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Aim: Regarding the high prevalence of breast cancer among the Iranian women and lack of attention to mammography screening, planning the behavior promotion interventions would be practicable through determining the barriers of conducting mammography screening behavior. The purpose of this study was determining the barriers of conducting breast cancer mammography screening among the women over 40 years. Methods: The participants of this crass-sectional study consisted of 294 over 40-years old women in Arak-Iran who completed the questionnaire of mammography barriers. The questionnaire used was based on Champion's revised Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS). Sampling was based on the population. All hygiene officers of the Health and Cure Centers of Arak were asked to randomly select some samples among the women over 40 years. In this way, all the city's areas were covered. Inclusion criteria were women over 40 years, not already suffering from breast cancer, or having a family member (mother or sister) affected by the disease. Findings: The findings revealed that the high cost is the main barrier (20.1%) of mammography screening among the population. Among the other reasons, one may point to fear of discovering a cancer mass (9.5%), painful procedures of mammography (7.1%), not knowing the mammography centers (6.5%), and shame of undressing for mammography (5.1%). Comparing the mean scores of the barriers based on the individual characteristics showed that the barriers of mammography screening according to education level (p=0.0001), insurance status (p=0.02), and economic status (p=0.0001) have significant difference. Conclusions: Regarding the barriers of mammography screening among the Iranian women, it is necessary that authorities apply solutions to reduce costs, and promote women's knowledge about the importance of early diagnosis of breast diseases through screening plans, especially mammography screening.

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Mohammad Ali Khorsandian Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law and Polotical Science, Shiraz University  In the Iranian Civil Law, like French law, contract agreement is one kind of hire or personal employment. But there are some contracts that their nature is near sale. Sale is a contract for transferring the possession of objects, but transferring the possession of interest is subject to hire agreements. In contracts that contractor undertakes to work, also presents materials, therefore we confuse between the nature of sale and contract agreements. For distinction between these two agreements, authors suggest several criteria: 1.Some scholars put this contract in sale category, 2.Some, accept complex contract in this case, 3.The other believe that this contract is always Contract agreement and 4.The last solution is consideration of the intention of client from agreemts or, 5.Consideration of the economical value of the work and materials or finding primal engagement. Each criterion has some limitations. It seems in the first step that we must distinguish the primal obligation and if we couldn’t find it, must define the contract as an in specific-contract.

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Aims: This study aimed to examine the challenging experience of parents with hospitalized chronic kidney disease children in the nephrology department.
Participants & Methods: Using the content analysis approach, a qualitative study was carried out on 19 parents with chronic kidney disease children. The participants were selected through purposive sampling. For data gathering, in-depth, semi-structured, and face-to-face interviews were carried out and the collected data were analyzed through conventional content analysis.
Findings: Data analyses revealed two overarching categories of “confusion and the lack of support” and “chronic illness challenges.” The subcategories of category 1 were “insufficient information in parents and others” and “inadequate support.” Category 2 included the subcategories of “chronic nature of the disease” and “hard to manage the disease.”
Conclusion: Through creating a proper communication and supportive environment, the health team members can significantly assist parents.

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Monetary conditions index (MCI) is used as an intermediate target of monetary policy in many developed countries. More recently, monetary authorities in some developing countries have also attempted to use this operational target to determine the stance of monetary policy in their countries. The MCI is usually computed as a weighted sum of changes in interest rate and exchange rate. The use of interest rate in constructing MCI might not be appropriate in developing countries due to the lack of efficient financial markets in these countries. Some authors have emphasized on the role of credit channel in monetary transmission mechanism for developing countries. Using weighted sum of profit rate, exchange rate and banks credit, this paper constructs proper MCI for the Iranian economy. Aggregate demand and price equations are used to estimate the weights. Finally, the forecasting power of these indices using non-nested tests and root mean square errors is compared. The results show that the MCI augmented with banks credit has better predicting power than those without credit channel. Moreover, it is also revealed that real MCI, as an intermediate target, is preferred to nominal ones.

