---

The relationship between words and their concepts is investigated in the "Semantics". "Statistical Semantics" is a sub-branch of "Computational Semantics" and in fact, a sub-branch of NLP. Determining the keywords and main concepts of a text requires time and specialized knowledge about the text, in the traditional ways. “Lexical Chains” is one of the newest branches of statistical semantics that presents the main concepts of the text based on the semantic relationships between words. In this research, we aim to determine the lexical chains of the sermons No. 111 and 221 of Nahj al-Balaghah, based on the theory of "Barzilay" and "Elhadad", using the descriptive-analytical and statistical method. The results indicate that there is 78 lexical chains in the sermon No. 111, and the semantic relationship of antonymy (50%) is more used in it, and the sermon No. 221 has 87 lexical chains, which the semantic relationship of antonymy (38%), and synonymy (34%) are more used in it. In the sermon No. 111, the chain No. 53, which its words indicate leaving this world and choosing the Hereafter, and in the sermon No. 221, chains No. 31, 62, and 8, whose words, respectively, indicate silence after the ability to speak, the importance of using wisdom, fear of the Judgment Day, are the strongest chains. Also, the results show that the topic of the sermon No. 221 is "ethical, religious, scientific, intellectual", but the main concepts of the sermon No. 111 are matched by the "ethical" topic mentioned by "Dashti".
 

---

There are some mystical works which are the written form of Sufis’ teachings, lectures, and popular tales. In other words, these works are nothing but the transference of speech to the field of writing. Thus, some aspects of both forms, that is, speech and writing, can be found in them. Taxonomy of Sufis’ texts according to their formative contexts (speech and writing) shapes a continuum between these two contexts. What we call goftārnevesht (written-speech) in this article, is a coinage for the synthesis of these two contexts which itself consists of subgenres such as amālī, maqāmāt, majālis, maqālāt and sīyar. These subgenres are different from each other due to their location on the continuum. This article attempts to describe the differences between goftārnevesht and other written genres which are mostly represented in phonological, morphological, syntactic, and discursive features of the texts.

---

Background: Urinary tract infections are considered as a major health concern. Escherichia coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections. The presence of qnr plasmid genes in bacteria is the main cause of resistance to quinolones. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern and prevalence of qnrB gene in E. coli strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections.
Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, samples were taken from patients with urinary tract infections, referred to Kermanshah hospitals during the spring of 2017. E. coli strains were identified by biochemical tests. Then antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed for the isolates by the disc diffusion method. Following that, qnrB resistance gene was detected by PCR; finally, data were analyzed by SPSS software Ver. 23.
Findings: In this study, 105 E. coli strains were isolated from urine specimens. The strains resistance rate to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin antibiotics was 62.85, 38.09, and 33.33%, respectively. PCR results showed that 67 strains (63.8%) had qnrB gene, and 38 strains (36.19%) lacked this gene. Logistic regression analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between the presence of qnrB gene and nalidixic resistance.
Conclusion: The results of this study show that the frequency of qnrB gene among the E. coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections is fairly high in Kermanshah. Therefore, it is necessary to do further investigates using molecular techniques and to take serious preventive measures.

---

This paper examines English loan words adaptation in Persian within the framework of Silverman (1992)́s phonological-perceptual approach. This article explores whether vowel epenthesis as a repair strategy in loan word adaptation is phonological or a perceptual illusion and based on what kind of loan word adaptation approaches, English loanword adaptation in Persian can be examined. In an answer to the first question, two experiments were conducted with twelve participants who had very little knowledge of English language. The results indicated that vowel epenthesis in consonant clusters of English loanwords is a perceptual illusion and happens at the perceptual level. In an answer to the second question, the results indicated that loan words adaptation is better to be examined based on phonological-perceptual approaches in that Silverman (1992)́s two level model of loanword adaptation can be an appropriate choice.
 
 

---

In this study, the Iranian specimens of the cixiid tribe Cixiini (genera Cixius Latreille and Tachycixius, Wagner) housed in Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum (HMIM) were examined. The examined specimens were collected and deposited in HMIM since 1970 including our recent studies and collecting trips since 2007. Cixius remotus Edwards, 1888 is a new record for the fauna of Iran. An Identification key to the genera and species, and distribution maps for the species in the tribe Cixiini present in Iran are provided and zoogeographic implications are discussed.

