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This research addresses the issue of balancing time-cost-income of talent management and succession in knowledge-based organizations. There are different approaches for attracting talents from outside of an organization to fill this gap. Although many different researches made clear insights about the importance of successful talent succession, only a few quantitative methods have been developed to deal with such problem. This paper by assuming such realistic assumptions, proposed a bi-level linear mathematical model, based on game theory approach. The performance of developed model has been assessed using PSO algorithm by gathering ten-year realistic data from an Iranian telecom company. The results show acceptable adoption to reality, based on realistic events.

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Evaluation and measuring performance causes smart system and motivatedindividuals to showthe right behavior, and this is a main part in designing and implementation of organizational policies. Evaluation performance describesproductivity activities and organizationplans. Identifying performance indicators to guide the organization toward long-term goals is vital in acomplexbusiness condition. In this study the limitations of performance metrics and strategies assessedby the Balanced Score card and Analytical Process Network and Game theory as means to increase the effectiveness. As the case of the study, Tehran Municipal Region 4 shows Quantification of factors affecting success of an organization using Paired comparison preferences and affiliations of these factors using Analytical Process Network.Adopting this model helps organizations regarding the issues discussed. In addition, with the approach of group games in game theory, any aspect of the Balanced Score Card considered as a player and value of each player's shapedcoalition was determined. Finally, with regard to the values obtained, the best strategy combination selected and suggested.

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Objective: To classify different types of acute leukemia based on cooperative game theory and Shapley value. Materials and Methods: In this study, patients data were collected from Flow Cytometry tests of the Iran Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO) have been used. 304 different diagnosed samples in 8 classes of acute leukemia were investigated. Samples were initially in numerical format. In the next stage, we transformed them into Boolean format according to the defined threshold. Then, weights were assigned to these samples based on cooperative game theory and Shapley value. In this regard, different samples of acute leukemia were separated and classified (Learning Phase). In the diagnosis phase, using similarity measures, the similarities between new under study and the training samples were assessed and the type of under study leukemia were detected (Diagnosis phase). Results: The accuracy rate of the classification method based on the cooperative game theory for leukemia was 96.3% which indicates that the proposed method has a considerable precision rate to classify the different kind of classes. In order to find the validity and efficiency of the proposed method, the results were compared with neural network, which is one of the useful learning algorithms. The accuracy rate of the classification method based on Radial Basis Function method (RBF) was 91.80%. Conclusion: Considering the data, the proposed method gave very hopeful results for acute leukemia classification. In this regard, it can assist hematologists and physicians in reasonable and accurate diagnosis of the kind of leukemia, to make more suitable decisions.

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The various types of unemployment have been key subjects of economics from the past periods. Sometimes, unemployment is the result of improper distribution of labor force. According to the statistical data, medical labor market in Iran is faced with such a problem. The density of medical labor in metropolitan areas is high. As a result, this market is of supply surplus. On the other hand, Iran’s towns and suburbs experience demand surplus. This type of unemployment indicates a kind of market failure, which needs to design a market as a solution. Market design as a subset of game theory requires developing through collaborative efforts of a wide range of specialists. In this article, we analyze medical labor market using the matching theory as a subset of market design. This theory is a main subset of market design theory. We apply a hypothetical market; provide a model and present suggestions to amend the medical labor market in Iran.  

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The increasing global realization of natural gas as a relatively abundant energy is evident from available data on increasing share of natural gas in meeting world energy requirements. India is one of the countries whose dependence on imported gas are constantly increasing. With large population and growing economy, this country is a main natural gas importer. In this paper, game theory is used to model how to enter Iran, Russia and Qatar into the natural gas market in India. Due to information available for all players, each player guesses his rival strategy, and does not wait for his action. Thus, this game is assumed to be of static nature with perfect information. Nash equilibrium solution was applied to the game among the three countries. Each player has two strategies: (1) to maintain the current market strategy and (2) the market development strategy (to enter Indian natural gas market). Due to rational behavior of three players, the equilibrium is obtained through the market development strategy. In equilibrium, players do not get the best outcome (Nash equilibrium is a balanced equilibrium, which is not established necessarily in a situation where the players have the greatest outcomes.

