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The capital market is a bridge that transfers the savings of economic units with excess resources to investment units that need them. Using the capital market to finance the government expenses is among the most common form of financial transactions. Therefore the capital market is considered one of the major players of financing in the economy of any country. Iran’s capital market began its rapid development process in 2005 and within the past decade many financial institutes were formed by financing from the aforesaid market. Due to being new in Iran, the relation between the diverse and scattered components of the capital market has not been provided as a comprehensive model. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the structure and identify the aspects of financing services through Iran’s capital market that due to dynamic complexities of the issue (numerous players and interested parties, diverse and multiple aspects of services and conflict of interests between interested parties), soft systems methodology was used to study the current status. Therefore, in addition to performing triple analyses of cultural analysis and illustrating the rich picture of the current status, CATWOE analysis and root definition by holding numerous sessions with the interested parties were extracted that demonstrates how the financing process must be by including real world conditions. Results indicate that to improve the issue, changes in financing services processes must be implemented that emphasis on identifying and analyzing factors of market attraction, regulatory bodies and status of laws and regulations.

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Financial markets play a vital role in supplying and facilitating the flow of funds into production and industry sectors of economy and can result into the acceleration of economic growth. Indeed, many experts believe that the development of financial markets acts as the engine for growth. The main objective of this paper is analyzing the relationships between financial market development and economic growth through focusing on Iranian economy and thirteen other countries for the period 1988-2003. In this regard in addition to the Beck and Levin model (2003), we have used three versions of Granger–Casualty approach, Cointegartion test and panel data estimation procedure. Casualty test shows that in Iran, bank and stock market size have no strong effect on economic growth despite the fact that the effect of economic growth on stock market is positive and meaningful. The results of panel data estimation revealed that in real terms, investment and labor force, positively and strongly affect economic growth. In the money sector, the effects of banking system are statistically acceptable, although the positive effect of stock market is not statistically acceptable. The absence of Long–run co integration relation between financial markets and economic growth for the period 1976-2003 is the result of Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Estimation. In sum, the long – run relation between money market and economic growth is negative and this true for the Iranian economy.

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Markowitz's model which determines the weight of each stock in the portfolio is based on the optimal choice of stocks in order to maximize the expected returns. However, this theory through paying special attention to the concept of total risk reaches to an efficient frontier which undoubtedly the portion of unsystematic risk that the market doesn’t reward will not stand in the minimum level. Besides, Sharpe’s theory presents a model using some simplifying assumptions which attains a new efficient frontier in which although the concept of systematic risk governs it, its fundamental defect will absolutely be applying market portfolio in the case of investing. This article aims to combine the theories of Markowitz and Sharpe to introduce a new model. This new model is much better and more efficient in comparison to Markowitz’s efficient frontier. Moreover, it reforms the exiting defect in Sharpe’s model The superiority of proposed model over Markowitz and Sharpe's traditional models from the view point of theory is definitely proven through paying attention to unsystematic risk, eliminating some assumptions of the traditional models and finally through finding the optimal portfolio of stocks for large cement corporations in Tehran stock exchange market.

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Achieving a high and sustainable economic growth has always been the main target of economic plans in different countries. Proving a positive relationship between financial development and economic growth by many studies has convinced the researchers to study the effective factors on the growth and development of financial markets. Inflation is one of the main factors that have a great impact on the countries’ financial development. So, the focus in the studies has mainly been on explaining the form of relationship between inflation and financial development. In this paper, the relationship between inflation and financial market development in Iran during 1978 to 2007 for the money market and during the summer of 1999 to spring of 2008 for the capital market has been reviewed. Econometric model of this research has been specified according to Boyd, Levine and Smith model (2001). Firstly, a simple linear model is used for controlling other economic factors that may be correlated with financial market performance. Then, a threshold regression is handled for explaining the nonlinear relationship between inflation and financial market development. In this model, different thresholds that limit inflation are considered. Conditional least squares method (CLS), is applied for estimating the model. The threshold limit for inflation has been determined based on the minimum error sum of squared criterion. The results of the estimated model indicate that a negative relationship between inflation and financial development indexes of money market. This positive relationship also exists between inflation and stock market development indexes. In the same way, the output of the estimated models has shown that in the some domain of inflation, the negative relationship between inflation and financial development indexes of money market is not significant.  In addition, the results of the estimated models revealed that there is no a threshold limit for the impact of inflation on the stock market.  

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     Option contract is one of the financial derivatives used to manage and control risk. Some doubts have affected its application and usefulness in Islamic financial markets. On some grounds such as wagering on future prices, jeopardizing the capital and acquisition of a windfall wealth, the lack of intention by parties to create a legally binding contract, and the lack of legitimate cause for acquisition, etc., the critics regard the contract as gambling and a void one. This article shall, by contrasting the option contract with gamble in Iranian and English legal systems, conclude that these doubts derive from the characteristics peculiar to option contract, on the one hand, and from the critics’ in acquaintance with option contract and gamble, on the other. Therefore, the similarities between them are only superficial, and the two contracts differ materially from many aspects such as their nature, subject-matter, function, purpose and rules.         
  

