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Drastically concerned about no longer continuation of instructors to use the computerized learning management system (CLMS) in the post COVID-19, the ministerial and academic authorities in Iran are inclined to figure out about the determinants of instructors’ continuation of making use of the CLMS and how to incorporate the CLMS into the face-to-face education. Therefore, the research aimed to analyze drivers of agricultural instructors’ continuation of Using CLMS. Called instructors’ learning patterns as a knowledge gap, the present causal study surveyed 102 faculty members of two universities in Northwest Iran. To establish a theoretical framework, theory of planned behavior (TPB), technology acceptance model (TAM), and the Vermunt’s theory of learning model (VTLS) were used, the items of the questionnaire were designed accordingly. The results make known that the model has a good fit with the data set, the perceived usefulness (PU) of the CLMS has an impact on the attitude towards the CLMS and intention to continue using the CLMS (BI). The application-oriented learning pattern (AOLP) affects PBC positively. Other predictor variables that directly impinge upon instructors’ behavioral intention (BI) to continue applying the CLMS include attitude, PU, AOLP, and perceived student readiness (PSR). The estimated multiple correlation coefficients for the PBC, attitude, and BI were 0.17, 0.51, and 0.46, respectively. The results of the research can be useful and effective for agricultural higher education decision makers in using and replacing CLMS in specific situations instead of face-to-face education.
 

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In addition to diagnostic measures in the early stages of the widespread disease of COVID-19, prevention of the presence of individuals in high-risk environments, along with the proper distribution of population and services, is also effective in controlling the spread of the disease. The epidemic model, is based on population and movement. The aim is to introduce hazardous maps at the outbreak of corona disease and to explain the framework for their preparation and application based on issues related to resident behaviors. This research has been done by the method of logical reasoning and by analytical study of the existing samples, the components that are effective in preparing these maps and updating them. To this end, after the typology of the maps, the results evaluation criteria were validated from the perspective of the outputs. According to the research results, the dynamics of human movement data are key to estimating spatial interactions in these maps; Because of the social distance, staying home, and closing down jobs, fundamental changes occur in individual and group movements. Using different sources of information can be provided, the platform for participation of different groups of users using mapping maps is provided with an active and inactive demographic approach and increased efficiency. The development of such maps is a collaboration between the fields of epidemiology, health, environmental psychology, and public planning and design, especially urban design, to ensure that integrated studies based on the dynamics of location-based behaviors greatly enhance the validity of the maps.

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Special attention to physical activity in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic
 

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COVID-19 pandemic, as an unprecedented phenomenon in the modern world, has considerably damaged the international trade, business and supply chain. Previous researches show that although, some restrictions and quarantine are helpful for decreasing the negative impacts of the pandemic, but these have cause trade and economic crisis. In this environment, the World Customs Organization (WCO) plays a pioneering role in combating against the damaging effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It has invited all its members to share their best practices and policies for preventing the spread of the pandemic. The WCO categorizes them into 4 distinctive groups: facilitating the cross-border movement of relief and essential supplies, supporting the economy and sustaining supply chain continuity, protecting staff and society. This research shows that the mentioned practices and policies can significantly reduce the trade and economic recession of the pandemic and implementation of these practices in critical times can be useful to promote the economy and trade and can help the researchers, policy-makers and stakeholders in combating the negative effects of the pandemic.

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Objectives: Today, after the experience of the corona epidemic for many experts, the impact of urban development programs on the spread of the virus has been proven that new theories in architecture and urban planning regarding the corona pandemic situation can provide suitable solutions for designers.
Research Method: It is based on analytical and descriptive studies and has been compiled based on mutual relations and comparisons between independent variables and new theories in architecture and urban planning in relation to the corona pandemic situation and related variables.
Findings and Conclusion: The dense development of cities and the high communication of people with each other due to the dense urban life, make the ways of breaking the virus distribution chain more difficult. Therefore, the resilience of cities, despite being ignored in the development phase, is very important in times of crisis. Factors such as housing pattern, use of local institutions, neighborhood-based urban planning, public arena, urban transportation, small and local business acquisition and smart infrastructure such as the development of e-urban services are very influential in the spread of infectious diseases in cities and metropolises. The prevalence of COVID-19 suggests potential new pattern changes that are likely to change our development patterns, particularly in both the construction and environmental sectors. Epidemic has been the most significant disruption of human activity in a generation. For many designers, it has been a time to refocus and rethink how products, buildings and cities are designed.
 

