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The spatial arrangement of the elements of the spatial organization will lead to sustainable development, if it considers three main components of the environment, economic growth, and social development, with emphasis on human-centeredness. In order to identify imbalances and balances in spatial distribution, it is very important to use appropriate methods that have the ability to combine various indicators into the spatial organization. The purpose of this study was to determine the strategic factors affecting the political management of the Arak township spaces through library and field studies in the first stage and, secondly, the ranking of these factors based on their importance and their impact through the Analytical hierarchy process for the proper management of geographical spaces of the Arak Township.
This study is a descriptive approach based on nature and is applied developmental based on the goal. The research method is descriptive-analytic and library, internet, and interviewing materials are used for gathering information. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique have been used for weighing the factors.
Conclusion: After determining the importance of each of the factors, The existence of suitable business development Potentials with cargo and passenger terminals and the international exhibition site in Arak, Unstable exploitation and overcapacity of natural and environmental resources, existence of target markets, especially in neighboring countries, market failure and unpredictability of some agricultural production support policies were recognized as the most important internal and external factors of the township.
 

 

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Today, carbon dioxide emission is one of the concerns of all countries in the world, so in this paper, we examine the effect of export quality, energy efficiency, and economic complexity on CO2 emissions per capita during the period of 1990 to 2014 in emerging economies. For this purpose, first, energy efficiency is calculated using mathematical programming methods (DEA). Then, the effect of export quality, energy efficiency, and economic complexity on per capita carbon dioxide emissions in the panel of emerging economies is investigated using panel quantile regression. The energy efficiency results show that the average energy efficiency of the studied countries had been increasing from 1990 to 2014. The lowest efficiency score among the studied countries is related to China. The results of quantile regression indicate that the export quality and consumption per capita of fossil fuels have a positive and significant effect on CO2 emissions per capita in all quantiles. The results also show that the coefficient increases by moving in the level of quantiles, so that, the highest effect coefficient of export quality on CO2 emission is related to the quantile 90th and about 0.874. Energy efficiency has a negative and significant effect in all quantiles except 90th, and the highest coefficient of influence (0.133) is related to quantile 10th. The increase in economic complexity increases the co2 emissions in all quantiles except 10th, and the highest coefficient (about 0.487) is related to quantile 90th. 

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Since in recent decades the world population increased, it causes to ascend the municipal solid waste (MSW) production. Therefore, to manage this and control its damages that affect the environment, some applied techniques are needed. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the techniques used in this research for selecting and arranging one or more scenario. The presented scenarios were composting, incineration, landfilling and recycling which were chosen by considering their implementation in the case study site.  Each scenario was analyzed in terms of ten environmental indicators that include abiotic depletion potential, ozone layer depletion potential, global warming potential, human toxicity potential, fresh water toxicity potential, marine toxicity potential, terrestrial toxicity potential, acidification, photochemical oxidation and eutrophication. The employed software for this analysis was Simapro. Results indicated that the landfilling scenario had the highest pollution ratio in eight environmental indicators and after that, the incineration scenario was the most polluting in two ozone layer depletion potential and global warming potential indicators. Recycling was the best scenario in point of lowest effects on global warming potential and human toxicity potential indicators. Composting was the scenario that had the lowest footprint on seven environmental indicators in comparison to other scenarios. In addition, this scenario showed the lowest environmental pollution burden in ozone layer depletion potential among all indicators. In general, according to the findings of this study, composting scenario is recognized as an appropriate method for municipal solid waste management in Urmia metropolis of Iran.
 

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The quality of stable environments is crucial for maintaining the health of horses, minimizing air pollution, and potentially utilizing waste for fuel production. This study investigates the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of dry horse bedding across twenty-four horse-riding clubs in Tehran. The objectives are to gather information on current stable practices and assess the suitability of used bedding for reuse or energy generation. Results revealed that the moisture content of the bedding ranged from 39.63% to 76.92%, leading to high drying costs. Ash content varied between 7.73% and 17.20%, while nitrogen content ranged from 0.78% to 1.77%. Hydrogen content was measured between 7.06% and 9.04%, with carbon content ranging from 14.74% to 24.46%. The particle size distribution showed that 70% to 94% of particles were smaller than 3.15 mm, with 0.5% to 1.5% below 0.075 mm, indicating potential health concerns. The average gross calorific value was 19.0372 MJ/kg. While the pellet samples did not meet specifications for non-industrial use, used horse bedding pellets exhibited greater suitability for industrial applications.
 

