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Objectives: Today, the expansion of urbanization is associated with the disappearance of human activities in the space between buildings. The purpose of this research is to understand the dimensions of the connection between buildings and the city and how it is captured by the dispositive, and finally to find a way to emancipate in the form of an immanent connection.
 Method: The research is done by a qualitative method. The research paradigm is emancipation, the strategy is discourse analysis and the tactics are data collection, coding, analysis, display, explanation, and profanation.
Result : The findings indicate that the building and the city connection factors are related to each other through a hidden network in the form of three scales: the large scale includes semantic factors, the medium scale social factors, and the small scale include formal and functional-behavioral aspects. Therefore, social institutions on a medium scale, will be captured by the dispositive after constituting as they have a specific form and function, and will lose their relationship with the large scale and exist officially in the form of a formal institution, which ultimately leads increasing control and power, and further disintegration.
Conclusion: To achieve an immanent connection between the building and the city, the official institution should be disabled to reconnect the semantic scale for redefining the social institution. Also, it should be profane from whatever dispositive has been placed on the concept of institution. This is realized by the presence of non-institution in the space between the buildings

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Introduction
The subject of this research is corruption, which has been studied in 176 countries in 1996 to 2019. The problem of the this writing is that the scores of the control of corruption index in oil dependent countries are lower than non-oil dependent ones, and the variance of the control of corruption index among oil dependent countries is also significant. To explain these issues, two questions have been proposed: how the difference in corruption between oil dependent and non-oil dependent countries could be explained? How can the diversity of corruption be explained within the oil dependent countries?
Methodology & Conceptual framework
To answer this question, by adopting a unified approach, and using the theories of rentier state, neo-patrimonialism and neo-institutionalism, the research conceptual model was formulated. In response to the research questions and according to the requirements of the conceptual model, the research hypotheses were proposed in the form of four testable statements in the form of fuzzy logic. Fuzzy method was used to test research hypotheses in the field of data collection and assessment research hypotheses. Finally, the collected quantitative data was graded and the fuzzy membership was measured for every parameters. After measuring the fuzzy membership, the fuzzy relationship of these theoretical constructs was evaluated and tested in the form of individual and compound causal conditions. To theoretically explain the differences in corruption, the causal conditions of the rentier nature of the state, the quality of political institutions, the quality of economic institutions, the level of political freedom and the level of economic freedom have been used.
Results and discussion
The results of descriptive analysis show that rent dependency in the Caucasus and Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and South America is more significant in determining the variances of corruption and other parameters of the conceptual model. Also, the explanatory analysis of the results shows that rent incomes are more sufficient for systemic corruption and the low quality of political institutions is the most significant in determining the level of corruption among the 176 countries under investigation; the inefficiency of political institutions leads to systemic corruption in 90% of cases. Coverage index of Standard analysis shows the high importance of political institutions ineffectiveness for systemic corruption. So that 43% of corruption variances can be explained only through the inefficiency of political institutions. Another finding is the quality of economic institutions and economic freedoms do not control corruption alone. These factors together or by combining with one of the efficient political institutions or political freedoms are able to control corruption.

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One of the most important issues in economics is to explain the considerable differences among nations in context of economic growth and well-being. In the recent decades, a consensus among economists suggests that institutions are the main reason for mentioned differences.  If this is the case, immediately a question arises: which institutions are of the most importance in the growth and development process? So far, various classifications of institutions discuss on roles of them on economic performance. Rodrik (2005) classify institutions into four various categories; market creating institutions, market regulating institutions, market stabilizing institutions, and market legitimizing institutions. In this paper, we estimate the effect of these institutions on development by using dynamic GMM panel data method for the periods 1980-2009 and 1995-2009. The results suggest that market creating institutions and market stabilizing institutions are affecting per capita GDP, but the other institutions have no significant impact on global economic growth.

