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This study investigates the factors affecting coffee exports in Cameroon. For this purpose, we employed the gravity model. Considering the sample characteristics, the model is estimated with the Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML) method. The main material of the study is a panel data set covering the years 2001-2021 for ten countries, Cameroon’s main coffee export partners. The findings show that the GDP of importing countries, coffee export prices, and bilateral investment treaties (BITs) positively influence exports, whereas distance, exchange rates, and Cameroon’s GDP have negative impacts. The results highlight Cameroon’s logistics infrastructure deficiencies and the significance of stable, high-quality production. The Cameroonian government should implement policies to improve production quality and efficiency by expanding agricultural extension services and offering farmers input and investment incentives to address these challenges. Additionally, improving port efficiency will necessitate the digitalization of operations, implementation of data-driven planning, and strategic infrastructure investments.

 

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The process of globalization and the formation of new competitive environment have not only led to the necessity of export for the economy of nations, but also to the survival and growth of many companies. The type of a company's strategic orientation is considered as one of the most important factors for export success. Among them is proactive versus reactive orientation. Being proactive is defined as a managerial understanding, in which an organization can affect its destination through the systematic analysis of opportunities and threats. On the other hand, being reactive indicates low levels of demand analysis and market research of an organization. It is expected that exporting companies with proactive strategic orientation enjoy a more successful exporting experience. In contrast, reactive strategic orientation undermines the export success of a company. Accordingly, the conceptual model of this study was formulated and four hypotheses were established based on this conceptual model. Through the data collected by a questionnaire from a sample of 34 exporting companies located in Mashhad (Iran), and then using regression analysis, the results obtained showed that proactive strategic orientation has a positive effect on export success and expected both export success. On the other hand, the negative impacts of reactive strategic orientation on export success and expected export success were rejected.

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Today, carbon dioxide emission is one of the concerns of all countries in the world, so in this paper, we examine the effect of export quality, energy efficiency, and economic complexity on CO2 emissions per capita during the period of 1990 to 2014 in emerging economies. For this purpose, first, energy efficiency is calculated using mathematical programming methods (DEA). Then, the effect of export quality, energy efficiency, and economic complexity on per capita carbon dioxide emissions in the panel of emerging economies is investigated using panel quantile regression. The energy efficiency results show that the average energy efficiency of the studied countries had been increasing from 1990 to 2014. The lowest efficiency score among the studied countries is related to China. The results of quantile regression indicate that the export quality and consumption per capita of fossil fuels have a positive and significant effect on CO2 emissions per capita in all quantiles. The results also show that the coefficient increases by moving in the level of quantiles, so that, the highest effect coefficient of export quality on CO2 emission is related to the quantile 90th and about 0.874. Energy efficiency has a negative and significant effect in all quantiles except 90th, and the highest coefficient of influence (0.133) is related to quantile 10th. The increase in economic complexity increases the co2 emissions in all quantiles except 10th, and the highest coefficient (about 0.487) is related to quantile 90th. 

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After the success of the revolution in the Islamic Republic of Iran, all polices regarding crude oil production and marketing have been revised and changed. Since the policies and methods of crude oil marketing were always influenced by political and economic conditions, and since the Islamic Republic of Iran has experienced different political and economic situations after the revolution, we tried in this paper to discuss the policies and ways of marketing and selling the crude oil in Iran. For finding the effective factors on the Iranian export crude oil prices from year 1979 (Islamic Republic of Iran revolution) till year 2005 and prioritizing them, we used Likert scale, but since the crude oil marketing experts couldn’t show the priority of effective factors by Likert Questioner, we used Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to prioritize the factors. The findings show that, the quality of crude oil (API and Sulfur content) is the most important factor and “the General Terms and Conditions (GTC)” of National Iranian oil company ( NIOC) for selling Iranian export crude oil is the less effective factor on the Iranian export crude oil prices.

