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Aim and Introduction
Today, the environment is considered as one of the most important pillars of sustainable development, and the development of other economic and social sectors depends on its sustainability and proper functioning. Environmental pollution has become one of the main challenges of countries. Environmental health is currently one of the most critical concerns of people and officials round the world. Almost all managers and decision makers believe that this national wealth should be protected not only for the current generation but also for future generations, since the pollutants caused by industries are highly costly and detrimental to health.
Active industries are one of the main sources of environmental pollution. One of the necessary conditions for economic progress and the introduction of extensive structural changes in economic and technological fields is industrialization and industrial development. In the production process, using production inputs whose main source is the environment, in addition to desirable outputs such as consumer goods, undesirable outputs such as environmental pollutants are also produced. If the number of outputs is not controlled and disproportionate, the losses from undesirable outputs will be greater than the benefits of desirable products in such a way that damages to the environment would be irreparable and sustainable development less likely to be achieved.
One of the most important concerns related to industrialization is the effects and environmental consequences of industrial activities. Therefore, achieving the necessary solutions to control such consequences is vitally important. Minerals are essential for human survival, but their extraction and processing are not environmentally friendly practices which contribute to problems such as soil erosion, air and water pollution. On the other hand, mineral sector is one of the largest energy consumers which has active contribution to air pollution and global warming. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the economic effects of Gol Gohar mine in Sirjan. For this purpose, it is intended to determine the type and amount of pollutants released from this complex, and also to determine the amount of the green tax of the complex as a solution to reduce pollution and examine the social welfare resulting from reducing pollution.
Methodology
In this study, the economic effects of environmental pollutants of Gol Gohar Iron Mine in Sirjan (Southeastern Iran), is investigated using the input distance function model from 2001 to 2022. Through calculating the shadow price of pollutants, a criterion for determining the green tax is determined, and then the amount of social cost resulting from the emission of pollutants is calculated.
The shadow price of the undesirable output is the cost that the producer must bear if they plan to reduce the production of the undesirable output. In fact, it can be interpreted as the marginal cost of reducing pollution for each producer. Therefore, the shadow price of the desirable output is considered positive and equal to the market price of that output, but the shadow price of the undesirable output must be estimated to be less than zero.
Findings
The products of Gol Gohar Iron Ore Complex in Sirjan, include granulated iron ore, iron ore concentrate and pelletized in the production process. The most greenhouse gases and air pollutants are related to carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur oxides (Sox), nitrogen oxides (Nox) and particulate matter (SPM). According to the obtained results, the average shadow price for air pollutants in Gol Gohar complex for CO2, Sox Nox, and SPM was calculated as 11.15, 3,074.5, 5,529.62, and 1,875.62 rials per kilogram respectively. Moreover, the average total social costs resulting from the production of Gol Gohar Sirjan Complex was calculated as 92,710 billion Rials according to the amount of pollution produced over the period.
Discussion and Conclusion
The estimation of environmental costs is actually an introduction to providing solutions for internalizing and reducing environmental costs, using the input distance function model and the shadow price of environmental pollutants in the industrial and mineral complex of Gol Gohar, Sirjan. The title of the largest producer of iron ore in the country was calculated, and the social cost resulting from the emission of pollutants was also evaluated. Finally, in this study, solutions and mechanisms for reducing environmental costs have been proposed.
Considering that the ability to absorb pollutants by the environment is limited, the shadow price of pollutants, which represents their real social cost, should be taken into consideration. The damages should also be determined based on the shadow price of the pollutants. In other words, the amounts of pollutant emission should be calculated and while taking into account the allowed limit of pollutant emission and shadow prices, based on a legal plan, the environmental costs should be reimbursed. Taking such measures would surely require more studies and capable executive management system

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Art in the form of visual arts, music, theater and cinema has become one of the most popular topics in human societies in the present age. Hence, the influence of art and artistic events in political, geographical and social relations is worth considering. The historical course of the word "art" also shows that the word "art" evokes a common meaning and concept in different geographical places and spaces. Hence, it can have a proper and direct relationship with geography. Iran's political relations with African countries, including Tunisia and other North African countries, have a long history due to common cultural and artistic features. Attending art festivals and creating memorandums of understanding in the fields of art, culture and education show the deep relations between Iran and Tunisia. The present study investigates the presence of theater artists in the events and festivals of Tunisia and the influence of cultural and artistic relations on the political and social relations of the two countries using a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources. What is clear is that Iran and Tunisia, as two Muslim countries, have a lot in common, and holding artistic and cultural festivals due to the peacefulness of such events also contributes to the enrichment of the relations between the two countries in the political and social arenas, and the country of Tunisia, the security of political relations and provide Iran's economy in North Africa and this will improve Iran's political relations with other countries in this region