---

Semantics is one of the branches of cognitive linguistics, whose main goal is to create a connection between words and abstract and mental concepts through the modeling of human physical actions. In this regard, one of the important methods is the use of image schemas, which were first proposed and explained by Mark Johnson. The visual schema plays a significant role in the audience's understanding of the influence of human interactive relationships with abstract concepts. The Holy Quran is a book in which many abstract concepts such as the unseen, death, soul, types of punishments, types of rewards, etc. are used; Applying the visual schema theory to these verses plays an effective role in inducing the message of the verse to the audience. The upcoming research is written in descriptive-analytical method. The purpose of this research is to show the prominent role of image schemas as one of the semantic tools in abstract concepts in the Quran and concrete for these concepts for the audience. In this regard, the verses referring to reward and eagle have been chosen as examples of abstract concepts in the analytical study, focusing on visual schemas of movement, volume and power schemas, and it is expected that the result will be that volumetric schemas are used in reward. And the eagle has a higher frequency than other schemes.

---

This essay tries to show a frequent macrostructure in mystical Maqâmâts that makes people`s religious beliefs. Not only does it gives enough evidences for the structure but also interprets its ideological functions. The macrostructure consists of some chronological events. It starts with a holy parentage for great Sufis and it is continued by prophecies predict a child will be a great Sufi in the future. It carries on with unbearable asceticisms. All of the events prepare the ground for small miracles. The chain ends with a fantastic death and a contrast to other discourses. The last events, in reality, work as a result of small miracles power. The main function of the structure appears to make a limitation to access to small miracles. It leds to articulations that generate a new discourse: discourse of Sufis who have small miracles. The new discourse encounters mystical discourse to social and political discourses.

---

Aims: The objective of this study was to compare growth parameters and phenol content of different safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) cultivars and one wild species of safflower (Carthamus oxyacantha) under urea fertilizer and vermicompost treatments, to distinguish can we use vermicompost instead of urea fertilizer.
Methods: The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions. A factorial randomized complete block design with seven replications was used. Experimental treatments were three vermicompost rate; three levels of nitrogen fertilizer; and three types of safflower.
Findings: The number of leaves, leaf area, fresh and dry biomass weights significantly increased with vermicompost application. Urea fertilizer only increased the plant height. The interaction between plant cultivars and vermicompost was significant for phenol content. All growth parameters of safflower except dry biomass weight were significantly different between cultivars. Conclusion: Wild safflower responded more than other cultivars to treatments so it can be used in plant breeding programs. Vermicompost treatment act better than urea fertilizer for growing of safflower, so it can be used instead of chemical fertilizer.
 

---

Medical centers consume large amounts of electricity, water, food and building materials to provide high quality care. Among the medical centers, hospitals consume more energy and water than many industries and produce more waste. Medical centers should look for programs to reduce energy consumption, reduce environmental impact, and manage waste disposal and medical waste. Green innovation makes this possible for these centers. Green Innovation is a set of changes in production products and processes aimed at managing waste, environmentally friendly productivity, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, environmentally friendly design, and reducing environmental impact.In order to create a green innovation culture in the organization, in the first step, it is necessary to identify and prioritize the barriers to innovation in order to eliminate them.In this study, by examining the research literature and consulting experts, 15 sub-obstacles were identified in the form of 4 main management barriers, green suppliers, human and financial resources for medical centers.Then, using BWM method, their livelihood and ranking were considered according to 12 experts, and the results showed that managerial barriers and especially lack of management commitment are the most important obstacles for green innovation in medical centers. Therefore, first of all, this concept and its advantages and disadvantages should be explained to the managers, and then other obstacles should be removed.

---

 Manâqibs of Sufis (Hagiography) contain abundant stories that have been allocated to express wonder’s Sufis. The task of the article is an archeological approach to indicate regimes of truth in Manâqibs of Sufis, Shiite of Mânaqibs, the Prophet’s hagiography, the New Testament and the Old Testament. Then it reveals the rule of miracle of God is the hidden idea on the miracle of the saints. Miracles appears as a real continuance for the Prophet’s successors as a priority of the Prophet and his religious to other prophets and their religious. It also appears as a sign to confirm for prophethood. Having an affirmation of God and the claim of doing wonders puts Sufism in relations of power. It associates Sufism onto secular sides of social life being well-known to deny. 

