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The present study evaluated the effects of reducing agricultural tariffs in different scenarios on food security and macroeconomic variables that using a computable general equilibrium model and data from Afghanistan's social accounting matrix. The effects of reducing tariffs were evaluated at 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%, and 100% (full liberalization). The results of this study showed that imports and consumption of cereals, fruits, vegetables, and livestock are gradually increased for households. Additionally, the increased purchasing power of households led to an increased demand for food, which improved food security and ultimately the health of households and society. Therefore, support for special facilities in the field of eliminating tariffs on agricultural products is essential.

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A numerical model for two-phase debris flows is developed in this paper, on the basis of understanding of the physical characteristics of debris flows from field investigations and experiments. Employing a moving coordinate, the kinetic energy equation of gravel particles in unit volume in debris flow is developed by considering the potential energy of the particles, energy from the liquid phase, energy consumption due to inner friction-collision between the particles, energy dispersion through collisions between particles, energy for inertia force, energy consumption due to the friction with the rough bed and energy consumption at the debris front. The model is compared with measured results of two-phase debris flow experiments and the calculated velocity profiles agree well with the measured profiles. The gravel’s velocity at the debris flow head is much smaller than that of particles in the following part and the velocity profile at the front of the debris flow wave is almost linear, but the profile in the main flow shows an inverse ‘s’ shape. This is because the gravel particles in the main flow accelerate as they receive energy from the gravitational energy and flowing liquid and decelerate as they transmit the energy to the debris flow head and consume energy due to collision with the channel bed.

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Today, financial development is one of the main drivers of economic growth and development. Since developing countries are focused on the rapid expansion of economic growth, they have taken steps toward the development of financial markets. However, the consequences of financial development on environmental quality are not clear. In addition, since the emission of carbon dioxide caused by production is significantly different from the emission of carbon dioxide caused by consumption in some countries (such as China). Therefore, this article examines the impact of financial development on the consumption-based CO₂ emissions for a panel of 17 developing countries during the period of 1990-2019 with a Panel- Quantile approach. Empirical findings show that the effect of financial development on consumption-based CO₂ emissions is positive and significant in all quantiles. In addition, this study considers gross domestic product, rental rates of natural resources, trade openness, and globalization as control variables. The results of this study provide new evidence for policymakers to maintain environmental quality by focusing on the link between financial development and consumption-based CO₂ emissions.
 

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Aim: Evidence indicates that demographic factors such as age, gender, and mother's literacy are important predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents. So, this study was conducted in order to survey the relation between socio-demographic factors and fruit and vegetable consumption among Tehranian adolescents in 2013. Methods: This cross-sectional study (descriptive-analytic) was carried out for surveying Tehranian adolescents, socio-demographic factors and fruit and vegetable consumption. The total of 500 adolescents (11-14 years old) was included in the study using multistage random sampling method. Being at the age of 11-14 years, giving informed consent, and voluntary participation were criteria for students' selection. Data were gathered using questionnaire encompass socio-demographic characteristics (11 items) and Frequent Fruit and Vegetable Questionnaire (FFQ). Data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS 18 (descriptive statistics, and tests of independent t and one way ANOVA). Findings: There was no relationship between age, gender, family size, parent’s job, and fruit and vegetable consumption. Based on one way ANOVA test, there was a significant relation between vegetable consumption and mother’s and father’s literacy, as well as between home size and fruit and vegetable consumption. Conclusion: The finding that economic factors and parent’s education level have a strong association with the adolescents’ intake of fruits and vegetables in this sample concurs with other research findings regarding the importance of family environment to promote healthy eating behaviors among adolescents.

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Aim: There is conclusive scientific evidence of the adverse effect of excessive salt consumption on health, particularly on blood pressure, leading to cardiovascular disease (CVD), gastric cancer, osteoporosis, cataracts, kidney stones, diabetes and obesity. We investigated the determinants of salt consumption among the rural women in Chabahar (Iran) by applying the theory of planned behavior. Methods: Rural native Chabahari women (n =230), aged 12-75 years old, were selected by multistage sampling via native assistants. Data were gathered through a questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability consisting of TBP constructs (intention, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control), as well as demographic characteristics. Bivariate correlations and stepwise regression analyses of TBP model were performed with the SPSS software. Findings: The results showed a significant direct asociation between attitude, subjective norms, percieved behavioral control and intention, and salt consuming behavior, also between attitude (sig.<0.001), subjective norms (sig.<0.01), perceived behavioral control (sig.<0.01), the intention to reduce salt consumption. Subjective norms, attitude and intention together predicted 10.9% of salt consuming behavior. Attitude and perceived behavioral control together predicted approximately 9% of the intention to reduce salt consumption. Conclusion: This study indicated that the theory of planned behavior can be used to predict the salt consuming behavior and the intention of Chabahari rural women. Focus on the family- and community-based educational programs to change attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control is necessary to make women reduce salt consumption.

