in the Islamic Republic of Iran. According to the definition of a demand function, electricity demand, in general, is determined by some main factors including gross domestic product (GDP), prices, etc. This paper, by analyzing the specific political and economical conditions in the Iran, introduces electricity intensity and a dummy variable WAR into the electricity demand forecasting model. A binary dummy variable, WAR is applied to correct the model (between the years 1980-1988 during the Iran and Iraq war). In this study, two popular econometric techniques namely unit root test and cointegration model is derived for modeling the electricity demand. Cointegration is established between kWh and, respectively, GDP, electricity price, electricity intensity, and WAR as a dummy variable. The results show that although GDP is still the most important factor for electricity demand, electricity demand is negatively related to efficiency improvement and tariffs in Iran.

---

This paper investigates the determinants of private investment in Iran over the period of 1382-2004. First, the variables are tested for unit root and then the long run private investment equation is estimated using cointegration technique. The variables considered in the model include GDP, government investment, inflation, infrastructure and institutions such as rules and regulations, property rights, corruption and social Securities. The results indicate that GDP and infrastructure positively affect private investment while the institution factors such as rules and regulations, property rights, social securities and corruptions negatively affect private investment.

---

Understanding the different aspects of the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth can outstandingly help to adopt appropriate policies in energy sector. Structural breaks and regime shifts may affect the above relationship. Therefore, it is important to consider structural breaks and regime shifts in empirical analysis. In this paper, the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is analyzed in the presence of structural breaks. The empirical models are specified and estimated using Iran's time series data during 1967- 2005 period. To this end, unit root tests proposed by Zivot and Andrews (1992) are first used to identify structural breaks found endogenously and then the Gregory-Hansen cointegration test, which allows strctural breaks in time series, is employed to estimate the long-run relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. The results show that in the long run, there is a positive and significant relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Iran.

---

There are many factors affecting economic growth. Based on the literature, the effects of these factors such as higher education are mainly examined using endogenous economic growth theories. Various theoretical models are used to estimate the relation among variables affecting economic growth. This paper investigates the effects of higher education human capital on the economic growth in Iran using the endogenous growth models. The specified model includes human capital, physical investment and foreign debt which are identified as the main determinants of economic growth in Iran. Two dummy variables are included in the model in order to represent the effects of Islamic revolution and imposed war. The Johnson five steps approach is employed to estimate the empirical model. The results confirm that higher education human capital has a relatively large and statistically significant effect on the economic growth in Iran. It is found that the growth elasticity of higher education human capital is larger than the growth impact of physical capital investment. So, in order to obtain a high rate of economic growth in the country, investment in higher education human capital must be increased. Moreover, based on the findings, it is recommended that the investment should be made using domestic saving instead of financing abroad.

---

The increasing importance of knowledge in economies has led to the knowledge-based economy. In fact, in this type of economy, the accumulation of science and knowledge from research and development has led to an increase in the rate of return on research and development projects and plays a significant role in creating wealth for a country. Accordingly, the main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationship between knowledge Economy Index (KEI) and Gross Domestic production (GDP) for Iran’s Economy over the past 20 years. Therefore, the relation between knowledge Economy Index and GDP growth in 1996 to 2017 in Iran’s economy through The Johansen test has been investigated. Results confirm a long-run relation between KEI and GDP growth during the studied period. Considering the significant contribution of knowledge-based economy to GDP growth, it seems it is necessary to pay attention to constructive variables of the s knowledge Economy and the production of knowledge-based products for Iran’s economy. Regarding this result, policymaking for promoting knowledge-based economy should be concerned.

---

Aim: New technology has already changed our interpretation of Persian house. Theory of integration in the high-performance architecture theory shows that the different elements of Iranian house enjoy unity, despite their differences. The research aims to study the most important elements of Persian house based on Islamic-Iranian life style based on a holistic approach.
Methods: The purposive sampling method is developed among the case from the central parts of Iran such as Isfahan, Kashan, Yazd and Ardakan; in order to calculate the area, the module and the period of building the house. Research tool was scientific documentation and survey. The data analysis is based on descriptive-analytical understanding of mathematical space syntax.
Findings: Comparison of the principles considered in the selected samples by the syntactic tools of space, showed that these principles always exist in the spatial structure of Iranian housing. Furthermore, the results of the research emphasize on the high-performance architecture theory principles such as: 1- hierarchy, 2- privacy, 3- transparency and 4- centralization.
Conclusion: The spatial structure of Persian house and Iranian housing is a manifestation of the theory of integration, which is arranges around a central courtyard. The essence of Persian house is depending on the climate as an influential factor, shows different appearance. The Persian house is a technologic-climatic interpretation of Iranian-Islamic lifestyle.

