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In order to study the role of Pythium species associated with cantaloupe root and crown rot, samples were collected from infected fields in different areas of Khorasan Razavi province during 2009-2010. The Root pieces were washed and cultured on CMA-PARP medium. The pythium isolates were then purified by hyphal tip method and identified based on van der Plaats-Niterink mycological key. The pathogenic species were identified as Pythium aphanidermatum, P. ultimum var. ultimum, and P. deliense. The pathogenicity of isolates on cantaloupe seedlings was tested under greenhouse conditions by using wheat grain inoculum. The results indicated that P. aphanidermatum was the most prevalent species and was recovered in all the regions. P. ultimum was isolated from Neyshabour, Fariman and Mashhad whereas P. deliense was detected in Khaaf. This to our knowledge, is the first report on occurrence and distribution of Pythium species causing root and stem rot on cantaloupes in Khorasan province.

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The function of traditional characters in the modern poetry Arabic and Persian has different aspects, which using the  mask of characters is one of the most important of  them. Nowadays, the poets use the mask as an eloquent and artistic technic to explain about  their ideas. Sometimes, they apply  the mask of a religious character to confabulate with the  audiences by it. Shamlu and Adonis used “religious mask” in their poetic works to visualize their thought. Thus the fundamental function of  religious characters can be seen in their works because they wanted to benefit the actual and potential capacity of characters. This research is based on the analysis-narration criticism, and will study the fundamental  usage of religious mask in the poets of Shamlu and Adonis based on narrative structure and images of their works. For this purpose, firstly, we studied the concept and meaning of religious mask and the reasons of  its function in modern poetry; then we looked for the fundamental function of religious mask in the poets of Shamlu and Adonis to gain similar and different aspects of their application.        

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The effect of two salinity concentrations (35 and 40 ‰) on the daily feeding and burrowing activities of the sea cucumber, Holothuria parva was investigated, using the nutritional parameters (intestinal  indices, organic materials, and the absorption efficiency). Although no significant difference between the initial and final sections of the intestinal gut of sea cucumbers in two saline conditions was found, the maximum level of intestinal indices, organic material and absorption efficiency was associated with the 40‰ salinity. The survey results displayed that sea cucumber had better feeding activity in 40‰ than 35‰ salinity.  

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Aims: How to design spaces in cities can have different effects on citizens. The objectives of this study can be to examine the impact of biophilic urban space on the stress of people.
Methods: The research method is quasi-experimental. The statistical population of the study consists of 20 bachelor and master students in the field of architecture and urban planning at Tabriz University of Islamic Arts in the academic year 1400. First, students' health was identified using a call announcement and a demographic questionnaire, and these individuals were quantified for stress with the help of a smart wristband while viewing images of biophilic and non-biophilic urban spaces with the help of virtual reality glasses.
Findings: Analysis of the results shows that the average change in stress of individuals while viewing non-biophilic images was approximately 2/5 units higher than biophilic ones in the second minute. p-Value is significant between individuals with education in biophilic state and rest in 1 minute and non-biophilic in 2 minutes. The difference between stress number in non-biophilic state and biophilic in 2 minutes is significant (p-value = 023/0) and shows the positive effect of biophilic approach on reducing stress that this efficiency can be considered in the design of future urban spaces.
Conclusion: Special attention of urban designers on the structure of spaces and the use of extraction measures from the biophilic model in different scales cause the design or organization of spaces that significantly reduce the stress of people living in cities.

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The present study seeks to answer the following question: 'why Turkey and Iran have been failed to use the critical junctures of recent decades as a starting point for national development and shaping regional development?' To answer the research question, new institutionalism was used as a theoretical approach to understand regional development. Acemoglu and Robinson's theory of Critical Junctures was also used to explain the reasons for the failure or success of countries in achieving development. In terms of research method, the present study is a case-oriented historical comparative study. The unit of analysis of this research is the country and global, international, regional and national events and conditions are selected and analyzed in relation to it. According to the study, Iran and Turkey have experienced two critical junctures since the 1990s, one as a result of internal processes and national elections and the other as a transnational event such as the military occupation of Iraq or the Arab Spring. It seems that Iran and Turkey have chosen the path of national development in the first critical juncture, but in the second critical juncture, both countries have entered into internal and regional tensions and conflicts and the process of national development have been encountered with several obstacles. In addition, the two countries have not been able to move institutionally and sustainably toward economic convergence over the past two decades. This inability has prevented the emergence of a developed region in the Middle East. The Middle East identity -based conflicts, exacerbated by foreign interventions and confrontational politics, have shifted the region's environment to militarization and security, making the space conducive to economic growth and prosperity leaving the region in poor economic growth and prosperity.