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Since Iran is one of the most important countries in producing as well as exporting pistachio and dates Therefore, in this study after calculating exchange rate volatility using the criterion of standard deviation of exchange rate moving average, the effects of this volatility on the export supply of mentioned crops was investigated. Autoregressive distributed lag model, one of the co-integration analysis methods, was used to reach the aim. Export supply function of pistachio to German, Unit Kingdom and Italy and export supply of dates to German, Unit Kingdom and Turkey were estimated. The results indicated that exchange rate volatility has different effects on export of the crops to understudy countries. Therefore in relation to trade policies, the effect of exchange rate volatility on trade should be considered with respect to destined country.

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The aim of this research, Which lead to the study of those factors that influence the process is to design and clear up the model of automobile industry development technology in Iran, with putting emphasis on the exportation strategy of technology exportation/development of automobile industry and achievement of suitable model. The connoisseurs in the field of exportation development have presented different point of views and every researcher has tried to study the subject of exportation development. The method of performing is descritive research either within the field or the measurement, and the industrial situation of automobile manufacturing in Iran has been study and put into comparative estimate with Korea. Statistical community of the study, consistes of experts and managers and the necessary information for analysis was collected through questionnaire (in 112 questions) and interview. The most importand statistical test in use is Spearman correlation test that beside it, Wilcoxon and Friedman tests are used as well. Based on Spearman correlation test, there is a significant relation, among human resources development, organizational culture development, organizational structure development and managerial structure development on one hand and technology development on the other hand. (Human Resources Development-0.852), (Organizational Culture-0.879), (Organizational Structure-0.722), (Managerial Structure Development-0.861). One of the outcomes of this research, is making a comparison between Iran and Korea technology development situation with applying SWOT techniques and for so doing, Wilcoxon and Friedman tests are used which indicate. There is a meaningful difference between Iran and Korea from the viewpoint of technology development. At the end some suggestions for technology development, were allowed too.

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Agricultural sector is one of the most significant sectors in Iran. This sector accounts for a significant share of GDP, employment and non-oil exports in the economy. Moreover, it produces food and also raw materials used to produce manufacturing products. Therefore, the effects of macro policies on agriculture need to be well understood. This study aims to investigate the effects of exports and tax policy on agricultural employment in Iran during the period 1979 – 2005. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach is used to estimate the empirical model. The findings of this study show that direct tax has significant and negative effect on agricultural employment while exports have significant and positive effect.

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Large natural gas reserves are a great potential economic advantage for Iran's economy. As long as the consumption and production of the natural gas increase in the country, gas industry will play a vital role in meeting oil industry's needs. This paper aims to investigate optimal usage of the Iranian natural gas reserves among different applications and also opportunity cost of allocations by developing the gas industry over a long time horizon. Using welfare function, nonlinear dynamic model is applied to solve the problem of gas allocation among alternatives such as domestic consumption, gas injection, gas exports or gas salvaging using the data over the period 2006-2031. The constraints include gas production, requirements of gas injection, domestic growth, gas consumption and other effective variables and parameters related to the natural gas reserves allocation. Findings confirm that priorities and the values of optimal allocation gas depend on the constraints of natural gas production, energy policy, target of injection for preservation or increasing the pressure of oil reservoirs and gas imports. Furthermore, low discount rate gas injection has an absolute priority to gas exports. In the baseline scenario, if domestic gas consumption continuously growth at its average rate of last 11 years performance, it won't be possible to allocate gas injection according to the preservation pressure of oil reservoirs scenario and gas exports. The results of optimal gas salvage and its shadow price shows that the lack of gas production ability has a very high opportunity cost at the beginning years.

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At the time of entering to the new millennium, changes are occuring with great speed. Today is different from yesterday and tomorow will be different from today. Successful companies, therefore, will be forced to pay more attention to three definite points: extention of globalization, amazing progress of technology, and beginning of world disorder in economy and trade. Recently, marketing models have been used in order to organize the complicated issues in rivalry environment so as to enable us to think through a simple method and to take more effective decisions. This article tries to conceptualize and test a model of marketing for Persian carpet export as one of the most important export items of the country. A conceptual model of research has been designed and offered based on relevant the principles and theories and through using the views and ideas of the experts and managers of the art and industry of Persian carpet. On this basis, a questionnaire was designed to evaluate the viewpoints of four statistical groups including governmental organizations, producers, exporters, traders and retailers of the Persian carpet. The research findings show a meaningful difference in the relationship and the effects of the model ingredients. The finding of this study provide a basis for policy and decision makers in export marketing especially for carpet industry.