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This study computes the value at risk (VAR) of metal ores and pharmaceutical industries in Tehran Stock Exchange by using parametric approach (GARCH Models) and semi-parametric approach (the combination of Wavelet Analysis and GARCH). The results and evaluation of two approaches confirms the hypothesis indicating better and more efficient performance of Semi-parametric approach compared with that of parametric methods. In fact, in high confidence levels, the semi-parametric approach proposed has lower MSE and failure rates compared to parametric approach. On the other hand, investing in pharmaceutical industry due to the increasing health needs, increase in life expectancy and its effect on public health is less-risky than that of metal ores industry.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of stand-off distance and the explosive ratio parameters on metallurgical and mechanical properties of three-layers explosively bonded copper-aluminum-copper interface. To illustrate effects of these two parameters, samples welded with different stand-off distances and explosive ratios. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, microhardness and tensile-shear strength tests carried out on the samples. The results indicate a suitable joint with proper metallurgical and mechanical properties in copper-aluminum-copper plates. Microscopic images showed the semi unsymmetrical wavy interface with cracks and voids, also by increasing the explosive ratio, locally melted zones was increased at the interfaces. Elemental analysis confirmed the brittle intermetallic compounds at the interface that produce cracks in these areas. Also, the wavelength increased with increasing explosive ratio. Hardness increased near the interfaces due to the severe plastic deformation and increased with increasing the explosive ratio. Tensile-shear test results showed the decrease in bond strength caused by increasing the explosive ratio.

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The preparation of butter can be effective on its properties, in this study, the characteristics of butter prepared in traditional (using fermentation) and industrial (conventional) methods were investigated in both winter and summer seasons. For this purpose, butter samples were prepared from yogurt, cream in both summer, and winter from a farm in the Sarab region of East Azerbaijan. Fatty acid profile, plant sterols, peroxide, soap and iodine values, melting point and refractive index were measured. The Comparison of mean seasons showed that short-chain fatty acids (C4-C10) in summer was higher than winter and traditional butter had more short-chain fatty acids than industrial butter. In addition, the content of unsaturated fatty acids in winter and local butters were higher than summer and industrial butters. Comparison results of trans fatty acids showed that the most and the least amounts belonged to summer butter and winter local butters respectively. Local butter had the minimum ω3 / ω6 ratio and summer butter had the maximum conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Non-fermented butter produced in summer had higher levels of phytosterols than fermented butter. The peroxide and soap values of traditional winter butter were higher than summer and the iodine value of winter-fermented butter was higher than non-fermented butter. Melting point and refractive index indices did not differ significantly in relation to the type of season and all results corresponded to the declared range of the national standard. According to the results there is a relative desirability of local butter from nutrition aspect in this research.

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In this paper, a simple and low weight gadget, without the need for a nurse, is designed in a low cost, taking into safety, flexibility and mobility for the user. This paper presents a new system that the controller system is designed and implemented based on the combination of acceleration sensor data and image processing system with the aim of controlling the movement of the smart wheelchair. This design, the user can take control of the smart wheelchair without using hands. This gadget can be a good solution for disabled people to make their life easy.
The results of the smart wheelchair control testing with hybrid controller indicate that the accuracy and speed of the wheelchair response high. The experimental tests suggest that the proposed design of controller gadget is efficient and low cost as well as allowing disabled people to more easily control their wheelchairs and to lead independent lives.

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This article compares the principles: neighbor in English law, Good Samaritan in America and Ihsan (benevolence) in Islamic law and also see fraternity in French law. The focus of this article is on the scope and application of these rules especially on the compensation of benefactor. This study shows that the Islamic principle has a wider scope and application and is not limited to the state of necessity, but the criteria for describing a person as a benefactor in the judgments of common law courts are practical and useful. Iranian law could consider these characteristics as the criteria of the reasonableness of the behavior. Indicators of good faith, freeness, absence of contractual relationship, absence of gross negligence should be taken in consideration in all charitable activities.

 

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According to the governing principles of medical law, the doctor's intervention in the patient's treatment requires the informed consent of the patient. This consent is achieved when the patient has expressed her/his consent by having sufficient information about the treatment process and its risks. In this study, the question related to the issue that what risks the doctor should inform the patient is answered by a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach in American and French law. Despite the different approaches, the two main criteria of "importance of risk" and "probability of risk" are the most fundamental influencing factors in determining the scope of the doctor's commitment in informing about the risks of treatment. In French law, based on the types of risk, "serious" and "common" risks are recognized as the subject of the doctor's obligation to inform, but in American law, based on the approach founded on the patient's perspective and with objective criterion, the doctor is obliged to inform about the risks that are typically important and basic from the patient's point of view, according to the "severity of the risk" and the "percentage of its occurrence". The new approach of English law is also an integrated approach based on "active interaction between doctor and patient" which, due to attention to the specific characteristics and conditions of the patient under treatment, brings maximum efficiency to realize informed consent. The same approach is also suggested in Iran law, which means that before treatment, the doctor, by examining the patient's condition, mood and views, in an active interaction, recognize important risks from the patient's point of view, and in cases where access to the patient's point of view, it was not possible to use the criterion of the reasonable patient.