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The effect of two insecticides, imidacloprid and pyriproxyfen, were investigated on some biological parameters of ladybird beetle Menochilus sexmaculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under laboratory condition. Theladybird beetle were exposed to insecticides by ingestion of the common pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) (prey). For imidacloprid, maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC) (1/1 MFRC = 140 ppm), 1/2 and 1/4 MFRC were tested. For pyriproxyfen dilutions of 1/1 MFRC (50 ppm), 2/1 and 1/2 MFRC were used after 24 h. The 100% mortality was observed with imidacloprid in all tested concentrations, whereas no mortality was observed by pyriproxyfen even at the highest concentration (2/1 MFRC). Because of the high mortality observed with imidacloprid, lower concentrations of 1/10, 1/20 and 1/40 MFRC were tested and all predators were killed 3, 7 and 10 days after treatment, respectively. At 1/100 MFRC, no eggs were laid but prey consumption was continued for two weeks. At 1/1 and 2/1 MFRC of pyriproxyfen, ingestion of prey was reduced by 18% and 23%, respectively. At 1/1 and 1/2 MFRC of pyriproxyfen, fecundity and fertility of the coccinellid predator was decreased to 43% and 24.5%, respectively. Imidacloprid at 1/100 MFRC caused significant reduction on fecundity but had no detrimental effect on fertility of the produced eggs. Therefore, unlike the pyriproxyfen that had not acute toxicity, the imidacloprid was extremely toxic to coccinellid at MFRC. However, pyriproxyfen was able to affect on feeding ratio and reproduction of M. sexmaculatus.

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Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of self-care consultation on the nutrition and physical activity of women who are planning for pregnancy in Karaj, 2016.
Methods: In the present study, 40 women who were planning for pregnancy constituted the research sample who were selected by convenience sampling. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaire and self-care check list based on “CDC preconception health indicators, 2009”. Consultation was done based on 5A (asses, advise, agree, assist and follow-up) model. Self-care score scope was measured before, one month and three months after consulting in the area of nutrition and physical activity (with 19 questions). This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Alborz University of Medical Sciences. Also a clinical trial registry (IRCT2016042827557N2) was performed. Sampling was performed from April to December 2016. One and three months after counselling sessions, the follow-up was done. SPSS v22 and Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze the data at the significance level of 0.05
Findings: The results showed that the self-care level of women planning for pregnancy in the area of nutrition has changed significantly one month (p=0/001) and three months (p=0/0001) after consultation. Also their physical activity increased significantly one month (p=0/001) and three months (p=0/0001) months after consultation.
Conclusion: Counselling based on self-care plays an important role in improving the nutrition and physical activity of women planning for pregnancy. Based on individual capabilities, focusing on self-care can promote their performance in the area of nutrition and physical activity before pregnancy.

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Taq-Bostan Boulevard (Shahid Shiroudi) in Kermanshah city, due to the very rich history and culture of this city, has become one of the most important tourist and recreational destinations. However, the lighting conditions in this boulevard are still not ideal in a way that can add more beauty and charm to the urban space. As a result, the intelligent lighting design of Taq-Bostan Boulevard by using neural network algorithms and providing the appropriate algorithm can improve the lighting and visual conditions of this boulevard, and add more attractiveness to the urban space of Kermanshah city. In this article, first of all, the challenges of lighting sidewalks and implementation points in the design of urban street lighting have been examined. Then, considering the two factors of citizens’ satisfaction and visual beauty as outputs, as well as color temperature, illuminance, lamp type and luminance as model inputs, the MLP neural network algorithm was used for Taq-Bostan Boulevard in Kermanshah. is to design a smart and suitable lighting system for it. The proposed design has the most optimal conditions because the MRE and MAE errors obtained from the neural which is very ideal. Therefore, the designed lighting system ,%0.035 network are less than.aims for the psychological comfort and security of the citizens.