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The aim of this study is to design an industrial goods export ecosystem for SMEs, so that they can play a full role in the country's economic growth. Based on research literature, 15 actors influencing the export performance of industrial firms were identified and their relationship was analyzed by eleven experts from the Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade, and the Iranian Chamber of Commerce, who were selected by judgmental sampling. Interviews have been analyzed through a causal cognitive mapping method and by Ucinet and Netdraw software. The actors influencing the export performance of the private sector in SMEs were classified into four clusters: Knowledge Hegemony, Culture of Product, Market Diplomacy, and human Structure of the Firm. The first three clusters have a strong and mutually interactive interaction, and the cluster of Human Structure of the Firm is also effective as an infrastructure element on Knowledge Hegemony and Cultures of Product. Enterprises should focus on all four of these clusters to achieve high export performance and design and implement unique strategies for each of them. Failure to pay attention to each of these four clusters will reduce the export performance of companies. Market Diplomacy, and Culture of Product are innovative concepts that companies need to learn in these areas for high export performance.

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This paper aims to evaluate the relationship between exports diversification and productivity for nine Iranian manufacturing industries using a panel data approach. Empirical results indicate that productivity and exports have similar trends over the period considered in this study. Indicators such as capital-labor ratio in sub-sectors of the manufacturing and the real effective exchange rate have positive effects on productivity. Exports diversity index has also a positive and significant impact on productivity such that one percentage change in this index increases productivity by 1.8 percent. The effect of trade liberalization on manufacturing productivity is negative and negligible, implying that, to promote productivity, policymakers should consider other fundamental and institutional factors in addition to the foreign trade.

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International trade expansion and export development have been the center of attention by the economists, policy makers and the cornerstone of planning in many countries of the world. Agricultural and industrial sectors are the crucial economic sectors in every country that have a parity role in preparing food for people and industrial inputs. This article using vector error correction models considers the simultaneous effect of economic policies on agricultural and industrial exports during the years 1971 to 2005. After testing the stationery, Johansen test was used for long run estimation. Results have shown that monetary policy has positive and significant effect on industrial and agricultural exports in short run, while interest rate and government expenditures have significant inverse and direct effect on industrial and agricultural exports respectively, and exchange rate policy has the same effect on industrial and agricultural export in long-run. Finally, the strength of each variable was investigated on export. It is recommended that increasing non oil export, the real value of interest rate is determined and by rising volume of money and then investing it and improving commodity supply, inflation will decrease and therefore non oil export will increase.

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This paper develops a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSDE) model to study Iran's economy. The model considers the dependence of Iran's economy to oil exports. Oil sector and oil export revenues have been modeled as a separate sector and one of the government budget resources, respectively. In this model, like in other New Keynesian DSGE models, firms face nominal rigidities and the intermediate-good sector is monopolistically competitive. Four shocks (productivity, oil revenues, money growth rate and government expenditure) have been introduced as the sources of volatility. The findings show that business cycle moments generated by the model and those of actual statistics from the economy are closely related. The model produces more volatile private investment and less volatile private consumption than non-oil output. Impulse response functions of shocks show that non-oil output increases in response to productivity, oil revenues, money growth rate and government expenditure shocks. Although non-oil output increases in response to government expenditures shocks, crowding- out effect of these expenditures causes output to decrease after some periods.