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Coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s, and continued to be studied until the mid-1980s. The virus is naturally prevalent in mammals and birds, yet seven human-transmitted coronaviruses have been discovered so far; the most important of these, SARS Acute Respiratory Syndrome or acute respiratory syndrome, was a dangerous viral respiratory disease of genetic origin caused by coronavirus and from November 2002 to July 2003, the outbreak in Southern China caused 8098 cases. Possible disease and death of 774 people in 17 countries, and now since December 2019, another and more dangerous type called COVID-19 has spread with the human epidemic in Wuhan, China and in a short time has spread all over the world. China was the source of the virus, as well as the first country to stop it's spread to a large extent, but other countries failed to contain the virus despite their ability to contain it. Why? The answer is simple: "It is a matter of policy and approach, not power"! Another issue is "change"; as cities begin to recede and move toward recovery, the consequences of the epidemic will lead to new norms. In this article, we have tried to study the process of crisis management in several countries of the world is facing this virus and the extent of damages to the citizens of these countries until April 30, 2021.

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Aims: This study aimed to provide more information about the influence of Coronavirus Disease2019 (COVID-19) on infected individuals. The symptoms, conditions, and treatments used may be served as important clues to find out potential medications.
Materials & Methods: Various current papers were reviewed, and the findings were summarized. In addition, other diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which have similar causes or symptoms in patients, were investigated.
Findings: The most common symptoms in infected patients were fever (98%), dry cough (76%), and dyspnoea (55%). Mechanical ventilation was the main supportive treatment for ICU patients, and the mortality rate of patients with chronic diseases in the intensive care unit (ICU) was high (55%). The virus is highly contagious compared to the previous Betacoronaviruses causing epidemic, but its mortality rate is lower so that most of the infected patients studied had minor symptoms or were asymptomatic. Several treatments, such as antiviral agents and antimalarial drugs, are presently being proposed and tested, but none have yet been proven to be effective.
Conclusions: Seniors and patients with chronic diseases are at higher risk of COVID-19 induced severe consequences and mortality. Currently, supportive treatment is the mainstay for severely ill patients.

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Background: The new unknown pandemic introduced in December 2019 in China is now known as SARS-CoV-2 induced COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) disease. Some studies have been published by World Health Organization (WHO), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA); however, there is a little information about food safety and COVID-19. The world has not sufficiently addressed the effects of COVID-19 on food safety. The remarkable point is the hypothesis that this epidemic has passed through a food source eaten by an individual and subsequently turned humans into an intermediate host. In particular, the recent state of information about SARS-CoV-2 is challenging owing to its high transmission and mortality rate in people as a potential source of pathogen and infections. However, there is currently no evidence about COVID-19 spread through food. Materials & Methods: Due to the fact that food is a basic humans need and could be an indirect carrier for the virus; therefore, hygiene protocols must be carefully implemented. Also, some studies have suggested that taking supplements, fermented dairy foods, probiotic products, as well as Vitamins C and D could be helpful. Heat treatment and pasteurization could prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission through food.
Conclusion: It is recommended that further studies be performed on the duration of COVs survival at different levels of contact with foods under certain conditions with nanoparticles, nano-packaging, nano-emulsions, and nano-encapsulation to evaluate their size effect.

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A novel strain of coronavirus was discovered in Wuhan, the capital of the hubei province of China in December 2019.