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Exchange rate in Iran has been facing fluctuations for many years, and has been affected the economic structure. Therefore, studying the changes in Exchange rate is of great importance. In this regard, the present paper studies the effects of exchange rate shocks on investment and employment within a systematic multi-regional computable model using GTAP.8 in 2007. To assess the impact of these changes, two scenarios of a 10% increase and reduction in the exchange rate are considered. The results confirm the same movements of price and exchange rate. Increase in the exchange rate in agriculture, industry and mining sectors has caused a reduction in production and employment, but has caused an increase in both variables in the service, oil and gas sectors. The decline in the exchange rate has resulted in fall of production and consequently and employment in the service, oil and gas, sectors, but it has caused an increase in both variables in agriculture, industry and mining sectors. The total investment in all areas examined is in line with exchange rate changes. Therefore, positive exchange rate shocks can increase overall employment rate. The issue is important because the share of employment in the service, oil and gas sectors is more than its share in agriculture, industry and mining ones. In addition, the positive exchange rate shock results in an increase in investment, regarding the structure of exports and imports.  

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In this paper, we consider a price-based resource allocation within an Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) based on spectrum sensing in the cognitive networks. Furthermore, there is the primary network which has an opportunity to sell the spectrum to secondary network. We assume the secondary network’s interference pricing is used to
protect primary network and propose a joint utility maximization of the primary and secondary with a maximum interference constraint at the primary and a transmission power threshold at the secondary transmitter. Accordingly, we devise a novel cost computation strategy which is function of primary and secondary behaviors. To formulate this method, a Stackelberg game and equilibriums are exploited. Numerical results are presented to verify the proposed scheme. The impact of different system parameters is investigated and compared through simulations.

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According to the Holy Islam, there are mutual relationships between citizens and the state in an Islamic society; which imply complement duties for both sides. The Sharia has defined different responsibilities for the citizens, which in accordance with the Islamic state will result in a better society. Among these responsibilities is the reaction of a Muslim when witnessing a crime in the society. By using the game theory approach we have studied the consequences of two Islamic orders, i.e. enjoining right and forbidding wrong. We have modeled the reactions of the people when seeing a crime in the society in the framework of a strategic game with VNM preferences. The results show that not paying enough attention to these two valuable orders would reduce the individual and social utility. In other words, if people follow the enjoining right and forbidding wrong, the economic and social costs of crime for the society will decrease and the social welfare will increase.

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The design of complex mechanical systems usually involves multiple mutually coupled disciplines and competing objectives which requires complicated and time-consuming interactive analysis during the design process. Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is a systematic design methodology to improve the design efficiency of complex mechanical systems specifically in non-cooperative design environments. In the other hand game theory is set of mathematical constructs that study the interaction between multiple intelligent rational decision makers. In this paper, a new game theoretic approach is proposed and applied for multi-objective MDO problems in non-cooperative design environments, considering the intrinsic similarity between the MDO and game theory. In this way, genetic programming is used as a surrogate to construct the approximate rational reaction sets (RRS) of players. Furthermore, in order to find the intersection of RRS of players in Nash game models, an objective function is proposed which should be minimized. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated by the design of three cases study in the field of engineering design optimization in non-cooperative environment. The results show that the presented approach is able to approximate complicated RRS, in addition has the ability to find multiple Nash solutions when the Nash solution is not a singleton and generally found solutions better than those reported in the literature.