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Reducing consumption of fossil fuel, is a key effort to promote sustainable development. Transportation sector is one of the most important parts of fuel consumers. Urban form is one of the most important and effective factors in fuel consumption in transportation sector. Urban form includes some criterions such as density, mix land use and internal development of city. In order to reduce fuel consumption in transportation sector, urban form should be changed. This issue is more necessary due to increasing urban population and urban sprawl. Resident’s use of private car increases with distance from city center and lack of proper public transport system. This not only causes increasing of the fuel consumption, but also it increases emission of greenhouse gases, noise pollution and traffic congestion.  The present study has followed explanation of relationship between urban form and energy consumption in transportation sector. For this purpose, the theory of urban form, including compact city, transit-oriented development and Neo-traditional development and studies in other countries are surveyed and analyzed. Research findings indicate that socio-economic characteristics and physical variables and urban form are affected the usage of private car and fuel consumption in transportation sector. This study which is based on the findings of survey and analysis, seeks to develop a general conceptual framework for understanding the effective factors in Households Fuel Consumption in Transportation Sector.

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In the last decade, there has been more attention towards the assessment and improvement of construction  phase embodied energy. In addition to buildings maintenance energy, large amounts of energies are consumed in construction process which is called embodied energy. This research results from recording all types of energies used in construction phase and presenting a numerical calculation method to assess the embodied energy of area unit and also decreasing this energy to its lowest possible limit. In order to achieve the minimum embodied energy, three energy consuming phases are calculated for 1400 square meter case study; which are material embodied energy, transportation energy and erection and on-site energy. Deviation of total embodied energy for the area shows 795.14 GJ/M2 as embodied energy. This digit is a reliable benchmark for comparing these three energy consuming phases and also comparing this construction system with other ones. Total embodied energy it the result of all three parts. But analysis of them shows that it's necessary to substitute some materials with more optimized ones. The result of this substitution decreased the embodied energy to 12.75 GJ/M2 and which is about 1.6% of the first measured embodied energy.

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The building sector is responsible for one-third of global final energy consumption and thus environmental damage, carbon dioxide production. Some reasons for ever increasing building energy consumption : climate change, increase in household electricity load , the growth of real estate, fast-growing household electrical appliances, changes in industrial structure, huge energy consumption of the existing buildings, and the lack of strict government supervision. The world's total energy requirements are mostly used in sectors such as transportation, industry, residence, commerce, etc.. Although most of the energy consumption during the period 1973 to 2009 belonged to the industrial sector, it can be said that the proportion of residential buildings is very high and is increasing rapidly.. World Statistics published by the Department of Energy, United States of America in March 2010 shows that most houses widely use energy for heating and hot water and then cooling and lighting. Therefore, the revision of quality architectural design of buildings, based on the climatic principles , will be very effective in optimizing fuel consumption so that the energy consumption can be controlled wisely and optimally. On the other hand the use of renewable energy technologies can provide energy surplus of buildings and eliminate the problems associated with fossil energy in great extent.Adopting conservation measures on a large scale does allow reducing both electricity and total energy demand from present day levels while the building stock keeps growing. They simulate climate-dependent hourly building energy demands at user-defined scales, typically an individual state or utility zone. Due to the effective role of energy in economic development and its increasing consumption in parallel with the growth of human communities , considering resource constraints and preventing from facing with an energy crisis, the need for conservation through management application is necessary which demands new strategies and approaches in both environmental and architectural revisions for design and building. In particular, the high energy consumption especially in buildings is a major problem in developing countries which has economic and environmental impacts of prime importance while it is considered to be the most significant cornerstone of growth in different dimensions. Buildings , it is statistically shown, account for a third of total global energy consumption. Energy consumption in buildings is increasing due to several factors including climate change, increasing electrical energy consumption in households, real estate development, diversity of modern appliances, changes in industry structure, very high energy consumption in existing buildings and the lack of adequate supervision of the state.. Therefore, efforts must be focused on the control and management of energy consumption . The purpose of energy management is reducing energy consumption in a way that is logical and economical and can cause no negative effects on welfare and thermal comfort. So, a focus for building energy consumption efforts is of great importance. The occupant behavior and building manner can both increase the building energy consumption, especially residential ones.In the building quality part, there are many techniques affects on building energy consumption, which divide to passive and active. The passive ones are the techniques that related to the body and design of a building as material, utilization of solar radiation on the bodies, length and width of building, insulation, window, and so on without electrical or other energy portfolio, but the effect of these parameters was not equal. Therefore, this study presents an approach to determine the effect of main parameters of some of the building techniques on energy consumption. In this study, these parameters were identified and evaluated and finally were Prioritized. Not all of the parameters has equal role on energy consumption, which the mentioned weights indicated. The remainder of the paper organized as follows. Firstly, the parameters were identified by research and interview. The effective parameters recognized as the alternatives of the mentioned hierarchy3 step trees, which can be listed as follows: occupants; built area; Step No.; Proximity degree; Window to wall ratio; Length to width ratio; Side. Secondary, the questionnaire performed and completed by experts as architects, mechanical engineers and energy engineers. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and its applications in surveys related to buildings were presented. Up to now, the AHP method has been widely applied in the general policymaking in buildings. Next, the effective parameters on energy consumption evaluated, and in next section the AHP for the approach concernedexplained and resultsoffered. Finally, the last Section includes the concluding remarks. The weights and priorities of the effective parameter are illustrated. As a result, considering weight of factors in building designing process, the different parameters of BO can be classified and evaluated: First, the main effective parameter is window to wall ratio. Depends on the weight of this parameter (0.36), the window area and materials are important for building designers. Another main parameter is side no., if a building has 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 side, its energy consumption differs fundamentally. Choosing the main direction, side and the side no. are all associated. One of the main results is about the building area depending on energy consumption, which considers having the main role, but in present survey concluded that the third effective parameter is area. The least effective parameter is occupant number, due to energy load of building space and quality, not building occupant. Urban designers and Architects considering Building Orientation (BO) and its parameters can design buildings that are energy efficient. If building orientation )BO( is considered, solar radiation absorbed by the surface structure of the building will become more favorable, and consequently the energy consumption will be reduced. However, if the building orientation (BO) is considered along with climatic factors, there will be direct effect of increased energy costs. In addition , urban designers must greatly pay attention to building sides while determining the building blocks as the transmitting surfaces are from outdoor to indoor in summer and vice versa in winter. Architects must also pay attention to different ratios of windows to create the proper ratio of heat transfer in the buildings. The materials used in the buildings are of great importance.