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Monetary and fiscal policies are the main macroeconomic instruments, so the most important step in programming for national development is to know how they affect economic variables. On the other side, agricultural sector is the main sector in economic growth and development and a strategic sector for supplying food for growing population, so this sector has a great importance in development programs. In this research, the effect of monetary and fiscal policies on the major factors of agricultural sector in Iran i.e. added value, price, and export are investigated by using Vector Auto-regressive Model (VAR). Results show that monetary and fiscal policies have positive effect on added value, price and export in agricultural sector but negative effect on investment in this sector. Furthermore, short-run effect of monetary policies on added value, export and investment is more than that of fiscal policies but long-run effect of fiscal policies on the added value, export and investment in agricultural sector is more than that of monetary policies. Furthermore, a one-S.D. liquidity innovation has a positive decreasing effect on the added value and price in agriculture sector but its effect on investment is positive in the first year and will be nearly consistent in the next years. In addition to that the effect on the export is positive in the first year and negative in the next years. Each government budget innovation has a positive effect on added value, export and price in agriculture sector but its effect on investment is positive in the first year and negative in the next years.

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Production subsidies, as a part of the strategy of economic growth of the agricultural sector, are of great importance around the world. Subsidizing production inputs, particularly energy input, is another way of directing subsidy to the agricultural sector. In this research, production function of the agricultural sector was estimated using econometric methods and time series data. After calculating the elasticity of agricultural sector inputs and, simultaneously, estimating their cost and demand functions of production inputs using ISUR (Iterated Simingly Unrelated Regression), farmers' elasticity of price fluctuation of these inputs was determined. The findings of the production function demonstrated that all inputs, including capital, labor, and energy were used in the optimal production region. The findings of the cost function demonstrated that there was negative and low own elasticity price for inputs, in accord with economic theory. In addition, cross price elasticity of all inputs was positive, i.e. they were substitutes for each other. The findings of the subsidization policy showed that since price elasticity of demand for energy inputs was inelastic, reducing the energy subsidy would reduce energy consumption slightly and, eventually, would decrease value added in the agricultural sector. Finally, it is suggested that the government implements the energy subsidy reduction policy based on cost-benefit analysis.

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The steel-concrete composite beams are increasingly used in bridge and building construction in recent years. In this system, a shear connection between steel and concrete should be provided to effectively transfer the shear forces and to make the two materials act as a single unit. The mechanical shear connectors provide this means. They are the essential component of any composite beam system. Many studies have been performed on shear connectors and many different steel shapes have been suggested for connectors. The steel studs and channels are the most popular code accepted connectors. However, economic considerations continue to motivate the development of new products. Present knowledge of the capacity and behavior of the shear connectors are mainly limited to the data obtained from the push-out or beam tests with the latter being more expensive and accurate. Therefore, analytical procedures that can predict the nonlinear response and the capacity of the composite beams are necessary when the experimental resources are not available. In this study a three-dimensional FE model using the computer code ABAQUS is developed to simulate the push-out tests of angle shear connectors. The main objective of this study is to investigate the behavior and to find the ultimate strength of angle shear connectors in a solid slab. In order to obtain dependable results from the FE analysis, all components of the connection should be correctly modeled. There are four parts in this model: concrete slab, shear connector, steel beam and the rigid base. Because of symmetry, only a quarter of the push-out specimen is modeled.Nonlinear material and large displacement capability are employed. The load-slip behavior, capacity and maximum displacement at failure obtained from the finite element model were validated against available push-out test results. The results show the FEM can predict the capacity of the angle shear connectors with adequate precision. Using the FE model, a parametric study was conducted to evaluate the effect of variations in angle dimensions and concrete strength. The parametric study reveals that: • The capacity of angle connector increases with increasing concrete strength. • The Flange width has no measurable effect on angle connector capacity and its behavior. • The height of the angle has no considerable effect on load-displacement behavior of the connector. • The capacity of angle connector increases whereas the maximum slip decreases with increasing angle thickness. • The stress value is not constant along the angle length and it decreases from the center of the angle towards the edges. The shorter the length of the connector, the lower the stress change. Therefore, long angle shear connectors become ineffective. An equation is suggested to predict the angle effective length. Finally, an equation is proposed to predict the ultimate shear strength of the angle connectors.

