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Today, financial development is one of the main drivers of economic growth and development. Since developing countries are focused on the rapid expansion of economic growth, they have taken steps toward the development of financial markets. However, the consequences of financial development on environmental quality are not clear. In addition, since the emission of carbon dioxide caused by production is significantly different from the emission of carbon dioxide caused by consumption in some countries (such as China). Therefore, this article examines the impact of financial development on the consumption-based CO₂ emissions for a panel of 17 developing countries during the period of 1990-2019 with a Panel- Quantile approach. Empirical findings show that the effect of financial development on consumption-based CO₂ emissions is positive and significant in all quantiles. In addition, this study considers gross domestic product, rental rates of natural resources, trade openness, and globalization as control variables. The results of this study provide new evidence for policymakers to maintain environmental quality by focusing on the link between financial development and consumption-based CO₂ emissions.
 

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Financial markets play a vital role in supplying and facilitating the flow of funds into production and industry sectors of economy and can result into the acceleration of economic growth. Indeed, many experts believe that the development of financial markets acts as the engine for growth. The main objective of this paper is analyzing the relationships between financial market development and economic growth through focusing on Iranian economy and thirteen other countries for the period 1988-2003. In this regard in addition to the Beck and Levin model (2003), we have used three versions of Granger–Casualty approach, Cointegartion test and panel data estimation procedure. Casualty test shows that in Iran, bank and stock market size have no strong effect on economic growth despite the fact that the effect of economic growth on stock market is positive and meaningful. The results of panel data estimation revealed that in real terms, investment and labor force, positively and strongly affect economic growth. In the money sector, the effects of banking system are statistically acceptable, although the positive effect of stock market is not statistically acceptable. The absence of Long–run co integration relation between financial markets and economic growth for the period 1976-2003 is the result of Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Estimation. In sum, the long – run relation between money market and economic growth is negative and this true for the Iranian economy.

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Achieving a high and sustainable economic growth has always been the main target of economic plans in different countries. Proving a positive relationship between financial development and economic growth by many studies has convinced the researchers to study the effective factors on the growth and development of financial markets. Inflation is one of the main factors that have a great impact on the countries’ financial development. So, the focus in the studies has mainly been on explaining the form of relationship between inflation and financial development. In this paper, the relationship between inflation and financial market development in Iran during 1978 to 2007 for the money market and during the summer of 1999 to spring of 2008 for the capital market has been reviewed. Econometric model of this research has been specified according to Boyd, Levine and Smith model (2001). Firstly, a simple linear model is used for controlling other economic factors that may be correlated with financial market performance. Then, a threshold regression is handled for explaining the nonlinear relationship between inflation and financial market development. In this model, different thresholds that limit inflation are considered. Conditional least squares method (CLS), is applied for estimating the model. The threshold limit for inflation has been determined based on the minimum error sum of squared criterion. The results of the estimated model indicate that a negative relationship between inflation and financial development indexes of money market. This positive relationship also exists between inflation and stock market development indexes. In the same way, the output of the estimated models has shown that in the some domain of inflation, the negative relationship between inflation and financial development indexes of money market is not significant.  In addition, the results of the estimated models revealed that there is no a threshold limit for the impact of inflation on the stock market.  

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Introduction: 

The return of the stock market is affected by several factors; although some of which are not economic, they strongly affect the financial markets. The Covid-19 epidemic is also among these factors that has severely affected the global economy, empathetically the financial markets. Therefore, considering the importance of this epidemic in the stock market, the current study evaluates the effects of the Covid-19 epidemic crisis on the stock return index of the financial markets of China, America, and France; besides, it examines its spillover effects on Iran. To investigate the contagion of turbulence and the direction of spillover from the mentioned countries to Iran, the weekly data of the stock return index available on the websites of the Iranian Stock Exchange have been used. Moreover, the stock exchange of foreign countries during two periods: before the outbreak of the Covid-19 epidemic (January 2018 to December 2019) and the time of the outbreak of the Covid-19 epidemic (January 2020 to December 2021) have been examined. Then Oxmetrics software was used to check the conditional correlation, and SPSS software was used to measure the stationarity and unconditional correlation.
Methodology:
The present research evaluates the spillover effects of the covid-19 epidemic on the stock return index of the financial markets of China, America, and France and examines the mutual relationship between the aforementioned countries and Iran using the weekly stock return data of Iran and foreign countries. It has been analyzed using (DCC-GARCH) and (CCC-GARCH) models.
Results and Discussion:

In this article, αii represents the effects of arch in each of the variables' past period turbulences, and αij represents the effects of the shock of variable i on the current shock of variable j. This spillover effect is calculated as the square of the residuals arising from the forecasted yield patterns. Garch effects are considered as βii. In other words, βii shows the stability of the shock in each of the series.

 ρij also expresses the conditional correlation between two variables, which provides a representation of their simultaneous movement. Of course, both terms αij and β can indicate the overflow between indicators, because the shock overflow effect is determined by non-diagonal values. In the constant conditional correlation model, coefficients αii and βii are significant. In other words, they represent the amount of shock transmission in the conditional shocks of countries' returns.

Conclusion:

The results indicate that in the post-epidemic period, the Iranian stock market experienced a decrease in stock returns, which can be caused by factors such as the imposition of sanctions and the stagnation of economic activities in addition to the spread of Covid-19. Also, the collapse of the Iranian stock market, which occurred in August 2019, led to the confusion and pessimism of more and more investors and finally led to the withdrawal of capital from the stock market. In such an uncertain and chaotic atmosphere, the spread of Covid-19 also aggravated the existing conditions due to the restrictions and also the implementation of government quarantines. Also, the results show that at the moment of the outbreak of the Covid-19 virus, all the sample countries have faced a decrease in stock returns. During the covid-19 epidemic, the impact of the Iranian stock market on China has been greater than that of other studied countries, which is important because China and Iran are each other's trading partners. It should be mentioned that during this period due to restrictions on the borders, the relationship between Iran and China became prominent. Also, Iran's stock market is not strong enough to influence global financial markets including China, America and France.

 The growth of the stock return index has been increasing during the four-year period (2018-2021) in China, America and France, however the stock return index of Iran has been decreasing. The growth of China's stock returns during this period has been higher than that in the other studied countries. Also, the stock return index of all sample countries has faced a decrease in the stock returns during the outbreak of Covid-19.