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Showing 6 results for Co2 Emission
The Effect of Export Quality, Energy Efficiency, and Economic Complexity on Co2 Emissions in the Emerging Economies: A DEA Model and Quantile Regression

Volume 1, Issue 4 (12-2023)
Abstract
Today, carbon dioxide emission is one of the concerns of all countries in the world, so in this paper, we examine the effect of export quality, energy efficiency, and economic complexity on CO2 emissions per capita during the period of 1990 to 2014 in emerging economies. For this purpose, first, energy efficiency is calculated using mathematical programming methods (DEA). Then, the effect of export quality, energy efficiency, and economic complexity on per capita carbon dioxide emissions in the panel of emerging economies is investigated using panel quantile regression. The energy efficiency results show that the average energy efficiency of the studied countries had been increasing from 1990 to 2014. The lowest efficiency score among the studied countries is related to China. The results of quantile regression indicate that the export quality and consumption per capita of fossil fuels have a positive and significant effect on CO2 emissions per capita in all quantiles. The results also show that the coefficient increases by moving in the level of quantiles, so that, the highest effect coefficient of export quality on CO2 emission is related to the quantile 90th and about 0.874. Energy efficiency has a negative and significant effect in all quantiles except 90th, and the highest coefficient of influence (0.133) is related to quantile 10th. The increase in economic complexity increases the co2 emissions in all quantiles except 10th, and the highest coefficient (about 0.487) is related to quantile 90th. 
An Evaluation on Impacts of Different Land Uses and Land Covers on Emission of Carbon Dioxide from the Soil (Case Study: Biabanak, Semnan Province)

Volume 8, Issue 3 (7-2020)
Abstract
Aims: The present study aims to monitor and assess CO2 emission from the soil of different land uses and land covers including rangelands, farmlands, mines, gravel lands, and bare lands (lands characterized with no vegetation) in monthly and annual temporal scales.
Materials & Methods: Monthly carbon emission was monitored according to the alkali-trap method in a closed static chamber from mid-March 2015 to mid-February 2016. Data on emissions and land use were analyzed in a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications. To determine the relationship between temperature and humidity factors with changes in carbon emission in each land use, Pearson correlation coefficient was used.
Findings: The highest (about 3.44g C/m2/d) and the lowest (0.13g C/m2/d) emission rate was found in mines (in July 2016) and in gravel lands (in January 2016), respectively. The results also showed a seasonal pattern (high in summer and low in winter) of CO2 emission. It was found that while carbon emission positively correlated with soil moisture, it showed a negative correlation with soil temperature in mines.
Conclusion: The results depicted that land management should include proper land use selection and improper land use changes should be avoided.

Decomposition of Industrial Co2 Emissions: The Case of Iran
Mohsen Nazari, Mohammad Bakhshizadeh,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (1-2012)
Abstract
This paper aims at identifying the factors that have influenced changes in the level of industrial CO2 in Iran. Environmental Problems, especially “climate change” due to significant increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases, have been on the agenda since 1980s. Among the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important. By means of an algebraic decomposition method the observed changes are analyzed into five different factors: output level, energy intensity, fuel mix, structural change and residual. The results show that output and energy intensity had the most effect on increasing CO2 emissions. And CO2 emissions are possible to decrease without decreasing output if structure and efficiency energy and Fuel mix get improved.
Identification of Economic Opportunities for Green Growth in Iran: A Multi-Factor Energy Input-Output Analysis
Mrs. Maryam Jafari Taraji, Dr Majid Maddah, Dr Nooraddin Sharify,
Volume 22, Issue 2 (6-2022)
Abstract
Green growth emphasizes the production and supply of eco-friendly products and is considered a suitable strategy for economic growth along with the preservation of natural resources and reducing pollution emission in different countries. Given that Iran as a developing country does not perform well in terms of the green growth index, it is necessary to evaluate energy consumption, pollution of various economic activities, and identifying economic opportunities for green growth in terms of production and employment indicators. This study, using the multi-factor energy input-output method and input-output table data related to 2016, investigates the impact of final demand on primary energy consumption, CO2 emission, economic growth, and energy jobs which in turn identifies green growth potentials in Iran's economic sectors with considering both growth and employment indicators. The results show that the sectors related to the production of agricultural and livestock products, services and food products have the lowest CO2 emissions for each unit of production growth and the growth of energy jobs. On the other hand, due to the low growth potential of transportation services, base metals, rubber and plastic products, encouraging higher final demand for products will not be attractive; so that, structural changes in these sectors are necessary for planning green growth.
 