---

One of the most important issues in industry, particular casting industry is to determine the internal structure of objects such as identifying the interfacial boundary configurations between material, identification of impurities or mechanical properties of the material. The objective of the present inverse problem is to identified simultaneously two regular interfacial boundary configurations and mechanical properties of the components of a multiple (three) connected domains using a discrete number of displacement measurements obtained from an uniaxial tension test. A unique combination of a global optimization method i.e. the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA) and local optimization methods i.e. Simplex Method (SM) along with the inverse application of the Boundary Elements Method (BEM) are employed in an inverse software package. A fitness function, which is the summation of squared differences between the measured displacements and computed at identical locations on the exterior boundary, is minimized. The obtained results (run-time and error-rate), clearly demonstrate the efficiency of this present algorithm (the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm and Simplex Method) to optimize the objective function and the estimation simultaneously two regular interfacial boundary configurations and mechanical properties.

---

Numerous studies in the last decade that have investigated the stylistic features of literary works in morphological layer do not help much in advancing stylistic studies and historical behavior of Persian language.
In the present study, which evaluates the literature of stylistics in morphological layer, twenty-seven research papers and dissertations written in the Iranian departments of Persian language and literature of academia have been reviewed and critiqued.

Numerous studies in the last decade that have investigated the stylistic features of literary works in morphological layer do not help much in advancing stylistic studies and historical behavior of Persian language. In the present study, which evaluates the literature of stylistics in morphological layer, twenty-seven research papers and dissertations written in the departments of Persian language and literature in Iran have been reviewed and critiqued. The findings indicate that these studies suffer several shortcomings, including: misunderstanding the basic morphological concepts, defining overlapping morphological categories, misreading texts and misidentifying the grammatical role of words, neglecting the diachronic behavior of Persian language, confusing research strategies and introducing unnecessary and redundant models and some other common mistakes. These problems are serious hurdles in the way of stylistic studies in morphological layer and also understanding Persian language changes. Finally, some suggestions have been made to address the aforementioned problems.

Introduction:

Studies on literary stylistics would seemingly lead to weak theoretical and applied literary research if linguistic theories and tools were not considered. Although in recent years, some researchers have paid attention to this important issue and inspected stylistic studies, they haven't considered linguistic theories. Literary stylistics as an interdisciplinary field studies literary styles with the help of linguistic tools. It is argued that the goal of literary stylistics is to find linguistic data for critical judgment of literary texts (Wales, 2006: 213). Studying the stylistic research related to morphological layer, the authors tended to investigate the attitude of researchers toward morphology.
Materials and Methods:
Investigating 18 research articles, 7 MA dissertations and 2 PhD theses in the field of Persian literature, this paper studies and evaluates the studies in field of stylistics and morphology, employing Spencer and Zwicky (2001) and Shaghaghi (2010). Morphology studies the internal structure of words and its rules and relations. The goal of the studies in the field of morphology is to identify words from non-words, morphemes and their types, types of words and word-formation processes. Also, inflection and derivation are considered as two distinct areas in morphology.  
Results: 
This paper found that although these studies open a way toward stylistic study of morphology, they suffer some shortcomings, such as:
A) Misunderstanding the basic morphological concepts: It is obvious that stylistic researchers who focus on morphology and lexical layer should use the terminologies and specialized words of this field, so that avoid using unrelated terminologies. Any violation of this principle will lead to the confusion and misunderstanding of the readers, and finally not transferring the knowledge. Investigating the corpus of the present study, the authors find that there exists chaos in the use of terminologies and specialized words in the field of morphology. The most prominent misunderstanding of linguistic concepts was related to two key concepts of derivation and compounding. Stylistic researchers utilize "derivational compounding" and "derivational compound" to indicate the processes of derivation and compounding, and this shows the inattention and carelessness of these researchers in the use of standard terminology in the field of morphology. 
B) Defining overlapping morphological categories: Investigating the corpus clearly shows that the authors didn't consider homogeneity principle in analyzing the Persian word-formation system. For instance, "affixed and semi-affixed compounds" is, in fact, the same as "derivation" in Persian which is formed by affixation. Furthermore, the concepts of "infinitive compounds", "adjective compounds", nominal compounds" and "truncated compounds of agentive and accusative adjectives" are overlapping and obviously shows the misunderstanding of researchers in identifying and differentiating the fields of morphology, syntax and semantics and also indicates their carelessness in methodology and in defining the categorization of concepts in a scientific and systematic way. 
C) Misreading texts and misidentifying the grammatical role of words: some research, although few, didn't correctly identify the grammatical role of words, for example Abedi and Ali Jola (2015).
D) Neglecting the diachronic behavior of Persian language: One instance of neglecting the historical changes of language is incorrect usage of words like "archaic" and "obsolete".
E) Confusing research strategies and introducing unnecessary and redundant models.
F) Neglecting the application of coinage and neologism: In one of the studies (Golizadeh and Gorooyi, 2012), some words were regarded as coinage which were used long before that date.
G) Neglecting foundations and principles of corpus linguistics: Neglecting foundations and principles of corpus linguistics is one of the important shortcomings of the investigated studies. Most of these studies were done to investigate linguistic innovations and word-formation skills in Persian literary works.
Conclusion:
The negligence of researchers in choosing the corpus, linguistic norms and its frequency hurdles in the way of stylistic studies. In addition, the analysis showed that the researchers didn't consider linguistic knowledge. Stylistic linguistics uses linguistic theories in description and interpretation of literary texts, so the stylists in the field of literature should know linguistics and apply it in research. In order to satisfy this goal, there are some suggestions in stylistic studies in the field of morphology: a) choosing one linguistic element or concept in research, b) determining a definite goal for stylistic research, c) using linguistic theories for understanding the basic concepts of research and designing a purposeful structure for the research, d) studying the existing linguistic corpus.  
References:
Abedi, M., & Ali Jola, E. (2015). Tarkibsazi va Hamayi Vazhegani dar Shaer-e Enghelab-e Eslami va Paydari. Adabiyat-e Paydari, 13, 205-226. [in Persian]
Golizadeh, P., & Gorooyi, R. (2012). Tahlil-e Sabkshenasi-e Tarikh-e Beyhaghi bar Mabna-ye Tarkibat-e Eshteghghi. ­ Sabkshenasi Nazm va Nasr-e Farsi (Bahar-e Adab), 5(6), 275-292. [in Persian]
Shaghaghi, V. (2010). Mabani-y-e Sarf. Tehran: Samt. [in Persian]
Spencer, A., & Zwicky, A. M. (Eds.). (2001). The Handbook of Morphology. Oxford: Blackwell.
Wales, Katie. (2014). A Dictionary of Stylistics. 3rd Edition. Routledge.
 