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In this article, using two criteria of rivalry and excludability, the direct production factors are classified as physical capital, human capital and technology. Based on the new theories of economic growth, essential role of human capital in innovation, adoption and application of new technologies is emphasized. Then to explain differences of economic growth across countries, institutions as the fundamental causes of economic growth are discussed. It is argued that institutions provide circumstances in which proximate causes of production are accumulated and used. Institutions signal to the economic agents to pursue productive or rent seeking activities. In this regard, paradoxical findings of empirical studies as to effects of human capital on economic growth are analyzed. Using a cross-section data, based on 10-year average of output per worker for about 90 countries over the period 2001-2010, the interaction effect of human capital and institutional quality on growth is evaluated. The main implication of the model for Iranian economy is: Notwithstanding the huge investments in human capital, which mainly financed by oil revenues, low quality of institutions has led to slow economic growth.  

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Nature and rate of technological change is defined inside technological innovation system, a concept developed out of Innovation System Approach. The main purpose of this study was to institutionally map nanotechnological innovation system of Iranian agriculture by investigating current state of hard and soft institutions regarding functions of the system. This study consisted of qualitative and quantitative phases. In the qualitative part, a thematic content analysis was used to compare the current and desired states of high level laws and documents. The quantitative phase was a descriptive survey. In the quantitative phase, the statistical population consisted of active researchers in the field of nanotechnology from agricultural national research institutes and centers, agricultural colleges, and knowledge-based companies. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s table and stratified random sampling, 405 participants were selected. After ranking functions of the system based on their importance, current and desired functional state of hard institutions were compared through paired t-test. In the qualitative phase, current state of NanoTechnological Innovation in Agricultural (NTIA) system was investigated in terms of functions of soft institutions, i.e. 23 high level documents and laws related to nanotechnology, using ATLAS.ti software. Results showed that the functional gap between soft and hard institutions of the innovation system was very deep. This trend indicated that the capacities of various operators of NTIA system were not fully used to advance nanotechnology applications in agriculture.

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Due to the necessity of commercialization of inventions created in universities and research institutions and at the same time providing necessary incentive for inventors, determining the ownership of theses inventions has attracted the attention of policy makers of intellectual property law.  Theoretically, there are four main ownership structures: 1) University ownership model, 2) Inventor ownership model 3) Joint ownership of inventor and university model 4) No ownership and entrance to public domain. In this paper, at first, we will briefly introduce these models and their application in practice. Then in order to provide a model consistent with the criteria of distributive justice, we explain three main criteria of justice. Then we investigate consistency of each model with three justice criteria. Finally due to the importance of determining the best person to commercialize the inventions, we propose a hybrid model of ownership titled "Initial ownership of university with ownership option of inventors ".

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This research explains the impact of informal institutions (corruption control) and formal institutions (number of procedures, education and entrepreneurship training and skills, access to credit and technology absorption) on entrepreneurship development in 10 in selected Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries, including Iran during 2005 – 2019. The type of study is descriptive. The present article estimates a panel data model by using the available data from international statistical institutes. Eviews and Stata14 software’s are used for the calculations. The results show that the if corruption control increases, the entrepreneurship will increase, since there is a positive and significant relationship between corruption control and formal institutions, and entrepreneurship development. Among the MENA countries, corruption control has the least impact on entrepreneurship in Iran and the highest impact in Qatar. Also, corruption control, training and skills and technology absorption have had great impacts on the entrepreneurship development.

