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Abstract
Aims: By 1404, Tehran will be a knowledge-based, smart, and global city. Having the proper infrastructure and consequently a metropolis with national and global functions with a modern economy are its other features. The global experience of metropolises management shows that optimal urban management requires comprehensive attention to the city's economic, social, and environmental structures, and this has been measured in recent decades, globally, by the urban competitiveness index. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the urban competitiveness and Tehran’s status among the metropolises of Iran.
Instruments and Methods: The present study is an applied and survey research that was conducted in 2011. Eleven variables were selected as economic indices of urban competitiveness such as unemployment rate, economic participation rate, etc., by the library method and from three official sources of the country: statistical yearbooks of the provinces, results of census of industrial workshops with 10 employees and more, published by the Statistical Center of Iran and statistics of Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare. Standardized score and numerical taxonomy were used.
Findings: Tehran metropolis ranked first in terms of urban competitiveness index and economic aspect. Tehran was the first metropolis of Iran with a score of 3.13 in terms of the urban competitiveness index in standardized score method and 0.72 in numerical taxonomy.
Conclusion: Although Tehran does not have a good status in terms of the urban competitiveness index compared to other metropolises in the world, it ranked first in this index among Iranian metropolises.
 

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Competitiveness is considered as a key criterion for appraising the degree of success for countries, industries and enterprises in the political, economic and commercial competition areas. Research findings show that competitiveness has been discussed in three levels of national, industry and enterprise (organization or company). Among all these levels, the enterprise level seems to be more considerable. In this study enterprise competitiveness has been viewed from two main perspectives: construct and behavioral. According to construct perspective, competitiveness includes two groups of factors which are composing and affecting factors. Based on behavioral perspective an enterprise faces two types of factors in its decisions and actions which are strategic and operational ones. As a result of literature review, summarization and complementary edition, totally 28 factors have been identified as competitiveness factors ({16 composing f. and 12 affecting f.} and {15 strategic f. and 13 operational f.}). A questionnaire has also been developed based on these factors. The findings show that in Iranian business context, all competitiveness factors of enterprises are highly important but very weak

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From exports point of view, competitiveness concept is a very restricted approach. Competitiveness is a reflection of microeconomic decisions, socio-political problems and public welfare and it must also potentially be able to help countries achieve a sustainable value added creation. Due to this reason, most studies on this issue consider competitiveness in terms of efficiency and labor productivity. This paper uses competitiveness indexes and competitiveness factor of international management development to examine the country's competitiveness power such as knowledge based competitiveness, education, technology and information infrastructures, innovation and economic and institutional performances. The results indicate that a quadratic form explains the relationship between competitiveness and human capital. It confirms that the average years of schooling has a positive effect on labor productivity. Moreover, technology and information infrastructures (ICT), defined as the ratio of ICT expenditures over GDP, has a positive effect on labor productivity. Government size and the degree of openness have a negative effect on competitiveness. Economic and institutional performances have a positive effect on competitiveness, the more freedom of speech, the higher the competitiveness power.

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This study aims to develop a native scale of competitiveness in Iran's commercial banks. Based on the review of theoretical and empirical literatures, a comprehensive competitiveness scale is developed to show the various dimensions of international performance of commercial banks. The validity of the scale is confirmed by 50 experts. The information of the scale is collected using a sample of 300 questionnaires distributed among officers of commercial banks working at international departments of Iran's commercial banks. The main findings of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. The main determinants of native scale for measuring the performance of international departments of commercial banks are financial and non-financial performance, respectively. 2. the Non-financial performance is confirmed in the international departments of all commercial banks. Moreover, the financial performance of international departments in the Melli, Saderat, Mellat and Sepah Banks is approved while the financial performance is not confirmed in the Tejarat Bank.

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WTO as one of the 118th elements of third wave paradigm and also strategic shift from traditional management to brand management in global automotive industry, are regarded as the most important strategic challenges for local new established automotive companies particularly Iranian automotive companies. This article represents findings of a study which has examined growth models and learning barriers in Iranian automotive companies. This research has examined first, competition issues regarding Iran Khodro Company (as a pilot to apply results of research) by means of SD modeling in comparison with other internal competitors. And then simulates Iran automotive industry sector in a real competitive environment with presence of other foreign competitors by applying two scenarios. These two scenarios express that what are the growth enablers and impediments for Iran Khodro (in micro term) and Iranian automotive industry section (in macro term), whether or not the infrastructures of joining Iran to bilateral or multilateral WTO negotiates are strengthened. Finally, complementary policies for survival of Iranian automotive companies in a completely competitive situation is examined and addressed and necessary suggestions for their survival are presented.

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Armington elasticity measures the degree of responsiveness of relative demand of an imported good to its domestically produced one, to relative home produced-imported price ratio of that good. In fact, it shows the competitiveness (or its substitutability) of domestically produced goods with respect to the imported ones. These elasticities were estimated for 23 selected goods (because of data deficiencies) at 2, 3 and 4 digits of ISIC classification and found them (for 19 goods) positive and statistically significant.