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The formation of the border and the establishment of a border line between the two countries have political, economic and cultural-social consequences and impacts, especially at local and border settlements level. In this research, the consequences of the border establishment, border policies, and the plan to strengthen border guard (Forces) at several points of settlements such as Yazdan, Kaboodeh, and Nazarkhan have been discussed. This descriptive-analytical research, based on library and field pieces of information/findings seek to investigate the formation process of eastern borders within South Khorasan province and also the developments that during about six decades have taken place in these areas. The results of researchers showed that the determination and establishment of this border caused that some border villages such as Kaboodeh and Yazdan placed on this side of the border, and Nazarkhan was placed on the Afghan side. The consequences of these border policies have led to evacuation and destruction of border villages such as Kaboodeh and Yazdan, along the Nomands resettlement plan and security, and also their inhabitants were resettled in the Barenjgan city; in the other hand, Nazarkhan farm across the border has now changed into a linear village with a population of over 5 thousand people. The evacuation of these border villages along with the border privacy delimitation project, and also the forced migration of its residents to a new location has resulted in tensions between old residents and new immigrants in addition to causing discontent between borderers.
 

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Administrative political decentralization, the move towards political development and the management of geographic space are one of the main concerns of governmental systems in developing countries in general and in Iran in particular to achieve democracy. Such a decentralization follows a special approach to the geographic (Natural human) characteristics of each country as well as the type of administrative political system that governs it. However, the most important regional geopolitical decentralization in each independent political unit is the local government. Local governments play an effective role in optimizing the management of human habitats with the knowledge of geographical areas and human rights. Therefore, the present research seeks to answer the following questions: What are the effective elements in the formation of an effective local government in Iran? The method of this research was descriptive- analytic, which has been done by studying high-handed documents and rules in Iran, as well as studying the human-natural characteristics of Iran to identify the indices and elements effective in the formation of an efficient local government. Findings of the research indicate that the decentralization and delegated powers to non-central places and the distribution of power at the geographical level are scattered in some of the laws and documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
 

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The present paper seeks to examine factors affecting the sense of security of religious tourists on the border of Mehran as a model of border towns. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Data was collected through library studies and a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and hypotheses. Findings show that there is no meaningful relationship between personal characteristics of respondents between their age and their sense of security. There is a significant relationship between the sense of security and gender, the sense of security and education of the respondents, and the sense of security and the status of the marital status of the respondents. In terms of tourists' safety, the security of a person with T=37.4 is most secure. Road safety with a T-value of 97.2 is in the lowest category security. According  the Sperman test, in the study of the relationship between total safety indices and sub-indicators of tourism development, the highest correlation coefficient between total security and re-visit with a correlation value of 5.30 is obtained. In examining boundary measures for border city security, the predicted variables predict 0.79% of the safety sensitivity variance, and all variables significantly predict safety. The efforts of security officials to secure security on both sides of the border with (Beta=0.526; has the highest impact on the variable of security.
 
 

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The spatial boundaries are not just important in the macro and international levels, but also are significant at the local, regional and national levels. They are significant in areas such as Mamasani County in which the social structure has the tribal nature. The spatial-identity boundaries are appeared due to the dominant tribal atmosphere. On this basis, the areas of culture, society and politics are overshadowed. Tribalism and socio-political boundaries in these areas consolidate each other through factors such as identity, geographic space; the creation of symbols and values; the emphasis on the notions of one's self and others; friendship, hostility and competition and the elections in local level (city council and village or parliament). This kind of solidarity plays an important role in stabilizing local- tribal and traditional political behavior on the one hand and perceptual and spatial boundaries on the other. This situation has consequences such as tribal divergence, cultural introspection and border demarcation. The current research is based on the question of what is the relationship between tribalism and socio-political boundaries in Mamasani. In explaining the research hypothesis, it seems that tribalism and socio-political boundaries mutually reinforce each other. The research is conducted using the descriptive-analytical method and the required data have been collected through library, documentary and field (observation) methods. The findings show that tribalism and socio-political boundaries had mutual effects on each other so that tribes were socialized and politicized during the reign of the Khans and after the fall of the Khans, tribal boundaries have also been influential in intensifying clannish attitudes.
 


 

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defending territorial integrity. Therefore any external factor which wants to violate any principles for any excuse, “nationalism” is the guarantor of national independence and integrity as a political thought or governmental ideology. There is a relationship between “Territorializing of territory” and “nationalistic” action-reaction. Usually, this relationship represents itself in two situations: in the first situation countries use “nationalistic” motivational components in order to defend territorial sovereignty (against invading other countries). In second situation they (governments) use these powerful senses in order to do expansionist aims in the form of “Territorializing” and “extending territory” in their outside competition and quarrels against other competitive or enemy states over territory. Seas and generally water zones are paid attention by political actors (governments and states) because of their geographical values (military, political, security, economical, etc). As a result “creating-extending territory” which is a geopolitical principle, is because of these geographical values.
Nationalism as a powerful force is one of the ways which is used by states in order to keep, use, and gain geographical values (geographical sources of power in land and water zones) in order to “extend or create territory”. The research is based on descriptive analytics. Data gathering of the research is done by referring to valuable resources and by the documentary method.
 