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In the recent decades, water demand has been increased specially in arid and semi-arid areas, led to the over-exploitation of water resources. Groundwater resources are important sources of water supply for domestic, industrial and agricultural consumption. Nowadays, over-exploitation from groundwater resources has increased the pressure on these sources which causes the major environmental damages. In this study, a cooperative game theory model is used to investigate how the cooperation of groundwater resources consumers influences the environmental damage and the benefit of stakeholders. The used model in the present study is developed for investigation of an optimal control problem including the variables of economic, environmental, agronomic, and hydrologic issues. Ant colony optimization method is used to flexible define and solve the simulation-optimization problem of this study which provides an ability to consider an extensive range of objectives and constraints. The results show that how uncontrolled pumping and over-exploitation in each aquifer affect on the stakeholders of the adjacent aquifers. Furthermore, the impacts on aquatic ecosystems are analyzed and presented as environmental damages. The obtained results demonstrate that in different areas, environmental damages are reduced under the coalition and effective cooperation condition among stakeholders and considering the environmental externalities in comparison with status quo. In the recent decades, water demand has been increased specially in arid and semi-arid areas, led to the over-exploitation of water resources. Groundwater resources are important sources of water supply for domestic, industrial and agricultural consumption. Nowadays, over-exploitation from groundwater resources has increased the pressure on these sources which causes the major environmental damages. In this study, a cooperative game theory model is used to investigate how the cooperation of groundwater resources consumers influences the environmental damage and the benefit of stakeholders. The used model in the present study is developed for investigation of an optimal control problem including the variables of economic, environmental, agronomic, and hydrologic issues. Ant colony optimization method is used to flexible define and solve the simulation-optimization problem of this study which provides an ability to consider an extensive range of objectives and constraints. The results show that how uncontrolled pumping and over-exploitation in each aquifer affect on the stakeholders of the adjacent aquifers. Furthermore, the impacts on aquatic ecosystems are analyzed and presented as environmental damages. The obtained results demonstrate that in different areas, environmental damages are reduced under the coalition and effective cooperation condition among stakeholders and considering the environmental externalities in comparison with status quo. In the recent decades, water demand has been increased specially in arid and semi-arid areas, led to the over-exploitation of water resources. Groundwater resources are important sources of water supply for domestic, industrial and agricultural consumption. Nowadays, over-exploitation from groundwater resources has increased the pressure on these sources which causes the major environmental damages. In this study, a cooperative game theory model is used to investigate how the cooperation of groundwater resources consumers influences the environmental damage and the benefit of stakeholders. The used model in the present study is developed for investigation of an optimal control problem including the variables of economic, environmental, agronomic, and hydrologic issues. Ant colony optimization method is used to flexible define and solve the simulation-optimization problem of this study which provides an ability to consider an extensive range of objectives and constraints. The results show that how uncontrolled pumping and over-exploitation in each aquifer affect on the stakeholders of the adjacent aquifers. Furthermore, the impacts on aquatic ecosystems are analyzed and presented as environmental damages. The obtained results demonstrate that in different areas, environmental damages are reduced under the coalition and effective cooperation condition among stakeholders and considering the environmental externalities in comparison with status quo.

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One of the most important variables in modeling of traffic networks is the existing congestion in network routes. To apply a model that can help network users to decide to choose the best route, taking into account network congestion and having the necessary sensitivity to its changes will lead to better modeling of a traffic network. In this regard, the Game Theory (GT) has a lot of capabilities in modeling different issues such as transportation and traffic. Game theory with problem modeling in a form of a game tries to find solutions and analyze it. In other words, this theory can be known as the decision one that assists game players to make optimal decisions. In this research, a game model _ based on a normal form _ is designed and presented among present drivers in a traffic network, and optimum routes and the quality and circumstances of making balance in the traffic network are specified by solving and finding Nash equilibrium of the game. In the following, combining the results obtained from the game theory and Geographic Information System (GIS) provides a bed for network analysis, including optimum routing, so that decision makers can make the best decisions for better management and organization of traffic networks.

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Supply chain (SC) management aims to increase the overall profit through improvement of various activities and components. Many contradictions between parts and different levels of a SC have been identified in order to achieve overall objectives. Such shortfalls may result in decreased strength and competitiveness of the SC. The basics of game theory make it a suitable and reliable tool for solving contradiction situations by considering all levels and players goal. For Solving the problem mentioned above, game theory approach besides coordination mechanism are performed in this research. First of all an unlimited three echelon supply chain including S suppliers, M manufacturers and K retailers are considered. For this matter, a mathematical cooperative model based on specific assumptions is proposed. The model was performed in a numerical example and it is solved by genetic algorithm. The sensitivity analysis of proposed model was analyzed by design of experiment and finally the verification of the cooperative model is assessed by simulation and Arena software.