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Snack foods contain main parts of food habit among people in the world. Recently the high rate of consumption and variety of extruded snacks is proven to increase the attention to nutritional quality besides keeping desired acceptability of products. In this study, based on central composite design the effect of independent variables consist of the whole Oleaster  powder (5- 15%), moisture content (12-20%), screw speed (120-180 RPM), were investigated on the physicochemical, textural and color of extrudates based on corn- wheat grit. results showed that, Increasing Oleaster content caused an increase in the density, hardness and solubility. Whereas, Increase screw rate and oleaster content simultaneously leaded to a lower density. In low amount of moisture content, improvement of oleaster content didn’t significant effect on hardness. However by boosting recent factors gradually, the hardness of products increased dramatically. Moisture content and screw speed had absolute effect on lightness of extrudates. Meanwhile improvement of oleaster content caused a decrease in lightness. Optimum condition was determined to be the feed moisture content (13.87%), oleaster content (5%) and screw speed rate (166.7 rpm).
 

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The self-sufficiency policy for wheat production in Iran has increased external costs for the country besides causing the destruction of water and land resources. Nevertheless, due to various political, economic, and socio-economic reasons, self-sufficiency in wheat production in Iran is a binding policy. According to statistics, an average of about 67 percent of wheat production across the different regions of Iran is irrigated wheat. Thus, in this study, the effect of a guaranteed price policy on the distribution of irrigated wheat land-use in Iran during the period 2001–2016 was evaluated with an emphasis on the role of the regional differences using the pooled mean group approach. The results indicated that, in the long run, the increase in the irrigated wheat land use in the country would be sensitive toward the increase in the guaranteed price of wheat and the yield per hectare. However, with the rise in the price of barley, in the long run, the irrigated wheat land use would decrease further. In addition, in the short run, the increase in the irrigated wheat land use in most of the western provinces is sensitive to the increase in the yield per hectare, and in most of the central provinces, it is sensitive to the changes in the barley prices. Finally, in order to have adequate land for irrigated wheat in the country, both in the short and long run, it is proposed that the farmers' expectations regarding the guaranteed price policy and improvement in the yield per hectare of this product be satisfied.
 

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Water is the most important input used in agriculture. Due to the scarce water resources and dry and semi-arid climatic conditions of Iran, water demand management has special importance in the whole economy, including the agricultural sector, because this sector has the largest share in water consumption. The purpose of this study was to estimate the water demand function and to analyze the cross and symmetrical relationships between water and other inputs. For this purpose, the Ordinary, Allen, and Morishima's substitution elasticity were calculated, and the substitution and complementary relationship between water and other inputs were determined. These elasticities determine the amount and sign of cross relationship of water. In order to achieve the objectives of research, the translog cost function, along with the input share equations were estimated using iterative seemingly unrelated regressions. The information was related to crops and period (2007-2015) in Qazvin. The results showed that water was a low-elasticity input and its value was -0.75. Also, the cross elasticity with pesticide, labor, machinery and land was calculated as 0.71, 0.99, 0.93, and 0.89, respectively, which implied the substitution relationship. Investigating symmetry of elasticities also implies the asymmetry of Ordinary and Morishima elasticities and symmetry of Allen's elasticity with other inputs. In this regard, the cross elasticity of inputs of pesticide, labor, machinery, land and water were calculated as 0.28, 0.86, 0.91, and 0.90, respectively, indicating the asymmetry of this elasticity. Differences between levels of cross elasticities depend on the cost share of the two inputs and the sign of estimated coefficient.
 

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By its multidisciplinary nature, geopolitics deals with various areas of political and spatial phenomena; these phenomena have both external and objective reality as well as abstract and subjective reality. With the increase of literature related to critical geopolitics, the fields of geopolitical studies expanded its range of studies in new fields and environments such as environment, culture and art. Meanwhile, art as a popular science and category has special political and spatial effects. Given the common themes in the two fields of geopolitics and art, the present study aimed to investigate the examples and relations between geopolitics and art, and the geopolitics of art. To answer this question with a descriptive-analytical method, the geopolitical concepts and examples of art were studied. Findings showed that geopolitical concepts such as competition, cooperation, power, politics and space reflected and represented in art on different scales. Thus, art in its general and broad sense under the title of fine arts, and art as a space for the transmission of meaning (iconographic element) is a kind of objective and abstract space in which geopolitical concepts and foundations were represented.