 

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Since the17^th century, holding elections has been a common mechanism for the realization of Pro-democracy. Elections are an official decision-making process in which people or a section of the population put themselves or one person to a public office for public office by casting ballots. In the district of Firoozabad, the city's canonical inquiry has affected the candidate's choice in all periods. This article seeks to investigate how the people of Firoozabad city participate in the tenth Islamic consultative assembly election from a political-territorial perspective in Iran's territorial zone. To show that the spatial pattern of people's participation in the elections to the Islamic consultative assembly has been. The present study uses detailed results of elections and spatial statistics functions to express the spatial pattern of the residents of Firoozabad city to each of the candidates in the election. The results show that the participation pattern of people in Firoozabad city is not the same and different in different periods. The spatial pattern of votes reflects the strong focus of the candidate's choice of votes, (Except for the seventh and eighth seasons), according to the born urban canvas of Firoozabad city have been.
 
 

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Today, financial development is one of the main drivers of economic growth and development. Since developing countries are focused on the rapid expansion of economic growth, they have taken steps toward the development of financial markets. However, the consequences of financial development on environmental quality are not clear. In addition, since the emission of carbon dioxide caused by production is significantly different from the emission of carbon dioxide caused by consumption in some countries (such as China). Therefore, this article examines the impact of financial development on the consumption-based CO₂ emissions for a panel of 17 developing countries during the period of 1990-2019 with a Panel- Quantile approach. Empirical findings show that the effect of financial development on consumption-based CO₂ emissions is positive and significant in all quantiles. In addition, this study considers gross domestic product, rental rates of natural resources, trade openness, and globalization as control variables. The results of this study provide new evidence for policymakers to maintain environmental quality by focusing on the link between financial development and consumption-based CO₂ emissions.
 

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Aggregation and concentration of industries and the production of more complex products due to economies of scale can cause technology spillover. The development of industrial and complex processes requires energy, and the use of energy causes carbon emissions. Now this question arises, what are the effects of technology and industrial agglomeration on the environment? The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of economic complexity and industrial agglomeration on carbon emissions in a panel of emerging economies during the period 1990–2022. For this purpose, first, the industrial agglomeration was calculated based on the location entropy index, and then, in the new panel approach, the method of moment quantile regression (MMQREG) was used to investigate the effects of economic complexity and industrial agglomeration on carbon emissions. The results showed that increasing the economic complexity index has different effects on carbon emissions. The results of parameter estimation showed that industrial agglomeration increases carbon emissions in high quantiles. The results show that economic growth and energy consumption increase carbon emissions in all quantiles, and urbanization helps to preserve the environment. The results of Dumitrescu and Hurlin's panel causality test show a two-way relationship between industrial agglomeration and carbon emissions and a one-way relationship between economic complexity and carbon emissions.
 

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Detergents are a part of human life and are consumed for different purposes, particularly hygiene. In recent years, the detergent industry has experienced significant changes as a result of environmental concerns, the availability, and cost of raw resources and energy, consumer preferences, demographic and sociological trends, as well as global economic and political factors. Several review papers have been published on detergents, but no bibliometric research has been conducted in this field. This study aims to assess the trend of detergent research and show the related hotspots by conducting a bibliometric analysis based on 37650 published articles from Scopus from 2000 to 2022. Numerous significant aspects of these articles, such as subject categories, journals, authors, countries, and keywords, were examined systematically. According to the findings, the number of detergent-related papers has increased significantly over the past two decades. The United States was the leading country in terms of both quality and quantity, followed by China and Brazil. In addition, Detmann, E. from Sweden was the most productive author. Keyword analysis suggests that current research has focused on the development of effective cleaning products that are safe for humans and the environment.
 

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Tehran is the capital and the largest city in north of Iran with 614 square kilometers area, it is located in the south slopes of Alborz and 112 km south of the Caspian Sea, and originally (more than 400 years ago) it was relatively large village. The famous village of that time called Kan village, which was located northwest of current Tehran. The antiquity Of Kan village goes back at least 1200 to 1400 years ago and one of the oldest rivers of Rey county that originate from Imam Zadeh Davoud mountains to the lake of Qom, It goes along the rural texture of Kan and irrigates Kan gardens and it is the witnesses of this claim. In the recent few decades, the growth wave and rapid growth of urbanization has also spread to this area and Kan is now locating in the Tehran. The construction orientation of the programs is directed to destruct the village and gardens and green zones and open area. Following this problem, the present study seeks to change the approach from quantitative growth to qualitative growth. And the main question is, as regards importance of the subject, how to preserve existing natural green resources through green neighborhood revival, can we introduce Kan neighborhood of Tehran city, as urban village? And through this, instead of generating income from the destruction of gardens and construction, protect the last collection of aggregate gardens in Tehran metropolis.