 

---

In this study, optimum design of composite sandwich structures will be surveyed and presented using hybrid algorithm. Since, most modern payload fairings are constructed of a composite sandwich laminate, in this research the architecture of the fairing structure has been analyzed on the basis of the composite sandwich shell with a flexible core. However, from the geometrical point of view, fairing composed of two conical and cylindrical parts. Therefore, in the first phase, buckling analysis of conical composite sandwich shell has been done by using high-order theories and the obtained equations reduce to the governing equations of cylindrical sandwich shell when the semi-cone angle is set equal to zero. In the second phase, the obtained structure was optimized using hybrid algorithm. Due to the variety and complexity of design variables in composite sandwich structures, designing process leads to difficulties and obstacles in design optimization problems. Since, the most important selected discipline for optimizing the mass specifications of launch vehicle is structure, therefore with relying on optimization of the structure, after completion of optimization process, finally considerable mass reduction i.e. 40 percent comparing to the utilized fairing in this study (Fairing of Safir), will be concluded due to simultaneous changing of material and optimization.

---

Today, in order to reduce the cost and increase the safety, utilizing tests devices like conic shock tube has been popularized to investigate the explosion under-water phenomenon and its impact on constructions. A shock tube is designed, manufactured and utilized in the mechanic of explosion laboratory of mechanic faculty of K.N. Toosi University of Technology to study the effect of isotropic metal plates’ material in this research. The source which creates the shock in the utilized shock tube is the explosive material and the positive point is that in such a tube a high pressure can be produced with a tiny explosive charge. In order to investigate the effect of the material and the geometry of the utilized metal plate, three material is considered with two different thicknesses in the experimental tests. The behavior of the plate can be measured when the amount of the pressure produced by the explosive charge and the amount of plate’s transformation is specified. From the results of the experimental tests, in order to give a semi experimental relation, the behavior of the plate under the explosion load with the water interface is utilized. At the end, with the combination of experimental and theoretical results, the effect of material and thickness change are studied separately and with the increase in the weight parameter of the load, equations are given to predict the transformation of the metal plates.

