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The previous works have addressed selecting the nozzle to minimize the hazard of pesticide drift by producing large spray droplet sizes. However, this spray application with the largest sizes does not effectively impact insects either, as it needs many pesticides. Several studies have demonstrated that the small spray droplet sizes can affect the insects and be obtained by selecting the appropriate nozzle size and height. This study sheds light on the nozzle sizes and heights, and insecticide types for controlling the cabbage aphid to ensure efficient insect control. Different parameters including three sizes of flat fan nozzle 01, 02, and 03, two nozzle heights 35 and 70 cm above the plant top, and two insecticide types 20% wide plus WP and 90% methomyl SP were investigated to measure spray deposition, coverage percentage, and droplets density in different locations of the cabbage plant for improving control efficacy. The outcomes showed significant differences in the spray deposition and coverage percentage using different nozzle sizes, nozzle heights, and insecticide types. The best spray deposition, coverage percentage, and control efficacy (0.321 µm.cm^-2, 15.05%, and 84.83%, respectively) were achieved using the 02 nozzle size, nozzle height of 35 cm methomyl SP insecticide type on the fourteenth day after spraying application in comparison to the others. The fourteenth day was the most effective to control aphids compared to the first and the seventh days.

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Cohesive sediment transport remains a complicated subject that hydraulic engineers are frequently faced with in water-related engineering problems. This is primarily affected by the macroscopic aspects of water-sediment system characteristics. In this paper a 1-D mathematical model was developed to be employed in predicting the cohesive sediment transport under simultaneous conditions of erosion and deposition. This model is based on the convection-diffusion equation with proper source and sink terms and dispersion coefficient. The equation developed in the model has been solved by applying the finite volume approach. The model has been calibrated by employing the optimization technique using laboratory experimental data. For optimization, the transformed Powel's method has been employed. The data were collected in a flume of 10 m length, 0.30 m width and 0.45 m height. The applied discharges and concentrations were between 3 to 5lit/sec and 7 to 15 lit sec-1, respectively. The performance of this model has been assessed using two data sets: a set obtained in this study, and another provided by other researchers. The model shows good agreement with both data sets. The results obtained suggest that the deposition and erosion are functions of flow concentration, flow depth and shear stress exerted on bed.

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A novel chemical solution deposition approach is reported for the deposition of nickel catalyst, which is a required step for the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). In this work, after catalyst coating, vertically aligned CNTs have been grown on the silicon oxide and silicon surfaces. The results were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman and X-ray diffraction. This technique has a high selectivity over the size of the catalyst nanoparticles, which results in the simple controlling of the average diameter of grown CNTs in the range of 30 to 150 nm. In addition, this approach leads to a more conformal coating on the surface of the sample in comparison with traditional vacuum-based deposition techniques, enabling the growth of CNTs on highly rough surfaces. The proposed catalyst deposition technique is a fast, inexpensive and simple Nickel catalyst deposition method that can significantly facilitate the growth process of CNTs

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To control the outer bend of river from scour different structures such as spur dike, bendway weir and submerged vane can be used for modification of flow pattern. With interaction of these structures and water flow scour around structure occurs that is the main cause of their failures. It is assumed that the change of geometry and layout of structure can change bed topography for its stability and that is the purpose of the present study. Therefore, in this study a Triangle-shaped spur dike with different angles (23, 30, 40, 60 and 70 degrees) to the upstream direction under different hydraulic conditions (Froude numbers 0.194, 0.214, 0.233 and 0.253) was tested. For all experiments, single Triangle-shaped spur dike was installed outside bend of flume in 72° position which maximum scour depth is usually occurring. For all experiments, flow depth was kept constant equal to 13 cm. At the end of each experiment bed topography was measured and from that the scouring zone, maximum scour depth and distance of scour hole was computed. The results showed that the overall scour hole is created in toe of the spur dike that is expanded to the upstream and downstream structure. Triangle-shaped spur dike with 23 and 60 degree installation was found to create the minimum and maximum scour depth as well as its distance from the outer bank respectively. The maximum scour depth for spur dike with angles of 23 and 60° was measured to be 0.127 and 0.496 of the spur dike effective length respectively. In addition, the maximum scour depth distance of above mentioned angles from the outer bank was respectively, 0.743 and 1.6 the effective length of structure. Eroded sediments were deposited downstream the spur dike and point bars are developed. By increasing of spur dike angle, the point bars are formed away from the outer bank and extended in flume width. For spur dike angles of 23 and 70° the point bar distance from the outer bank was equal to 0.228 and 0.365 effective length of the structure respectively. To control the outer bend of river from scour different structures such as spur dike, bendway weir and submerged vane can be used for modification of flow pattern. With interaction of these structures and water flow scour around structure occurs that is the main cause of their failures. It is assumed that the change of geometry and layout of structure can change bed topography for its stability and that is the purpose of the present study. Therefore, in this study a Triangle-shaped spur dike with different angles (23, 30, 40, 60 and 70 degrees) to the upstream direction under different hydraulic conditions (Froude numbers 0.194, 0.214, 0.233 and 0.253) was tested. For all experiments, single Triangle-shaped spur dike was installed outside bend of flume in 72° position which maximum scour depth is usually occurring. For all experiments, flow depth was kept constant equal to 13 cm.