Economy, Energy and Environment (3E) Nexus in Selected Asian Countries An Application of Spatial Panel Simultaneous Equations Model
Dr Somayeh Azami, Mrs Fatemeh Hosseini, Dr Kiomars Sohaili,
Volume 24, Issue 2 (5-2024)
Abstract
Introduction
The emission of greenhouse gases caused by fossil fuels and other human activities is a serious threat to many countries, which is more prevalent due to its nature and is noticeable in most regions of the world. In the last three decades, with the increase of greenhouse gases in the  atmosphere, the air temperature is increasing, and it is expected that with the continuation of this trend, unfavorable changes will be made in the environment. According to the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in 2014, 76% of all greenhouse gases are composed of carbon dioxide. Therefore, it can be said that carbon dioxide emissions plays an important role in protecting the environment and sustainable development (Omari, 2013). Many studies have identified the factors affecting carbon dioxide emissions and its relationship with other economic, social and environmental factors in order to achieve sustainable development, among which, energy consumption and economic growth can be mentioned. Energy as a driving force plays an effective role in most production and service activities. On the other hand, energy consumption leads to air pollution due to carbon dioxide emissions. The purpose of this study is to examine economy, energy and environment nexus in Asian countries. It is noteworthy that Asian countries such as China, India, Japan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and South Korea rank less than 10th in terms of carbon dioxide emissions among the countries of the world. The significance of these effects has an important message for environmental policymakers in solving environmental issues and climate change.
Methodology
This nexus is estimated in the time period of 2002-2018 in the form of Spatial Panel Simultaneous Equations Model (SPSEM) with the Generalized Spatial Panel Two Stage Least Squares (GS2SLS) method. It is tried to analyze this correlation by considering the influence of these countries. Therefore, Spatial Panel Simultaneous Equations Model is used to investigate the three-way communication of economy, energy and environment. The model of simultaneous spatial panel equations makes it possible to analyze the correlation and relationship of economy, energy and environment by considering the influence of countries on each other and spatial spillover effects. In other words, the spatial correlation of countries in terms of economic growth is considered to be the spatial correlation of carbon dioxide emissions.
Findings
The results of this research confirm the spatial correlation of economic growth, energy consumption and environmental quality. In other words, the spatial spillover effects of economic growth, energy consumption, and environmental quality exist significantly, and economic growth, energy consumption, and environmental quality in each country are affected by the economic growth, energy consumption, and environmental quality of another country, respectively. In addition, the quality of the environment spatially has a stronger correlation than the other two series. In other words, selected Asian countries are significantly affected by environmental conditions compared to economic conditions.
On the other hand, economic growth and energy consumption, economic growth and environmental quality, and energy consumption and environmental quality have a significant mutual relationship. The two-way relationship between economic growth and environmental quality indicates that while more production brings more pollution, pollution has direct and indirect harmful effects on economic growth through increasing treatment costs and reducing labor productivity. The two-way relationship between economic growth and energy consumption is also confirmed.
Political stability significantly leads to an increase in environmental quality. The growth of urbanization leads to a decrease in environmental quality due to unfavorable structure of the cities. The share of industrial exports and imports leads to a significant increase and decrease in energy consumption, respectively.
Discussion and Conclusion
According to the results obtained, it can be pointed out that energy consumption and economic growth are incompatible with the environment. It is clear that energy consumption with carbon dioxide emissions leads to an increase in environmental pollution. The reduction of carbon dioxide emissions depends on the modification of the energy consumption pattern and the replacement of renewable energies instead of fossil energies simultaneously in the countries. Policymakers should adopt strategies to reduce energy consumption. There should be an increase in investment in energy infrastructure with the approach of preventing energy waste and looking for alternative energy sources such as solar energy and new and renewable energies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. In order to adopt effective policies on climate change issues, policy makers must consider the spatial spillover effects of countries. These new empirical results will help policymakers in Asian countries to design appropriate environmental and energy policies to meet the goals for economic development and sustainability.

Food Security, Climate Change and Environmental Pollution in MENA Region: Evidence from Second Generation Panel Analysis

Volume 26, Issue 6 (11-2024)
Abstract
Food security is a critical issue in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region due to its population growth, as well as geographical and climatic conditions. From one point of view, most of the countries in the region benefit from an abundance of natural resources centered on fossil fuels. From another point of view, environmental issues, particularly emissions caused by production activities, and the pressures caused by climate variability, highlight the importance of food security. Hence, the effects of climate change, energy consumption, environmental pollution and other control variables on food security in the MENA region were explored from 1990 to 2019. According to the cross-section dependency, the second-generation panel CS-ARDL (Cross-Sectional Autoregressive Distributed Lag) estimator was employed. The empirical results indicate that energy consumption, crop production land, CO2 emissions, and precipitation have a significant positive effect on crop production index, as index of food security. Additionally, urbanization and mean temperature have detrimental effects. The findings from Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality tests indicated that crop land and precipitation have a unidirectional causal effect on food security, whereas energy consumption, CO2 emissions, urbanization, and mean temperature have a bidirectional causal relationship with food security. These findings imply that while maintaining the level of agricultural production and increasing it, the climate effects and environmental aspects of production should not be overlooked.
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