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This paper investigates the impact of exchange rate on non-oil export covering the period from 1978 to 2006. The method used in this study is Panel data, and these countries are selected as the hosts: Turkey, The United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Pakistan. In this research, Gross Domestic Product of the host country, Bilateral Exchange Rate, Price Raito and Dummy Variable are used as regressor for non-oil exports. The result of this study shows that, gross domestic product and exchange rate have positive effect, but price ratio and dummy variable have negative effect on non-oil exports of Iran to these countries. Also Cross Section Specific coefficient shows that exchange rate has positive effect on export to Turkey, The UAE and Pakistan, while negative effect on other countries.

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This article analyses the effects of foreign exchange commitment and exchange rate unification policies on Iran’s non-oil exports during the last three decades. In addition, the effects of these policies on non-oil exports have empirically been estimated. For this purpose, an export supply model was estimated using the econometrics technique of Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and reliable Iranian data for the last three decades. The empirical results of this paper shows that during the entire period of 1977-2008, foreign exchange commitment policy has caused non-oil exports to decline, but exchange rate unification policy has had positive effects on Iran’s non-oil exports.

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According to exchange rate pass-through models, exchange rate has a great impact on the competitiveness of exports and determining the effects of exchange rate on export prices can be useful in planning for export promotion. For this purpose, in this paper it has been attempted in the theoretical framework of exchange rate pass- through models and applying ARDL approach the effects of exchange rate on non- oil exports price of Iran during 1971 to 2007 has been tested empirically. The findings show that there is a significant positive relationship between exchange rate and export price index so that by increasing exchange rate (devaluation of national currency) export price index increases significantly. Exchange rate pass- through to export prices is complete and to import prices in terms of destination currency is zero. In other words, the empirical results of this study indicate that in the Iranian economy, exporters are faced with devaluation of national currency (increase in exchange rate), which increases export prices in terms of domestic currency. Thus, the exchange rate changes have not significant effects on export prices in terms of destination currency and just affect the profits of exporters.

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Empirical studies imply that natural resource abundance plays an important role on economic growth in natural-resource-rich countries. The growth literature shows that human capital, education, technology progress and institutional quality are effective factors on economic growth. This article using a panel data firstly investigates the Resource Curse Hypothesis and then analyzes the effective factors and how they affect RCH. Among several effective factors that are reported in present studies, in this paper the main focus is on Human Capital and Institutional Quality. The sample for this research is two groups of petroleum exporting countries: A) Major petroleum exporters and B) Other petroleum exporters which are analyzed for the period 1996-2006. Results show that Resource Curse is seen in major Petroleum Exporting Countries. The findings also confirm the importance of low institutional quality and inadequate investments in human capital in case of resource curse. The results confirm that natural resource abundance has a negative impact on growth if considered in isolation, but a positive direct impact on growth if other explanatory variables, such as human capital, institutional quality, openness and etc. are taken into account.

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The assumption of a linear relationship between export and economic growth in previous investigations may lead to invalid inference if the actual relationship is nonlinear. In present study the relationship between export and economic growth in economies of Caspian Sea border countries (Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan) is explored with emphasis on the effect of nonlinearities on the causal relationships. Results of study show that nonlinearities exist in the dynamic relationship between exports and GDP growth. Nonlinear smooth transition autoregressive (STAR) model results suggest that nonlinear Granger causality flows from exports to output growth and vice versa. Predictive accuracy tests further confirm the appropriateness of the nonlinear models over the linear model specification.

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According to trade theories, economic integration results in increasing trade and income among trade partners. This paper tries to test the major factors affecting the exports of agricultural products in ECO members using spatial econometric approach. For this purpose, the exports statistics of ECO members has been used in the form of panel data during 1992-2008. Agricultural exports function has been estimated using the Static (fixed and random effects) and Dynamic (generalized method of moments (GMM)) methods in panel data with classic and spatial econometric approaches. The estimated results indicate the existence of spatial dependence among the countries, so the using this estimation procedure is justified. GDP, Exchange rate and spatial variables (such as proximity) have positive effects and Population has negative effect on agricultural exports. Finally, it is suggested that the estimation equations should consider the proximity between the countries and with the increase in the exchange rate and GDP, increase exports in order to provide the necessary basis. Population control policies may also apply.