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Phenomenon of dispersion and deposition of nano- and micro-particles in turbulent flows been focused in the past decades. In this paper, particle dispersion and deposition in gas-particle two-phase turbulent flow inside a two-dimensional channel with rectangular artificial roughness is studied using an Eulerian–Lagrangian method. The RSM turbulence model with enhanced wall treatment was used to simulate the anisotropic turbulent gas phase flow. The gas phase flow predictions were validated by comparing the results with available experimental data for a fully developed asymmetric turbulent channel flow. In discrete phase, Lagrangian approach was applied for particle tracking. The Lagrangian equation of particle motion includes drag, gravity, Saffman lift, and Brownian forces. The particle phase simulation results were validated by comparing the present work with available equations and valid data for a gas particles turbulent flow inside a two-dimensional smooth channel. The gas phase simulation results show that by increasing the artificial roughness height, a recirculation region which is created in the space between two ribs, becomes larger. The particle phase results show that the rate of deposition in the channel with artificial roughness is a function of gravity force and flow pattern in the space between two ribs. The rate of deposition for small particle is affected significantly by gas flow pattern in the space between two ribs. However for large particles the gravity force is more dominant.

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Boiling is a remarkably efficient heat transfer method and is commonly used in daily life and industrial applications. Changing the physical and chemical structure of hot surface in some methods as making a porosity in a manner of enhancing boiling process is an interesting topic in recent decay. In this paper, porous metal micro/nano structural surfaces is produced in order to augmentation of boiling heat transfer on copper surface by the one- and two-stage electrodeposition method. The pictures in micro and nanoscale are captured to identification of structure and surface characteristics as porosity and capillarity are estimated. Next, the effects of structures in enhancing the pool boiling are measured experimentally. So then, boiling heat transfer profiles that demonstrate heat flux versus wall superheat, are derived for water fluid. Pool boiling curves of enhanced surfaces is compared with polished surface and results of other researchers to determine the efficiency improvement. Furthermore, comparison the effect of electrodeposition process time on obtained structures shows higher porosity, capillary and strength of structure with lower process time (30 sec) lead to further enhancement of pool boiling.

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Boiling heat transfer is one of the most applicable heat transfer processes within the industry. In this paper, the pool boiling heat transfer of Fe3O4 /water nanofluid (ferrofluid) in atmospheric pressure has been analyzed, experimentally. The nanofluid in this study, has been synthesized in a single step and retains high stability. The replication and accuracy of the testing machine has been studied for deionized water for three times, indicating an appropriate concordance with the literature. Considering different volume concentrations of the nanofluid has revealed that boiling heat transfer in high concentrations decreases with an increase of concentration, while it rises with the increase of concentration in low concentrations. Hence, boiling heat transfer coefficient in 0.1% volume concentration nanofluid has been measured to be the optimum value which increases up to 43%. The roughness of boiling surface was varied with the deposition of nanoparticles in various conditions of nanofluid concentration, and heat flux. It is noteworthy that in the present research, the effects of surface roughness changes due to nanoparticles deposition and the impact of passing time on boiling process have been investigated, for the first time. Therefore, several experiments have been designed in order to study the change of nanoparticles deposition due to the change of nanofluid concentration and boiling surface heat flux. The results indicate that boiling heat transfer of deposited surfaces at low heat fluxes decreases; while it rises at high heat fluxes.

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Since private sector investment is dependent on people deposits with banks, the amount of deposits affects national investment and product. The various factors influence private deposits with banks. This paper investigates the relationship between rent-seeking opportunities and bank deposits using the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) in Iranian economy during 1971-2010. The results show that the exchange rate premium and interest rate premium affect quantity of deposits with banks in the short-run with coefficients of orders -0.1486 and -0.3468, respectively.  Moreover, the long-run equilibrium relationship indicates that the elasticity of deposits relative to rent-seeking opportunities in exchange and money markets are -0.0166 and -0.0389, respectively. These findings show that rent-seeking indicators have significant and negative effects on private deposits with banks. In fact, rent-seekingopportunities stimulate individuals to shift away their deposits from formal money market towards informal markets in order to make more profits.  