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Abstract: One of the most important responsibilities of governments, particularly in developing countries is executing infrastructure projects. Vital need for countries to undertake these projects on one hand and the lack of financial, managerial and executive government in implementing them on the other side reveals the necessity of take advantage new policies in this regard. Public and private sector partnership (ppp) is one of the most common and widely used of these policies and tendency to them over the past two decades have been increased. But the long-term nature of the projects and the rapid changes in the market led to numerous conflicts during the executive phases, so that the studies conducted, indicate that the majority of these projects have been associated with several negotiation steps. The goal of this article is to use game theory as one of the most applied scientific methods to resolve the economic disputes and provides appropriate strategy for overcoming financial problems and prevents delays in projects implementation. The model presented in this study is a kind of dynamic game with complete information and has the highest correlation (compatibility) with the real space, considers a variety of phenomena such as private contractor who seized the opportunities, money time value, and different political costs imposed to the state. Finally, the strategies to prevent conflicts and improve the administrative process have been provided in PPP.

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Some economists believe that economic crises and problems, such as economic volatility, high unemployment and inflation and the social losses, stem from the government's economic intervention and the implementation of its imperative policies. In this regard, the lack of implementation of the government’s imperative policies by central bank and its independence is still a controversial issue. In the present paper, using Stackelberg model and game theory approach, the efficiency of bond issuance is evaluated as a result of central bank independence and its effect on social loss. For this purpose, a 3-player game including government, central bank and speculators having different objective functions, is designed for Iran. Modeling and numerical analyzing are performed using softwares GAMS and MAPLE during 2005 to 2009. According to minimization of social loss, the results indicate if the government does not play a dominant leadership role, and conversely, if the central bank exerts its leadership in making monetary policy via open market operations (central bank independence), the social loss can be reached to its minimum level.

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The present study seeks to analyze Iran's oil extraction and export behavior within the framework of membership in OPEC as an important player in the oil market and to propose a policy for the post-sanction period. The analysis of strategic relations shows that oil economies differ in terms of the economic, demographic and petroleum components, and the need for oil revenues. Thus, these countries can be classified into two types of saver and expender, with different rates of depreciation. This typology and bargaining between the two groups largely determines the behavior of the players within OPEC. Accordingly, after designing an innovative model and estimating it during 2001-2017, the results indicate a strong and significant relationship between discount rate of oil countries with the previous components. In particular, oil market faces an increasing impatience and general tendency to accelerate oil exports in response to the emergence of shale oil and the change in oil market outlook. Accordingly, Iran's current role in OPEC seems nonoptimal, and economic, demographic and oil components indicate the need to adopt and enhance Iran's extraction capacity and recovery rates, while continuing membership in OPEC.

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Most of the time, Groups/Communities are involved in negotiations and disputations due to their various interests. They are always trying to pursuit their aspiration to embrace changes and influence on events. Although sometimes these groups are not completely opposed to each other and their intention is just to get the desired results, almost always their conditions are in contrast with each other. These conflicts prevent negotiators from approaching desired acceptable solutions. For improving the negotiations, resolving the conflicts and reaching satisfactory decisions, Drama theory is applied. This theory is based on game theory. In this paper, Iran Nuclear talks with 5+1 Group will be discussed as an applicable case for drama theory.

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The game theory an interdependent decision-making theory in which, decision-makers have conflicting preferences and the outcome of their decisions cannot be determined by one party or actor alone. The roots of this theory is derive from the decision theory (Samsura, Van der Krabben, & Van Deemen, 2010: 565). However, there is a clear distinction i.e. the decision theory usually analyses decision-making processes from the one player’s point of view, while the game theory emphasizes its analysis through the interaction among many players. Since the game theory focuses on situations in which interactions and interdependency play a role, it can be seen as an extension of the decision theory (Samsura et al., 2010: 564). In other words, the game theory, or the so-called ‘‘interactive decision theory’’, is derived from the decision theory (Tan, Liu, Zhou, Jiao, & Tang, 2015: 17).
The term ‘game theory’ stems from the resemblance of collective decision-making situations to well-known parlor games like chess, poker, and monopoly (Aumann, 1989). Because of its focus on conflicting preferences, the game theory is often defined as a theory of conflict. Aumann has even referred it as ‘Interaction Decision Theory’, since this accurately describes the content and focus of the theory (Samsura et al., 2010: 656).
The game theory is a powerful tool in understanding the relationships that are made and broken in the course of competition and cooperation. It has been widely used in the fields of natural and social sciences, especially in economics after the 1920s, with the groundbreaking work of Von Neumann and Morgenstern (1944), which is considered as ‘‘the classic work upon which the modern-day game theory is based’’(Von Neumann & Morgenstern, 2007: 14). The increased interest in the game theory among social scientists is partly due to the fact that it can solve social problems through finding out optimal solutions in a conflict situation (Tan et al., 2015: 17).
Since then, the game theory has been profoundly influencing other fields in natural sciences, such as biology, physics, and computer science, as well as social sciences, including anthropology, psychology, sociology, politics, and philosophy. The increased attention to this theory especially in social sciences is based on the idea that it can provide solid micro-foundations for the study of collective decision-making processes and structures and social change (Samsura et al., 2010: 565). Urban planning and, in particular, metropolitan and urban management is also one of the branches of social sciences in which the proposed theory is capable of playing a vital role. As such, the present study seeks to answer the following questions:

• How is the narrative of the game between actors of urban management field producing and reproducing?
• What are the most likely possible outcomes and remedies of the current situation?

 
Methodology
The problem structuring methods, among new approaches to operations research, believe that the most important step in solving a problem is to identify it. As such, they try their best to investigate the problem by identifying various factors, revealing and hidden relationships between them, and avoiding simplicity and unrealization. Since the game theory is one of the most important of these methods, the present research applies it to introduce and describe the gaming in the field of metropolitan management. By completing the initial assumptions, analysis and determination of the stable status is done using the GMCR+ software.
 
Results and Discussion
In the first step, people active in managing metropolitan areas are identified and categorized into four main groups: state-government institutions, public-government institutions, public institutions and private sector institutions. Thereafter, alternative metropolitan management actors are listed and finalized with initial reviews and their limitations. In real terms, all theoretical situations and conditions of games (i.e. 512 games) are not possible, and limitations make it to reduce the possible status. The final step in the field of game modeling is to determine priorities and possible preferences for each actor, for which, the prioritization of alternatives was used. The model analysis is based on the stability and balance of the actors. Based on the results of 24 statuses, 4 are equilibrium and 2 statuses are semi-stable.
 
Conclusion
The results show that there are 24 statuses, 4 equilibrium statuses, and 2 semi-stable statuses among different mode of actions in the areas of metropolitan area management. Status 15 is considered as the most stable one. Based on Nash Equilibrium (R), General Metarationality (GMR), Symmetric Metarationality (SMR), Sequential Stability (SEQ), Limited-move Stability (LM), and Non- myopic Stability (NM) all actors are most beneficial. State-government actors with structural reforms, gradual changes and the necessity of reviewing laws and regulations, as well as recognizing the concept of metropolitan area with respect to political divisions of the country, can provide a structure and an effective state for managing metropolitan areas. Public-government actors can help improve the current state of affairs by facilitating and organizing structural reforms or setting up a regional metropolitan management council. This should be done by removing the weak horizontal interactions among stakeholders in metropolitan region and unhealthy competitions of cities and settlements located in the metropolitan region. People's institutions can also play an active role in managing metropolitan areas with their attempt to participate and influence the management. Furthermore, the principle of confidence as a link between social elements that makes social capital essential, and this can be achieved through decentralizing and distributing powers among all actors and stakeholders.
 

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Financial imbalances and disparity between resources and expenditures in Iranian pension funds have made the need for reforms inevitable. Today, the share of government aid from public expenditures to two Civil and Military pension funds has increased from about 11 percent in 2013 to about 19 percent in 2021, and this trend has been increasing in recent years. However, despite the perception of the crisis in the pension system of various actors, these reforms have not been implemented. In this regard, the present study seeks pathology and finds a solution to solve the crisis of the Iranian pension system during 2013-2021. Due to the existence of different actors and stakeholders, one of the non-quantitative methods of game theory models, called the graph model, was used to resolve the conflicts. This model is an important tool for modeling and analyzing complex problems, expresses the most likely consequences of various problems in the world, and finally provide guidelines for its improvement. The modeling results of the retirement crisis show that the fourth mode of the model, i.e. the state of reform, is more likely to occur. Therefore, the current situation is not a stable one for all players, and they are motivated to leave. According to the results, limiting government support, changing the pension system, and carrying out structural and parametric reforms will improve the current situation.