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Ganoderma lucidum is one of the best-known medicinal mushrooms in the world. It contains substantial amounts of intra- and extracellular secondary metabolites and polysaccharides each with its own specific medicinal and medical uses. The chitin-glucan complex (CGC) is considered one of the important polysaccharides of this fungus. Among the 10 various culture media that were studied, the one containing PDB at 24g/l, peptone at 1g/l, and with the dry weight of cells of 11.6 g/l, the produced CGC of 3.2g/l, and with 27.6 percent CGC in the dry weight of the cells was selected as the suitable culture medium. FTIR analysis was performed for characterization of the produced CGC and its antibacterial properties were studied. The obtained time profile for CGC growth and production was 20 days and, using the logistic growth model and the Lodding-Pipet equation, the calculated specific growth rate of Ganoderma lucidum (μm) and the volumetric productivity for the product were 2.85 g CGC L-1day-and 0.5274 day-1, respectively. The calculations indicated there were high degrees of conformance between the model and the laboratory data related to kinetic characteristics of cell growth (R2= 0.9679) and to CGC production (R2=0.9901). Therefore, the introduced kinetic model can serve as an effective guide to control the fermentation process in industrial production of the valuable CGC polymer.

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One of the most controversial issues in political geography is the role of local government and governance in the urban space. Governance deals with individuals and organizations that are involved in the decision-making and enforcement process. Today, by recognizing the patterns of governance, the city must be managed by them. The transition from idea to action, along with the structural and functional changes of government, require more than just a government, and other actors have an impact on improving the quality of life and well-being of different stakeholder groups. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, after examining the concept and different angles of the governance model, proves that in today's cities, the management of the urban system is governed by the governance of local organizations.
The results show that governance at the micro-macro-spatial level is a step towards self-organization of urban communities and fragmentation of government power that requires the involvement of citizens and social groups in addition to government actors. In fact, there are different ways in which local authorities are elected to govern in the world.

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The pattern in the last few decades, especially in countries and regions located in the desert of the earth are considered, as a reflection of climate change. A situation that threatens security, stability and development in many areas due to reduced rainfall and water scarcity. Iran has also been strongly influenced by these events and changes in its attitude towards its geographical position during the last decade and half. Southeastern Iran with center (Sistan and Baluchestan Province) which has been a region with low rainfall, daring several periods of time due to climate to the point that it has become one of the migrating provinces of the country. An event that has itself given rise to emerging security issues and challenges, especially in border areas
The present article is based on the hypothesis that the decrease in rainfall and threat of water resources has led to the emigration of the province. The methodology of the present study is descriptive-analytical and the required data and information are collected through the meteorological organization and the national statistics center and then using standard rainfall (SPI) and normal rainfall (PNPI) percentage investigate and analyze the spatial distribution of drought (period, 1996-2011) and its impact on the migration of residents of the strategic area. The results show that the occurrence of severe or very severe droughts in a region has negative reflections on the livelihood of residents in the region, which with the attitude of the people of the province to dependence on limited water resources and traditional agriculture and the lack of land management policies and hydro-political relations between Iran and Afghanistan have led to an increase in the crisis in the east of the country, and the people of this province have inevitably migrated to neighboring provinces and other parts of the country to provide better living conditions.

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Knowledge is power (quoted from Ferdowsi), knowledge is really the ability. Science, economics and power affect each other. The interactive influences of science and technology, economy and power, are vital and widespread. The power of science, social contexts, economics context has revolutionized political thought and military power and crosses the natural boundaries and transformed the weight of the country's geopolitical.
Identifying the relationship between knowledge, economic situation and power has always been particularly importance. Studies show that in the term of economy, power, science and technology of each country are placed in a different position, and according to this position, their goals and policies are variable. In this regard, this study aimed to analyze the links between science and technology, economy and power of countries and tries to identify the relationship between the complements of science and technology, economy and power.
The research method of this paper is descriptive-analytic and data collecting method including the use of statistical resources and the study population included 37 countries which in a period of 9 years 2010 to 2018 in the form of three components were compared and evaluated.
The results indicate that there is a positive correlation between the indices of science and technology of countries and economic power, and there is a direct relation between economic power and political power of countries. In addition, countries that have a good position in terms of science and technology have a favorable position in terms of power.