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The aim of this paper was to study the thermophoresis effect on the deposition of nano-particles from diesel engine exhaust after the dilution tunnel using a computational modeling approach. Dilution tunnel was used in order to dilute the exhaust gas to the extend that was suitable for the measurement systems. The Lagrangian particle tracking method was used to model the dispersion and deposition of nano-particles. For the range of studied particle diameters (from 5 to 500 nm), the Brownian, thermophoresis, gravity and Saffman Lift forces are considered. After verifying the code, the importance of different forces was evaluated. Due to the temperature gradient between the exhaust gas and the pipe walls, particular attention was given to include the thermophoresis force in addition to the other forces acting on nano-particles. The results showed that for the range of nano-particle diameters studied, the Brownian force was the dominant force for particle deposition. Furthermore, the thermophoresis force was important even for relatively low temperature gradient and cannot be ignorable especially for larger particles. The maximum thermophoresis effect occurred for 100 nm particles. The gravity had negligible effects on nano-particle deposition and can be ignorable for particles with diameter less than 500 nm. The Saffman lift also had negligible effects and its effect was noticeable only for the deposition of 500 nm particles. The results of this paper could provide an understanding of two-phase flow emission from diesel engines especially after the dilution tunnel.

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Superhydrophobic surfaces are the surfaces with self-cleaning behavior due to surface slip condition. This property is applicable to produce drag reducing, anti-corrosive, and anti-fouling surfaces. Superhydrophobic coatings have been vigorously researched through numerous physical and chemical approaches, including lithography, self-assembly, electrospinning, chemical vapor deposition, plasma or chemical etching, and sol−gel techniques, and so forth. The large-scale fabrication of these surfaces is a challenging issue that restricts employment of these surfaces in industrial applications. Hydrophobic coating of micro/nano particles and deposition of the particles on the surface is a solution that facilitates large-scale fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces. In this study, rotational vapor phase deposition and immersion method are used to fabricate hydrophobic aluminum flakes. Two reaction times are investigated and the results of two coating method and two particle sizes are presented. The results show that vapor phase deposition method is efficient as well as the immersion method while the latter is not cost effective. Stability test of the prepared samples showed that particle sizes are important in the vapor phase coating and the reaction time of 6 h is better than the 12 h.

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Nanoparticles are being used nowadays to improve the mechanical and structural specification of Fiber Reinforced polymers (FRPs) due to production of hybrid & Multi scale composites. Electrophoretic deposition has been utilized to deposit a smooth layer of carbon nanoparticles on the surface of woven glass fibers, and later in the fiber/matrix interface of composite structure. Initially, the experimental parameters in deposition of CNTs investigated. Suspension concentration, field strength and process duration effects has been studied on the quality and quantity of deposition mass. Then the best situation has been used to fabricate CNT reinforced glass fiber-epoxy composite to evaluate its short beam strength and also quasi static indentation performance subject to lateral shear loads. Results demonstrates the salient effect of grafted CNTs in the nanocomposites interface on their mechanical behavior. The interlaminar shear strength of prepared nanocomposites has been increased by 42% regarding control samples and 10% improvement achieved in their quasi static performance. It has been shown that there is a range of optimum values for field and concentration due to stability of process and also deposition mass. The stability of process will restrain the field and concentration in the process. In best practices the current density values encountered between 0.5 and 1 mA/Cm2. The effect of field strength was around 8.5 times, but the effect of concentration was around 5.5 times. The current density diagram was steady in stable processes and the first three minutes of each process known as the effective deposition time.

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Exchange rate is the key variable in each economy. This paper tries to examine the effects of volatilities in exchange rate market on selected macroeconomic variables in Iran, and to present some strategic recommendations. Inspiring by Danmola method, this paper uses the variance decomposition and impulse response function based on Cholesky decomposition of Vector-autoregressive method. The findings show that real exchange rate volatility has the most effect on profit rate of the short-run deposits during 2001:Q1-2012:Q4. Following profit rate of short-run deposits, the highest variation in inflation rate is explained by real exchange rate volatility.  The economic growth is affected positively by exchange rate volatility (EEV) in both short- and long-run, but it is influenced negatively by EEV in the midterm.  On the other hand, trade balance is deteriorated by shocks in real exchange rate with short lags. Our findings are compatible with those of similar studies among developing countries.

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In this research, the Asphaltene particles deposition is modeled using species transport equations. It is assumed that the deposition phenomenon consists of two steps: transport of Asphaltene particles toward the wall and attachment of them to the wall. Due to the small size of Asphaltene particles, their motion is simulated using species transport equation. Transport of Asphaltene particles is modeled by turbulent and Brownian diffusion and attachment mechanism is modeled employing first order chemical reaction. Effects of surface temperature and velocity is considered in the model. Finally the effects of velocity, surface temperature and Asphaltene concentration is investigated and compared with experimental data. The simulation results are agreed well with experimental data and the maximum error of is about 20 percentage. Also in addition of deposition rate, transport and attachment rate are investigated. The results indicate that Asphaltene attachment is more important than transport of Asphaltene, so accurate modelling of attachment has significant effect on prediction of Asphaltene deposition rate.