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Aim and Introduction 
The development of financial markets is critical for economic growth. One of the most important financial markets is the capital and stock market, where the prosperity of the stock market and financing through the stock market can develop any country's economy. Capital market development requires the efficient performance of financial intermediaries, including mutual funds. Iran’s economy has always faced the problem of insufficient liquidity and financing for production sectors. As a financial tool, mutual funds can moderate this problem with their existing potential. Therefore, the study aims to investigate the probable effect of mutual funds on economic growth.
Methodology
In the previous studies that have been done in this field, the descriptive-analytical aspect of the subject has been discussed. But these studies didn't provide an appropriate framework for analyzing the effect of mutual funds on economic growth. For this purpose, in the present study, based on the theoretical literature, a general equilibrium model has been designed, and the output of this model is obtained according to the optimization of different sectors of the economy. Assume a closed economy where mutual funds are investors with information and allocate capital to high-productivity firms. The economy has a single period with two production components, a representative mutual fund, and a representative household.  We assume a high-productivity firm (H) and a low-productivity firm (L) with an equal number of producers. Both firms can obtain funds by issuing new stocks in the primary market. There is one representative mutual fund in the economy that can invest on behalf of the representative household. Therefore, the fund can invest as much as the fund flows (F) received from the household at the beginning of the period. We assume the mutual fund has sufficient access to information and production technology and can detect high-productivity firms. The household seeks to maximize utility, and the proposed utility function consists of only consumption. As utility and consumption are positively related, utility maximization is equivalent to consumption maximization. However, since the present study adopted a single-period economy, consumption equals income. Thus, maximum utility is represented by maximum income.  Initial capital (W) can be directly invested in the primary market or indirectly invested in the secondary market by the mutual fund. This framework is a new aspect and the main contribution of research in this field. The output of the model is estimated using the GMM method for the period 2010:2 to 2020:4.
Findings
According to Table 5, most coefficients are statistically significant. The first lag of GDP was expectedly found to have a positive, significant impact on the GDP level and, thus, economic growth. Mutual fund investment was observed to have a positive, significant impact on GDP; a 1% rise in fund investment, on average, leads to a 0.473% increase in GDP. This finding is consistent with our theoretical framework. We expect mutual funds’ investments in the primary market, positively impact GDP since mutual funds have an information advantage over individual investors. Thus, they can optimally allocate resources to high-productivity firms (i.e., mutual funds have a higher ability than individual investors to identify high-productivity firms in light of their information advantage). The household wealth coefficient was estimated to be 0.255, suggesting that a 1% increase in the household’s wealth raises GDP by 0.255% on average. This finding is consistent with economic theories. The interaction of wealth and fund investment was estimated to have a coefficient of 0.257, implying a significant relationship. This coefficient was expectedly found to be positive, consistent with modeling. The interaction of fund flows and fund investment significantly affects GDP with a coefficient of -0.174. This coefficient was expectedly found to be negative, consistent with modeling. Fund flows were estimated to have no significant impact on GDP. Although it was found to have the expected sign, it has an insignificant impact on GDP and thus cannot be interpreted. The coefficient of the secondary market return was found to be significant only at a confidence level of 90%.
Discussion and Conclusion
Overall, mutual funds have a positive impact on GDP. These funds may improve the performance of Iran’s financial markets if they acquire an appropriate position in the financial market. A large number of individual traders have begun to trade on Iran’s stock market without financial knowledge and suffered massive losses in 2020-2021. If the mutual fund sector is active in Iran, in addition to the optimal allocation of resources, it can also help people for investment in the stock market and prevent crises such as 2020-2021. Eventually, the policy recommendation is that policymakers pay more attention to the development of mutual funds in short- and long-term policies.
Keywords: Mutual fund, Capital market, Economic growth, Primary market, GMM
JEL Classification: G11, G23, G51

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Research studies on new financial products development in the capital markets of Islamic countries and Iran have often focused on the technical and shari'ah (religious) design of financial products and neglected the marketing approach to the New Product Development (NPD). The purpose of this research is to explore important categories and determine their relationships in order to provide a model for developing new financial products in the capital market of Iran with a marketing approach. In this qualitative research, the grounded theory strategy was used to design the research model. To identify academic-executive new products experts in the capital market, snow-ball sampling were used and after 14 interviews, theoretical saturation was obtained. The collected data were implemented in Word software and analyzed using Maxqda software. The research data were analyzed in three stages: open coding (712 descriptive codes), axial coding and selective coding. The findings show that the final model consists of 6 main categories, 20 subcategories and 129 abstract concepts. The most frequent concepts were respectively intervening conditions (69 codes), causal conditions (15 codes), strategies (13 codes), contextual conditions (12 codes), core phenomenon and outcomes (each of them 10 codes). The “stages” of new financial product development were identified as core phenomenon of the model. The research findings show that capital market managers and policy makers need to pay attention to all categories of causal conditions, intervening conditions, contextual conditions, strategies and outcomes of new product development, and take a marketing and multifaceted approach to new financial products development.