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The rich diversity of Persian carpets is a symbol of different cultures and traditions in this country. To ensure sustainability of the Handmade Carpet Industry Knowledge and Innovation System (HCIKIS), attention should be paid to the transformative approach that pursues holistic transformation in the production and consumption systems. The present study aimed to identify Formal Transformation Institutions (FTIs), classify them into main categories, and analyze them based on the production step, approval date, institution type, and geographical area of approval. Based on the results, there were 316 Formal Institutions (FIs) in the Handmade Carpet Industry (HCI). By open coding, 372 concepts were extracted from 509 concepts derived from different FTIs. Based on the axial coding, the FIs were divided into six initial categories of “carpet authority”, “carpet sales and maintenance inside Iran”, “handmade carpet exports and imports”, “carpet production infrastructure”, “handmade carpet production”, and “sanitary-therapeutic category”. At the next step, the matrix of the main categories based on different production steps was drawn. Among the main categories, the highest frequency was related to the category of “carpet production infrastructure” and the subcategory of “financial supply of carpet”. Although there are many FIs that support production, carpet weavers, as the main people involved in production, have received minimum supports during their working years due to unawareness of supports and loan conditions.

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For many years, the international community has focused on the globalization of human rights rather than the rights of local people. But given the limited impact of international law at domestic law in countries with different cultural and religious backgrounds, the emphasis nowadays is on the necessity of localization of human rights. The challenge between national and international laws has been controversial, which in fact challenges the implementation of international human rights law at domestic level. However human rights can be localized through redefining and reinterpreting existing global norms in line with the needs of individuals themselves at very local level, and further contribute to develop human rights, at international level. This also affects the function of international rights bodies, such as UNHCR, human rights Rapporteur, and so on. This research, by using a descriptive and analytical method, investigates how exactly the human rights abuses, at local level, should be considered global? And how are different forms of human rights abuses, at the national and local levels, affecting the universal norms of human rights? The study also explains why people's participation is necessary in the process of localizing human rights, especially when decisions are taken at very global levels that are far from accessible to the people affected by them. To do this, first, a different conceptual framework for the localization of human rights, which is accepted to the international community, is elucidated. By applying this approach, along with using the methods that show the human rights needs of local people, tries to adopt a "bottom-up" approach, and analyze the possibility of producing local human rights in the international context. The findings suggest that localizing human rights, and adopting the aforementioned approach, can provide an appropriate framework for a more effective interaction between international human rights law and the realization of human rights at the local level. It helps to redefine and reflect the needs of local people with different cultural, religious and social norms, and, on the other hand, can provide an appropriate opportunity for individuals at local level to claim their rights in accordance with international standards.
 

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The present research, using the qualitative method and analytical-descriptive method, aims to performance a comparative study and explain the foundations and examples of the civil responsibility of electricity supply institutions. The findings of this research show that the civil liability of the mentioned institutions in Iran and America in the stages of production and transmission is considered as "Sovereign Acts" and in the stage of distribution among subscribers and consumers is considered as "Employee Acts"; In addition, the civil liability of the electricity supplier entities is "Contractual and Non-Contractual" in nature, and both Iranian and American legal systems consider the civil liability of the electricity supplier entity in the production phase, which is a liability based on the contract; with the difference that the basis of responsibility is different in these two legal systems; As in Iranian law, this responsibility is based on "Fault" and claimable damages resulting from the violation of contractual obligations are subject to the specification of the parties, custom or law; But in American law, the basis for establishing the contractual liability of the aforementioned entities is "Pure Liability" or liability without fault, and the liability of these entities is established solely based on the breach of obligation; Therefore, in this legal system, as soon as a breach of contractual obligations is established, regardless of the reason for the breach or fault, the obligee is responsible for compensation. In the stage of electricity distribution, in Iran's legal system, it is possible to point out the responsibility resulting from the lack of care and maintenance of the facilities and equipment for the transmission and distribution of electricity to the subscribers, as well as the responsibility resulting from negligence and failure to take preventive measures, which is the factor of "Fault" Civil liability plays a fundamental and key role for the aforementioned supplier institutions; But in the American legal system, one can find very limited cases in which civil liability can be proposed for the mentioned institutions at this stage, and basically it is very difficult to establish civil liability at this stage, and this is due to the mechanisms that exist in this country in In order to comply with electricity transmission and distribution standards, division of responsibility and the involvement of consumers and subscribers in possible damages are applied.