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Background: In late December 2019, a new coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, as the causative agent of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pneumonia, began to spread from Wuhan, China. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is currently threatening the world’s public health and so far, no specific and effective treatment has been found for the disease. Due to the physiological changes in the body of pregnant women during pregnancy, the occurrence of infection in pregnant women could affect the health of both mother and her fetus. The present paper aimed to study the findings related to the effects of coronavirus on pregnant women and their fetuses during pregnancy, diagnostic methods, care protocols in pregnant women, and postpartum care.
Methods: The information included in this review was extracted from articles, published protocols, and valid statistics. In this study, articles indexed in Latin databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Embase, Scopus), clinical protocols, and reports of reputable health organizations from January to august 2020 were reviewed using a combination of the following keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, pregnant woman, and pregnancy.
Conclusion: Due to the global prevalence of this virus, protocols and health care should be applied for pregnant women in accordance with other people. It is also necessary to take preventive measures at the community level. In this regard, the management of pregnant women with COVID-19 infection is of particular importance during the pandemic period of the disease. However, more extensive studies are required to validate these principles. This review summarized the precautions that should be taken before and after delivery.

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The purpose of this article is to provide simple and practical tips for pain care and management for patients with musculoskeletal pain during the Covid epidemic.

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Backgrounds: Currently, clinical details of immunosuppressed patients suffering from COVID-19 are limited. Some studies have shown no more severe diseases among them, but others have highlighted that immunosuppressed patients may have high levels of viral load and impaired immune responses. Herein, this study aimed to specifically address the symptoms, prognosis, laboratory tests, clinical course, and the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infected immunocompromised patients at a tertiary referral center.
Materials & Methods: Clinical and laboratory information of 75 non-congenital immunosuppressed patients with COVID-19 disease was obtained at a referral center for immunodeficiency diseases and infectious disorders in Tehran, Iran. Three groups of immunocompromised patients were evaluated, including patients with a history of organ transplantation, autoimmune patients receiving medical therapy, and cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Findings: Among 75 immune-deficient patients with COVID-19, there were 32 patients with a kidney transplant, 23 patients with malignancies, and 19 patients with autoimmune disorders. One patient had both malignancy and multiple sclerosis. The mean length of hospitalization was 10.82 days. By the end of the study, 24 (32%) patients were dead, and 51 (68%) patients were discharged. Dyspnea was the most common (64%) symptom. Low levels of O2 saturation and lymphopenia at admission time significantly affected the mortality rate of patients.
Conclusion: This study showed that mortality rate among immunocompromised patients was 32%. It seems that COVID-19 has a worse outcome and a more severe clinical course in immunocompromised patients regardless of age, gender, and underlying diseases.

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Backgrounds: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is considered as a global health challenge, and Iran is among the top ten countries with the highest mortality rate. This study aimed to analyze epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory features of hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and identify the risk factors of mortality among them to facilitate the prioritization of resources and vaccine allocation in the population using data available in a large university hospital in Tehran, Iran.
Materials & Methods: From February 20 to May 14, 2020, a total of 684 COVID-19 confirmed cases were admitted to Imam Hossein University hospital in Tehran and enrolled in this retrospective observational study.
Findings: The mean age of the participants was 59.48±16.65 years, and 55.8% were male. Compared to survivors, non-survivors (n=127, 18.57%) were older (69.09±14.16 vs. 57.29±16.40), had higher average number of comorbidities, and more frequently suffered from dyspnea, convulsion, loss of consciousness (LOC), tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypoxia. They also had higher levels of leukocytes, neutrophil count, C-reactive protein (CRP), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), international normalized ratio (INR), prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), urea, and serum creatinine (p<.05). Serum potassium (K), lymphocyte count, hemoglobin, HCO3, and serum sodium (Na) were significantly lower in non-survivors. Multivariable logistic regression analysis results revealed that nine variables were positively associated with mortality.
Conclusion: Among COVID-19 patients admitted to the hospital, having more than two or three comorbidities, loss of consciousness, SpO2 < 90%, increased CRP, CPK, urea, and serum potassium, were associated with mortality.