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Background: Along with rapid economic growth, many natural regions, meadows, farms, etc. have been converted into unbridled urban areas. Urban development converts natural areas into districts full of buildings leading to disrupted ecological balance of the ecosystem. The carrying capacity (CC) of urban ecosystems needs to be estimated because they require large amounts of materials and energy as well as the ability of pollutant absorption in a small location. The amount of material and energy used in cities may be more than of that provided by urban CC. High consumption rate is associated with high levels of contamination that transcends the UCC. Therefore, the CC of the urban environment and its population capacity must be evaluated for urban development planning.
Materials and Methods: In this study, UCC load number within the pressure-state-impact-response (PSIR) framework and 20 indicators were used to evaluate the CC and pressure on the urban ecosystem of Semnan.
Results: According to the results, the load number in the district 1 was equal to 180.05with a low to moderate pressure on the urban ecosystem. The load numbers in districts 2 and 3 were respectively 230.41 and 272.86 imposing a moderate to high pressure on urban ecosystem.
Conclusions: Because of the greater population density in the District 3, materials and energy consumption and waste production was higher leading to a higher pressure on the urban ecosystem.

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The reason of existence of any country is a very sensitive and revived concept in the political geography. In spite of a grave theoretical background of this subject which most probably has been started from F. Ratzel, this concept, as far as the case studies are concern, is very weak and unreliable. In order to enrich this concept in having sufficient case studies, in this research the basic root of the creation and national survival of Iran government – country is investigated. The foundation of this library research project is to respond to the following questions. What have been the origin and essential reasons for the existence of new Iran government after five centuries and especially what is the raison for its continuity despite the different threats. .

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Growth, sex ratio and age of 188 specimens of Tench, Tinca tinca, from Anzali wetland were recorded during Nov. 2013 to June 2014. The age range of fish was 0⁺ to 6⁺ years. Male to female sex ratio was 1:1.7 that differed significantly (P<0.05). Maximum total length (TL) and weight (W) was 40.7 cm and 1000g, respectively. The b value of the length-weight relationship was 2.70 that showed negative allometric growth (p<0.05). The growth performance index (ϕ) was calculated as 2.61. The estimated von Bertalanffy growth parameters were (L_∞= 47.48 cm, k= 0.18 yr^- and t₀= -1.07 yr). T_maxwas calculated 16.41 years. Also infinity weight (W_∞) was estimated as 1261.43 g. The present investigation provides basic information about population structure of Tench (T. tinca) in Anzali wetland.

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The thermophilic fungus Mycothermus thermophilus is one of the most important thermophilic fungi in mushroom composting process. Thirty nine isolates of M. thermophilus were collected from nine provinces of Iran and were identified as M. thermophilus based on morphological features and ITS regions. The studied isolates significantly increased the growth of Agaricus bisporus hyphae compared to control when used in vitro situation. Also the colony morphology of the mushroom changed when it grew on the colony of M. thermophilus. While the studied thermophilic isolates were morphologically different, no diversity was observed in terms of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) finger-printing. The genetically clonal population of M. thermophilus collected from Iranian mushroom composting farms was attributed to lack of sexual reproduction, similar raw materials used in compost formulations, compost temperature, and concentration of ammonia during pasteurization as selection pressures.

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic myelin destructive disease which affects central nerves system. CD4+ T cells are a group of adaptive immune system cells that have Pivotal role in immune response against the foreign agents. Th17 (T helper 17) cells are one of the subsets of CD4+ T cells which increased in multiple sclerosis patients. MicroRNAs are single stranded non-coding RNAs that regulate protein expression by targeting their mRNA. The aim of this work was to determine miRNAs which probably have effect on theTh17 differentiation pathway by means of bioinformatics methods to suppress this pathway and decrease MS symptoms. by using miRWalk and miRTarBase databases, the probable and validated interactions between some miRNAs and Th17 differentiation pathway proteins were investigated .Disregulated expression of this miRNAs clinically have been shown previously in MS patients. Results showed that miR-9 probably could induce Th17 differentiation from naïve T cells by suppressing negative regulator of Th17 differentiation pathway. In contrast, miR-17and miR-106a/b probably could inhibit Th17 differentiation pathway by suppressing positive regulator of this pathway. Thus, this miRNAs can be considered as potential therapeutic targets for suppression or symptom reduction and also diagnostic markers in MS patients.