---

The convergence process and the advantages involved for less developed and developing countries, especially those located in the MENA region is of a great importance in economic studies. Through expanding regional co-operations and playing a wider role in the economies of the member states, it can prepare a suitable ground for growing regional markets and positive international economic reactions and finally can result into total development of the region. This article, using time series model is aiming at testing the convergence hypothesis in MENA region (15 countries) during 1980-2008. For analyzing time series model, we used Augmented Dicky Fuller test, Zivot & Andrews (with the endogenous time break) unit root test, Im, Pesaran & Shin and also Levin, Lin & Chu unit root panel data tests. The results of time series model with ADF and ZA tests show that there are two groups of convergence among the selected MENA countries. The first one is those countries which are converging from the low per capita income up to the average per capita income of the selected countries. The second one is the countries which are converging from the high per capita income down to the average of the region. The rest have diverged from the average per capita income during the period. According to Im, Pesaran & Shin and also Levin, Lin & Chu unit root tests, the convergence hypothesis of per capita income to average, is accepted for the whole sample. Altogether, the selected countries are minimizing the gap between their per capita income and the average per capita income of the region.

---

Economic convergence can be considered as one of the practical reactions of the countries to globalization process. Thus, selecting a :union: or regional trade group is one of the important goals in economic planning. Studying international business cycles and their transfer from one country to another can have a great impact on regional cooperation. Investigating the relationship between trade and business cycles can also offer a proper analysis of regional integration. In this paper, such convergence is studied after Iran’s presence in Shanghai Group as an observer member and efforts which are made to join it. Econometric method and generalized gravity model for the years 1996-2009 are used to find out if there is any business convergence between Iran and member states of Shanghai Group and if synchronization of business cycles is effective to business convergence. It has been revealed that there is no business convergence between Iran and member states of Shanghai and the business relations are divergent as well. It is also found out that there is a negative and significant relationship between synchronization of business cycles and convergence (divergence) of these countries.

---

There have been few studies working on effects of financial repression policies on Iran’s economic growth. Considering the huge share of agricultural sector, we have been trying to fill this gap by the help of time series data from 1962 to 2007 on agricultural GDP, unproductive government expenditure, human capital, industrial price index, political instability, and financial repression measures. Results show that controlling the bank reserve requirement ratio as a proxy for financial repression has negative effect on economic growth of agricultural sector. This indicates that reducing controls on this parameter will help government to achieve higher rate of growth.

---

Abstract: this paper aims at an examination of Alireza Rowshan's poems based on the Conceptual Blending Theory put forth by Fauconnier and Turner (2002), investigating their semantics structure by drawing on the conceptual means the theory provides, and thus classifying his poems into a couple of stylistic categories. This is conducted through a qualitative research method, in a descriptive and analytic manner, so that, first, four select typical poems are explored throughout using the conceptual means provided by the Blending Theory, such as integration networks, blends, vital relations and so on, and, then, the resultant outcomes get extrapolated statistically into the rest of the poems contained within two of his most famous collections. In the process, according to the application of the foregoing conceptual means, Rowshan's poems turn out to be clearly and systematically classified into four major groups in terms of their semantic structure, while the details of each of these semantic structures are formulated through the conceptual means of the foresaid theory. What comes about through this analysis reveals that, by applying the newly emerging linguistic theories to the analysis of literary works, it is possible to enhance the conducted analyses in precision and order, thus advancing literary criticism one step further.