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This study introduces the factors influencing on development of high-tech services exports (HTSE) in Iran. After communicating the overall policies of the fifth development plan, the national policy-makers were invited to formulating the exports development plan of high-tech services according to paragraph 29. This paper aimed to the explanation of high-tech services and identification of factors affecting HTSE. In this regard, by a review of literature, initially a sample with 255 people out of a statistical population with 555 members was selected using cluster sampling techniques, then the statistical data was gathered using documentary searches, interviews, formation the focus groups and completion the questionnaires with reliability coefficient of 79 percent. Finally, the factors and targeted indicators have been drawn out of a non-experimental survey design using structural equation modeling (SEM) in Lisrel software environment. The findings indicate that basic requirements and related factors, necessities of efficiency and competitiveness and sustainability as well as related components are of main factors affecting development promotion of high-tech exports in I.R.Iran. The model specified explains the 80 percent of changes in basic requirements, 68 percent of competiveness necessities, and 84 percent of sustainability needs.     

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This paper describes an evaluation of the drivers of the duration of grain competitiveness in the European :union: (EU-27) member states on global markets from 2000 to 2011. Results indicate that most of the EU-27 member states were competitive with at least one segment of grain chain products. The long-term competitiveness of grain products differs between the EU-27 member states and across grain chain product groups. Trade costs reduce, while agricultural endowments, the level of economic development, export differentiation for final consumer grain products, EU enlargement and recent EU membership increase the duration of grain competitiveness. Competitiveness may be increased through sustainable grain trade specialization with a focus either on entering the market for diversified niche products, or on developing a competitive, global, integrated supply chain management system.

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Introduction
Sustainability of urban and regional life, especially in economy dimension, is one of the most important aspects in the management of cities and societies associated with urban, regional, national and international competitions. In this regard, comprehensive planning focused on identical basis of cities and regions is needed to use vernacular capacities to a sustainable and identified economic future. Attention to identical contexts, especially in the natural, cultural, social and economic aspects, leads to negative consequences such as the degradation of the environment and culture, the instability of the economy of cities and regions in global change, and the reduction of resources and injustice. The problems that many of Iranian cities and regions are involved with them undermining the economic, social, cultural and environmental identity.
One of the important issues of the research is that the Iranian cities and regions have grown regardless of the contexts and, in addition, we have witnessed heterogeneous urban growth. Uncertain loading with the identity and context of the region and cities is one of the main causes of undermining justice in the regions of Iran. Attention to the potential competitiveness on the basis of identity can lead to regional equilibrium and a fair distribution of capital and business acquisition.
On the other hand, neglecting to identities in the last decades have led to an unbalanced growth of cities and regions. In addition to regional unbalances, the issue of planning is of paramount importance to indigenous areas in Iranian different regions, which, instead of identifying the contexts and capacities of the areas of cities and regions, destroying the identity, and the natural, historical, social and cultural backgrounds and economic has intensified. The growth of irregularities in the natural, historical, socio-economic areas of the regions has weakened many areas and eliminated some of the roots of the region's competitive ability. In some areas, excessive industrial, agricultural and demolition loads and heterogeneous populations cause climate destruction, drought, environmental degradation, social harm, and injustice, rural and small-town migration to metropolitan areas, poverty and marginalization.
 Methodology
The aim of this research is to definition the contexts and strategies of identical dimensions in urban competitiveness and how to apply identical contexts in the Iranian cities and regions competitiveness. This research has been done with analytical and documentary research method with context based strategy. In order to promotion city to a competitive and identity-oriented city, the cities and regions comprehensive plan must be developed in the dimensions of identity and competitive advantages with emphasizing on competitive advantages in identical contexts.
Therefore, while addressing the above and important issues, the research questions are: Principles and strategies of urban identical competitiveness are focused on the areas of urban and regional identities. In the present study, the study on the theoretical views on urban identity competitiveness explains the theories, principles and strategies of urban and regional competitiveness, history of urban and regional competitiveness in pre-Islam era and post-Islam era was done. Then definition of urban identity competitiveness with focus on contextual dimensions and then by conclusion and analyzing these results is be done.
Results and discussion
These competitive advantages are defined and categorized in the natural, environmental, historical, spatial, religious, cultural, social, economic, scientific and sport contexts. The creation of a competitive city contains identifying potential competitive advantages, visions and applied strategies related identical contexts. The most important urban identity competitiveness strategies include the recognition of competitive advantages in the dimensions of identity and branding, innovation, facilitating competitive infrastructure, urban tourism, urban branding, location branding and location, commodity originality, and brand-oriented identical contexts.
 