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3D printing technology is used in a variety of industries without auxiliary tools because it is flexible in producing and reduces the waste of material. In this paper, the laser cutting process of polylactic acid sheets has been investigated by a 3D printer. The fused deposition modeling (FDM) method was used for printing the sheets. Production of sheets with a thickness of 2.3 mm by optimal conditions was conducted (each layer was perfectly solid with a thickness of 0.27 mm, and the extruder temperature of 226.62 °C). The laser used in this paper is a CO2 low-power, continuous-wave laser. Laser input parameters including laser cutting speed, focal point position, and laser power were selected as the variables. By performing several experiments, the effective range of each parameter was evaluated. The upper and lower cut width, the angle of cone and the upper cut width ratio to the lower cut width of the process output parameters were selected. The optical microscope was used to examine the geometric characteristics of cutting kerf of the samples and then the images were measured using ImageJ software. The purpose of this paper is the laser cutting process to achieve cutting kerfs with good quality and proper setting of laser input parameters.

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Assessing the impact of a monetary policy through the banking system on the economy is important because the highest share of Iran’s finance market belongs to the banking sector. For this purpose, this research aims to investigate the impact of changing the bank deposit profit rate through the banking system. This paper focuses on the role of deposits as one of the main financing sources of banks in a macro-structural econometric model over the period of 1973-2017.
In this respect, focusing on Iran’s banking system; a model was first formulated according to the structure of the Iranian economy. Then, three scenarios, including increasing the profit rate, decreasing the profit rate, and pegging policy, were incorporated into the model to observe the impact of profit rate changes.
The results of the simulation reveals a negative relationship between the deposit profit rate and gross domestic product. An increase in the bank deposit profit rate along with increasing the deposits through free credit resources raises credit provision by the banking system, causing a direct impact on investment. On the other hand, implementing this scenario increases the cost of capital and creates an inverse effect on investment. However, the impact of the cost of capital is stronger and leads to a reduction in investment and, consequently, reduces the output by 0.66%.
In the scenario of decreasing the profit rate, opposite results are observed, and the output increases by 0.71%. In the third scenario (Pegging deposit profit rate to 17%), however, the output increases by 0.46%. Therefore, the results implies that an increase in the bank profit rate is not confirmed by the theory of McKinnon and Shaw and decreases the GDP.

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In this research, the abrasion resistance of components made by Additive Manufacturing (AM) has been modeled. AM is widely used in various industries today and the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) process is one of the most popular methods of fabrication in this field. Although many researches have been done with the aim of modeling mechanical behavior in this field, but limited studies have been done in the field of wear and modeling of this phenomenon. In this research, in order to create an exact mathematical relationship between the input variables (layer thickness, raster angle and air gap) and the response variable (wear rate), the experimental design using the Central Composite Design (CCD) method has been done. Twenty systematic experiments were performed to determine the response and provide a proportional regression model. Using analyze of variance (ANOVA), a mathematical model corresponding to the actual process was obtained, and the validity of the proposed model was confirmed by statistical methods. The result show that the proposed model predicts the wear rate of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) parts made by FDM method with a coefficient of determination of 95.62%. The result of the experimental study and model analysis showed that the variable of air gap and the effect of its interaction with raster angle, creates the highest wear rate and also the second-order effect of layer thickness has the most negative effect on wear rate.

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The laser cladding of industrial parts to improve their mechanical properties by metal alloys and composites has been a challenge for scientists and experts. The quality and properties of the cladding layer are determined by many factors such as cladding geometry, microstructure, dilution ratio, defects, distortion, surface smoothness, metallurgical changes in the substrate and process efficiency. In this study, the effect of important parameters of the cladding process on the geometric shape, hardness and dilution ratio of the cladding layers of martensitic stainless steel (17-4 PH ) on the substrate of plain carbon steel by solid-state continuous laser with maximum power 2 kW and the method of direct deposition of metal powder are discussed. Variable parameters of laser cladding including powder feed rate, laser scanning speed and laser power have been studied. The parameters of surface quality, geometric shape and absence of porosity have been evaluated and compared. The minimum dilution about 9% was obtained at a 10 mm/s scanning speed, 10 g/min powder feed rate and 330 watts laser power. The results have been showed, appropriate incorporation and uniform distribution of cladding powder has created a cladding surface without any crack and porosity. By studying the hardness of the samples, it has been concluded that the hardness of the substrate surface has increased after cladding.

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