1. Introduction
 This paper aims at an examination of Alireza Rowshan's poems within the framework of the Conceptual Blending Theory put forth by Fauconnier and Turner (2002). It tries to investigate the semantics structure of these poems by drawing on the conceptual means the Blending theory provides, and thus to reach a classification of his poems into a couple of stylistic categories. Conceptual Blending Theory was originally proposed as a means to describe and explain meaning construction in ordinary language. Nevertheless, since the process of sense making constitutes one of the main characteristics of human beings in every domain, literature among many others, the mental operations Blending Theory proposes apply to all human activity, including literary texts. The same can be said in the case of Blank Verse poetry, as the main task in creating (and understanding) such poetry revolves around the analysis of complex semantic structures lying behind its form, usually composed of two or more clashing input mental spaces, giving creativity to it. The current research wishes to answer one main question: is it possible to make use of new linguistic theories (here Cognitive Linguistics) for an increase in the precision, clarity and systematicity of analyzing literary works, and if so, how? Our Hypothesis is that this is practical. In order to answer this question, we have selected two collections of the contemporary Persian Blank-Verse poet Alireza Rowshan, trying to scrutinize the semantic structure of them with the help of the conceptual means contained with the Blending Theory, and thus arriving at overall generalizations as to their semantic features and the way they are created by the author. Finally, we try to classify these poems stylistically on the basis of the Blending Theory means.

2. Materials and Methods
 following a qualitative methodology and in an analytic-descriptive manner, first, four select typical poems are throughly explored using the conceptual means provided by the Blending Theory, such as integration networks, blends, vital relations and so on, and, then, the resultant outcomes get extrapolated statistically into the rest of the poems contained within two of his most famous collections, namely, The Book of Ain't and Riveted by. We have built upon these two collections, as they contain the poet's short, minimalist poems.

3. Results and Discussion
An application of the five-fold dimensions of the Blending Theory, including Constituting Principles, typology of Integration Networks, Classification of Blends, Vital Relations and Optimality Principles or Governing Principles, in the case of Alireza Rowshan's poems demonstrates that this theory, because of its rich conceptual tools for describing the process of meaning construction, is most capable of explaining the creation of the mentioned pieces, as well as assessing them in a rigorous, quantificational manner, implying thus a good ability for the systematic criticism and examination of literary works in general. As a result, Rowshan's poems turn out to be clearly and systematically classified into four major groups in terms of their semantic structure, while the details of each of these semantic structures are formulated through the conceptual means of the Blending theory.
As it turns out, stylistic features of the semantic structure of Alireza Rowhan's poems in terms of the conceptual tools of the Blending Theory may be identified across four axes: 1) typology of the blends used in the semantic structure, which are mostly simple; 2) integration networks, which are mostly simple in his poems; 3) vital relations, which are mostly role and value, then, analogy and part-whole, all of which finally are compressed to uniqueness. 4) emergent structure, which are typically not very creative, but have s strong emotional impact. As for vital relations, it is to be noted that, through this analysis, a new vital relation has come to be identify which has not been referred to in the literature, and that is intertextuality. This is one of the new findings of this article.

4. Conclusion
What comes about through this analysis reveals that, by applying the newly emerging linguistic theories to the analysis of literary works, it is possible to enhance the conducted analyses in precision and order, thus advancing literary criticism one step further. Thus, the question we raised at the beginning of our work (the possibility for new linguistic theories to be used in literature) is answered affirmatively.
 

---

In oil-abundant countries, oil revenues, due to various reasons such as mismanagement, can influence the economic and social conditions and hinder development. This paper examines the relationship between oil revenues and social capital in Iran during 1976-2007. To do this, the Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) approach and bound testing approach for co-integration are used to analyze data and estimate the model. The results indicate that oil revenues as an indicator for abundance of the natural resources have significant and negative influence on social capital. In addition, GDP per capita has positive impact on social capital in Iran.  

---

Impressive speculation has been made to carry technology to schools and these ventures have for sure brought about a large number of “examples of overcoming adversity”. Nonetheless, there is one critical gap in the instructive purposes of technology that should be addressed. Research shows that although most teachers and students tend to use these tools in teaching language skills, they refuse to do so for fear of using technology tools in the classroom; therefore, to shed light on different aspects of this critical point, the present study reviewed the possible relationship between technology use and students’ fear and anxiety in the literature. The findings of this study showed that teachers and students who have a high level of computer knowledge are less afraid of technology. The findings also showed that another factor of the language learners’ reluctance of using technology is their teachers’ beliefs about the effectiveness of these tools. The results of the present study provide suggestions for training language teachers to educational planners about a more efficient process of language teaching due to the new needs in the use of technology in English language teaching. A significant implication, thusly, is that the training and preparation of teachers and directors ought to turn into a need in creating technology-related proficient turn of events.