---

---

---

Economic security is one of the most important aspects of national security. It is a basic pillar of the economies for achieving economic development and improving social welfare, too. The demographic changes may widely affect the development and trend of target variables of the economy. The identification of the effects of demographic changes on economic security can help policy-making and planning of economic development. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of age structure of the population on economic security in Iran during the period 1981-2016. In this regard, the economic security index (ESI) is firstly estimated using fuzzy logic. The findings indicate the instability of this index. Then, the impact of demographic model of Iran along with other variables affecting Iran's economic security is evaluated using generalized method of moments (GMM). The results show that age structure of the population has a negative and significant effect on Iran's economic security. Population growth, capital stock, financial development, trade openness, and saving rates have positive and significant impacts on the ESI. However, the inflation rate has no significant effect on the ESI. Iran’s population is rapidly aging, and if the current trend continues, the limited economic resources should be assigned to meet the needs of the elderly instead of investing in productive sectors. Therefore, there is a need for planning to tackle this problem.
 

---

Identification of high performance stable genotypes is an important objective for chickpea production in drylands of Iran. Hence, the stability of 12 chickpea local landraces and three check cultivars were evaluated during three consecutive cropping seasons (2010-2013). The experiments were laid out as a randomized complete block design with four replications in four locations. Combined analysis of variance was performed to verify the existence of differences among genotypes. AMMI analysis was performed to analyze the residual multiplicative interaction. The stability was estimated through ranking of genotypes based on different quantitative stability parameters including IPCA score, AMMI Stability Value (ASV), Sustainability Index (SUI), and Genotype Selection Index (GSI). Main effects of year, location, and genotype as well as their two- and three-way interaction effects were significant (P≤ 0.01) for grain yield. Significant effect of genotype, location, and year interaction implied presence of genetic variability which provides an opportunity to identify new superior genotypes for each location. AMMI analysis showed that the three main components accounted for 62% of the total genotype by environment interaction. Based on the results, the landraces G1, G2, G3, G8, and G12 had the highest average performance and stability compared to check cultivars and could be used in breeding programs for the development of new chickpea varieties.

---

The taxonomic classification of subfamily Ornithogaloideae has been a subject of considerable controversy in recent decades. Ornithogalum is a relatively large genus in Ornithogaloideae including valuable ornamental and medicinal plants. These wild ornamentals, which are introduced into agriculture recently, are becoming increasingly popular as cut flowers, pot plants, and for gardening. This is the first molecular phylogenetic study that includes 10 of the 13 Ornithogalum species native to Iran. The aims of the present study were to use ITS and trnL-F sequences to explore phylogenetic relationships and to evaluate genetic resources of Ornithogaloideae naturally occurring in Iran, with an increased sampling of species to be compared to previous phylogenetic studies. In the present study, the combined tree resulted in the best-resolved phylogenetic relationships at the generic level. The results of Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analysis of molecular data were compared to those from hierarchical cluster analysis of morphological characters. Based on the results, all specimens collected in Iran across all previously recognized taxonomic genera in Ornithogaloideae were placed in Ornithogalum sensu stricto and Loncomelos, which is in line with the morphological analysis. Divergent placements of multiple specimens of a single species in L. brachystachys, O. orthophyllum, and O. sintenisii are attributed to the possibility of past hybridization events, although incomplete lineage sorting and ITS paralogy cannot be overlooked. Increased understanding of naturally occurring variation among wild Ornithogalum populations of Iran and the phylogenetic relationships of wild and cultivated species of Ornithogaloideae could contribute to important opportunities to introduce new ornamentals and improve the agricultural performance of ornamental varieties.
 

---

The high amount of nitrogen in the composition of AISI 440C stainless steel reduces the machinability of this steel due to the increase in hardness and generates high heat at the cutting edge and the chip-tool contact area. The use of new cooling technologies such as cryogenic machining using liquid nitrogen LN₂, leads to increase the life of the tool and improve the cutting speed compared to other common methods. In this research, the effect of cryogenic machining is investigated on roughness and hardness of AISI 440C stainless steel. The results showed that using cryogenic machining, the surface roughness of AISI 440C stainless steel was significantly reduced even at high feed rate. The morphology of the chips showed that with the use of cryogenic machining, the surface burn and the accumulation of materials on the inner surface of the chips has been significantly reduced. In this study, it was found that in cryogenic machining, the tool wear pattern is the erosion pit on the chip surface and has increased the tool life by 400% compared to the dry machining.