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Backgrounds: A novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has now spread to all countries of the world, including Iran. Although anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies may be identified in patients using immunological methods with sufficient sensitivity and specificity, the conclusive diagnosis of the disease is made using the molecular RT-PCR method. A population-based seroepidemiological survey was conducted to quantify the proportion of the exposed population with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and evaluate whether the antibodies are a marker of total or partial immunity compared to the population that remains susceptible to the virus.
Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of COVID-19 in Valiasr, Sajad, and Ghaem hospitals in Tehran, the capital of Iran, from April to the end of October 2020. Clotted and heparinized blood specimens (2mL) were collected from the patients. The serum and plasma were separated and stored at −80 °C until use. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies were examined in the serum samples of 1375 in-patients admitted to the hospitals using ELISA kits. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software Ver.22.0 by employing statistical tests such as Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. A p-value <.05 was considered as significant.
Findings: In total, 1375 participants were enrolled in this study, and SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies were detected in 291 patients using IgM‐IgG antibody assay. Among the seropositive patients studied, 187 were male (64.3%), and 104 were female (35.7%) (p<.05). The mean age of the patients was 49±8.4 years; the majority of whom (27%) were in the age group of 31-40 years. Also, the lowest frequency of infected cases was related to the age group of 1-10 years (p <.05). The seroprevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM or IgG antibodies was determined to be 21.2%. Diabetes mellitus was the most common underlying disease among SARS‐CoV‐2 patients [p=.05; Odd Ratio=1.61(0.90-2.91)].
Conclusion: The use of conventional serological assays, such as the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA), for detecting specific IgM and IgG antibodies in SARS‐CoV‐2 patients has a high-throughput advantage while minimizing false-negative results obtained using the RT-PCR method. In this study, the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was determined to be 21%. Control of diabetes, among other influential factors, plays an important role in the management and control of COVID-19.

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Backgrounds: COVID-19 diagnostic testing and research substantially depend on high-quality COVID-19 specimens, for which biobanks are an important repository. This systematic review aimed to highlight the considerations for maintaining safety in biobanks during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Materials & Methods: A systematic review of literature was conducted using the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The literature search was conducted across Google Scholar, PubMed, and Directory of Open Access Journal because of their high indexation on many journals. Pre-defined search terms were used in the literature search. Overall, 7,184 articles were retrieved, and 2,054 duplicates among them were removed. After screening for eligibility using pre-defined criteria, 12 articles were included in the review.
Findings: Challenges faced by biobanks amid the COVID-19 pandemic include poor handling of COVID-19 specimens, poor sample collection, and sample contamination due to unclarified standard operating procedures. Strategies such as developing a framework for governing and monitoring the export of biological samples should be employed to overcome dangers eminent in the collection of biological samples. Total adherence to standard operating procedures should be ensured to maintain safety in COVID-19 samples collection, handling, and storage modalities. A deficit in material supply should be promptly addressed.
Conclusion: Compliance with issued guidelines should be ensured by the management and staff of COVID-19 biobanks.

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Backgrounds: The clinical and socioeconomic effects of COVID-19 are still being felt throughout the world. The disease affects people of all age groups, but it is known to have a milder clinical course in children including neonates. There is paucity of data from Sub-Saharan Africa on neonatal COVID-19 infection, and no such case has been reported in the literature in Ghana.
Case presentation: This study presented a case report of a neonate who was found to be positive for COVID-19 infection after presenting symptoms such as respiratory distress, rhinorrhoea, and cough. This neonate was managed with in-hospital standard protocol for sepsis with a focus on pneumonia.
Conclusion: The national guidelines on COVID-19 management were used for the neonate who was recovered and discharged.