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Control of stored-product insect by gamma radiation could be enhanced by other possible techniques such as essential oils as effective alternatives to chemical insecticides. In this study, the efficiency of gamma radiation combined with Perovskia atriplicifolia (Benth) was verified to assess their enhanced antifeedant effect against the Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Flour disc bioassay was employed to assess the nutritional indices, such as relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), efficiency of conversion ingested food (ECI) and feeding deterrence index (FDI). The results showed that irradiation, essential oil and combination of both of them significantly reduced RGR, RCR and ECI in treated larvae and adults. As irradiation at 100 Gy reduced RGR of the larvae and adults from 0.0884 and 0.0366 to 0.0596 and 0.0332 mg/mg/day respectively, when combined with doses of P. atriplicifolia essential oil, the reduction reached to 0.051 - 0.388 and 0.01- 0.224 mg/mg/day respectively. The reduction rates in larvae were even greater when combination of irradiation and EO treatments were used. The results showed a significant increase in the feeding deterrence due to irradiation, essential oil and specially their combination. Therefore, findings led to a conclusion that irradiation can enhance antifeedant activity of essential oils.

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Feeding performance of the green oak leaf roller, Tortrix viridana (Linnaeus) was determined on three host plants including Quercus libani Oliv, Quercus infectoria Oliv, and Quercus branti Lindl, under laboratory conditions. Mean total leaf weight consumed by larvae was the highest on Q. branti (0.31 g) and the lowest on Q. libani (0.14 g).The feeding index was the highest on Q. libani while the other two host plants were not significantly different. Significant relationships were found between amount of consumed leaf tissues and resulting pupal weight, on all host plants. Larval and pupal mortality were not significantly different on host plants. Findings indicated that the feeding index could be a key factor to assess performance of T. viridana on Quercus species.

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Pinch technology used as a tool for energy calculation and target design in context of energy optimization. In 2004, After enthalpy-exergy analysis for Chahar mahal beet sugar factory and applying some changes in heat transfer system, the steam consumption per beet decreased by 34% compared previous year. To enhance the efficiency of energy utilization, pinch analysis was employed to get a better insight into the energy situation in 2004. Based on the results obtained, three tubular heat exchangers were added to the heat exchanging system at a position which by exergy analysis was founded tobe the best, The results showed that the steam consumption per unit weight of beet sugar decreased from 54% in 2004 to 46% in 2005.