 Conclusion
Competitive advantages in the Iranain cities can be analyzed in terms of homogeneous regions. In general, it can be said that most of Iran's cities are known for their natural, historical and cultural advantages. The natural benefits of rivers, springs, mitigating climates, plants, natural products, spa therapies, mountains, etc. are considered. Historical advantages include events such as the foundations of humanity, works and history, museums, and so on. Cultural advantages include a diverse range of foods, religious and spiritual events, sports and artistic and scientific celebrities, artistic industries, and unique goods. The table below shows ompetitive advantages (potential and real) in the regions of Iran. Urban, regional, national and international competitiveness in the present age faces new causes, dimensions and emergencies. It is dramatically increasing and often affecting all citizens. Competition for attracting more domestic and foreign capital, attracting more tourists, earning higher income, having cities and regions superior to the roots of the desire to compete in the city.
In order to promote the competitiveness of the Iranian cities and regions identity, the practical strategis can be used: branding of genuine local and national products, designing urban brand identity logos, identifying the terminals and airport with Iranian culture and art, establishment of local specialty brands for local cuisine, use of new technologies and tools for promoting adaptation and branding, holding national and international exhibitions and international strategies for urban diplomacy, internet branding, holding of the conference Festivals and festivals of genuine products of world culture Arts and Food and Architecture, Worldwide Specialized Brand Publishing, Global Registration of Historic, Natural and Cultural Sets, Religious and Health Promotion, Textile and Historical Improvement, Architectural Branding and Worldwide Brand Features, Exports of Essential Goods, Solving bureaucratic issues and preventing the overthrow of products and places and cities.
 

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Abstract
 Introduction: In the past decade, planning at different levels, especially at the regional development, has experienced different ideas of organization of product activity. Industrial cluster concept on cooperation among manufacturing firms are proximity to one another. The trace of this concept can be found in the theories of industrial planning. It is what distinguishes the concepts, the impact of industrial clusters on various sectors of the economy, named economic planning; and to interact on regional spatial development, named spatial planning.
 Methodology: Little attention has been paid by interdisciplinary scientists to this view of the industrial cluster; and researchers have been associated with regional development. This thesis is aimed to determine the role of industrial clusters in regional spatial development and the role of spatial development in optimizing the production of industrial cluster. Also,  the attempt is to interact between physical, social, economic factors and spatial development of regional industrial cluster. In general, industrial clusters within its definition set priorities on two concepts: 1. The geographical concentration of companies and institutions; and 2. Cooperation of product activities. So, companies, to achieve concepts, benefit values through activities of the production process. Michael Porter named it as value chain. These activities can generally be divided in two categories. The first category is called a primary activities, such as operations, marketing and sales, inbound/outbound logistic and services; and the second category is named support activities, such as procurement, technology development, human resource management, firm infrastructure
 Results and discussion: Thus, the principal foundation of industrial clusters, resulting results in the value chain of operations in the value chain as primary activity and interacts to procurement, technology development, human resource management, firm infrastructure as support activities.  Need to emphasize supply elements in mechanisms of growth changed regional growth models, and intra-regional flows of the resources (of capital and labor) are elements of the model. These models were developed in two main directions: 1. Focused on endogenous growth elements; 2. In addition to the resources of production (capital and labor), it seeks to engage the other factors of production, such as infrastructure and accessibility.
Conclusion: Thus, in the context of spatial development of the region, the five processes that are named competitive, spatial, social, interactive and endogenous processes production as space on the production of industrial clusters at region interact to in value chain. In strategic planning, SWOT is applied in regional spatial planning that use on industrial clusters by three stages: 1. To decide the system of spatial planning and its environment; 2. To develop a systematic framework for analysis; and 3. Proposal of possible strategic options. Within results of  SWOT, strategy statement of regional spatial development of Sari County based on industrial cluster provides a tool for guiding and restraining forces, trends and processes affecting the spatial development. This statement contains a hierarchy of goals, objectives, and strategies, and policies. These are as alternative paths of action and attempt to provide the ideal model of regional spatial planning based on industrial cluster.
 

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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to develop a store brand competitiveness model for chain stores through customers' responses to store environmental stimuli. The research is applied in terms of purpose and uses a mixed or combined method in terms of data type. For data collection, the semi-structured in-depth interview approach along with library studies was considered. The statistical population of this study was organizational experts and senior managers in the chain store industry. Purposeful sampling was used to identify experts and senior managers, during which 10 experts were interviewed due to the adequacy of the data. In the next step, 58 basic conceptual propositions of open coding, 21 categorical propositions of axial coding and 7 main categories of selective coding were obtained. Also, in the quantitative section, 160 questionnaires were distributed. According to the research results, using the qualitative method and the opinions of experts and managers in the quantitative method, led to the creation of a framework for competitiveness of the store brand of chain stores and the necessary steps to achieve a strong store brand were identified. Creating external and internal environmental stimuli in the store through an enjoyble shopping experience can create the authenticity, attachment and image of the store brand, which results in increasing market share, creating a strong brand and competitive advantage, and ultimately making the store brand competitive.
 

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Introduction: Global competitiveness is the name of the game of our time, and in today's world, competitiveness has become a fundamental force in the urban economy, just like gravity in physics. Today, the competitiveness of cities plays an essential role in the development of cities. Competitiveness arises from a combination of assets and processes. Assets are either a gift, such as natural resources or man-made resources, such as city infrastructure and processes that turn assets into economic benefits for cities and ultimately make them more competitive. With the formation of globalization and networking of the global economy, cities have always found a special place as nodes of network economy, and it is believed that this competition is on a par with national competition.

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