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Using the Correct Pattern of Consumption to achieve stable and optimal patterns of consumption and use of resources, not only can increase productivity but also can increasing possibility of a successful crossing of probable future economic downturns. Productivity means using least resources most effectively to achieve growth and prosperity in all concerning aspects. The Main Objective of This Study was to investigate factors influencing the productivity of employees with regard to the mediator role of Correct Pattern of Consumption variable. The statistical population includes all government employees in Kermanshah that among them a sample of 371 individuals was selected by The Stratified approach using the Cochran formula. For Collecting Data, questionnaire was used. Based on the research literature, a model showing influence of selected variables has been tested using LISREL software. The results showed that all factors have significant and positive effects on the productivity. Considering this relationship, and taking indirect correct pattern of consumption Mediator variable into account there are significant and substantial effects. Amount of the model fit indexes (GFI=1, AGFI=0/98) demonstrate suitability of the research model.

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In this study, the efficiency of essential oils from asafoetida, Ferula assa foetida L.,geranium, Pelargonium hortorum L.H. Bailey and walnut leaves, Juglans regia F. was investigated on nutritional indices of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) adults. Wheat grains were treated with different concentrations of the oils. The nutritional indices: relative growth rate (RGR), relative consumption rate (RCR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and feeding deterrence index (FDI) were measured at 28 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% R. H. in continuous darkness. RGR, RCR and ECI deceased as the concentration level was increased. While, FDI percent increased significantly as the concentration level increased. Asafoetida oil had the most efficiency on nutritional indices and 28.61 ppm of the oil was enough to decrease RGR, RCR and ECI% to 0.032 mg/mg/day, 0.444 mg/mg/day and 6.994%, respectively. FDI percent of adults exposed to 6.5 ppm of asafoetida oil was 13.31% which increased upto 64.62% at the concentration of 28.61 ppm. In the second experiment, the effect of tested essential oils was evaluated on F1 progeny reduction of R. dominica. Walnut and asafoetida leaves essential oils significantly suppressed progeny production by (59.92%) and (53.2%) respectively.
 

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Consumer behavior is a controversial and challenging issue including people, what, why and how they buy, as well as marketing and combination of marketing and market. In contemporary, man is not considered as merely a consumer of the created-value by the producers, but has rather an undeniable role in production cycle and through this seeks to gain identity, imagination, sense, value and experience. Thus, regarding the significance of the topic and the fewer research conducted, present study examined the impact of consumption values on purchase intention. In terms of aim, this study is applied and in terms of data collection procedures it is descriptive using correlation. For collecting data, a standard questionnaire were used and the data was analyzed through statistical. Statistical population and sample size were users of two Iranian mobile operators, HamrahAval and Irancell. Sample Size was determined using indefinite population formula. Results indicated that the consumption value of services provided by the mobile operators affects customers' purchase intention. In addition, among consumption values factors, functional and conditional values have significant effects on purchase intention; however, the impact of social, emotional and epistemic values on purchase intention was not confirmed.

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Internal thermal conditions and cooling load of the buildings intensely depend on outdoor conditions. Outdoor conditions of the building are not constant during a day, so assumption of constant thermal conditions for indoor is not proper. It seems that using adaptive temperature panels proportional to the variations of outdoor conditions decreases the energy consumption in comparison with constant temperature cooling panels. In this paper the effects of adaptive temperature metal panels are investigated on energy consumption of the buildings and thermal comfort conditions of the occupants. Results of hourly analysis show that, in Tehran with maximum relative humidity of 65%, in buildings with north and south orientations, we do not need cooling systems in nearly 10 hours of a day, in remains we can provide thermal comfort conditions by radiant ceiling cooling panels with natural ventilation and without any anxiety about condensation on the panels. However, in buildings with east or west orientations we do not need to air conditioning and cooling systems in only 7 hours of a day. In these buildings condensation is inevitable in some intervals of system operation during a day. In these periods, we can decrease the probability of condensation by using mechanical ventilation. Results also demonstrate that cooling energy consumption is decreased of 29 to 45% depending on the orientation of building.

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This paper aims to study some Muslim economists’ views towards pre- suppositions of demand theory in economics, benefiting from the method of analyzing rational behaviors, as well as considering the epistemology of utility. In economics in general and Islamic economics in particular, there not only exists a sharp difference in utility - as a basis for demand theory, but also, there are some vital differences in recognizing utility. Considering the differences here influences theorization of demand in Islamic economics.

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A laboratory dryer used for a thin layer of  165 g Thompson orange slices with three thickness levels of 2, 4 and 6 mm, five different temperatures of  40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C and three air speed levels of 0.5, 1 and 2 m/s were employed to find the best dried and minimum energy consumption. This experiment was done in a complete randomized block design with the factorial treatments performed in three replicates. The energy consumption for drying thin slices of orange was calculated accordingly. The analysis of results showed that the lowest and highest drying energy consumption were 3.35 kWh (for 2 mm slice thickness and 40 °C)  and 15.2 kWh (for 6 mm slice thickness and 70 °C), respectively.