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The first performance of the home is to create shelter, a haven which provides peace for inhabitants. Village House is a safe and reliable "inner place" against "external environment" with the extent of the wild nature. Therefore, the first performance of the home is primary need of rural people. The formation of the house is affected by a variety of environmental factors of three surrounding environments which in different species are formed based on special regional and local materials of the area by natives of the area.
In fact, the most important characteristic of rural homes, especially (Gilan) is simplicity and harmony with the natural environment surrounding them, in such a way that, a building not only is not a waste element that is added to the environment, but is risen from its surroundings, and the stability is reached due to its exposure.
conditions, not only has led to a different appearance of the buildings in the area, but due to the abundant use of wood and plant fibers in the building, and special properties of these materials, methods of construction in Gilan is distinct from other parts of Iran. Studying traditional methods of construction in Gilan to identify a species of "architecture in harmony with nature", Leads us to full interaction of man and the surrounding environment, that all of them indicate Intelligent human knowledge in time with the technical limitations of construction, and the sense of respect for nature.
As architectural elements and building components, all in order to build a dynamic architecture in this particular area of the building not only by benefiting from natural curran in the summer leads to climate comfort in the spring and summer, but in winter with a layer of semi-enclosed elements, such as Faken, reduces the amount of heat exchange between indoor and the surrounding environment.
Accordingly, the logic of construction and materials are selected based on potential and natural resources in the region and leads to use the local materials, combining fences, columns, headers and wooden beams and flowers used in walls, decoration by flowers and roof with four slopes are considered as individual components of a vernacular architecture, that in the passage of time has damaged stability of the building like natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes, which is considered as an effective factor among the indicator species in each region.
In Gilan geographic reach, which air humidity and rainfall is very high, rural housing should not only meet human needs related to shelter, but must include climatic comfort relatively. As such, residential building must be constructed in such a way that reduxes moisture in the environment over human tolerance to have proper temperature and humidity conditions. In this area, because of moderate temperatures in many times of the year, reduced air humidity provides comfort because discomfort in summer is felt due to high relative humidity of the air at all times a day. So, wind can move easily in order to repel moisture around the body and the human environment.
The relationship between the building and the environment is considered as the most obvious aesthetic features of Gilan rural buildings, which is rooted in geography, cultural issues and style life in Gilan. The lack of tangible boundary between inside and outside has given to it different effects compared with the central regions of Iran.
The houses of the area are generally built either in the direction of East or with a little rotation from East to South and this is due to the use of maximum sunlight and air flow. The used materials are indigenous as other rural areas of Gilan and available materials are used. The walls in this region are mainly the combination between the "Chineei" 1 "Zegali" 2 and completely Zegali. Because of the abundance of straw in the area,”Kolosh”3 is used as Zegal in the walls. In fact, all the art of living in the Gilan plain can be summarized in coping with difficult climatic conditions such as annual rainfall by almost 1280 mm, the humidity between 70 to 90 percent and temperature fluctuation between * 20 and * 37 .
In different parts of the plains of Gilan where the climatic characteristics cause a particular kind of architecture, outward-oriented architecture, regardless of the contradictions and complexities of construction technique, and variations in the utilization of local and available materials, we're seeing similarities in the scheme of this type of architecture, the majority of similarities in these buildings include:
The existence of the porch and hallway in a four-walled building that most biological environments.
Get the limited space and enclosed in the heart of the monument and surrounded by a hallway and porch for winter time.
Multi-layer being the main views and spaces with a maximum porosity in the outermost level.
The height of the residential parts of the getting off the ground.
Placement comfy wooden stairs without an intermediary style that the relationship between the grounds and the supply of housing.
The mass use of plant and wood materials and uncoated amood.
The four characteristics of the dwellings of the plain Gila can be distinguished from includes the following items:
I. The height of the Earth's surface to protect it against moisture in the ground.
II. Fans with steep slope.
III. The existence of one or more of the aisle and the porch in views.
IV. Construction of houses based on vertical plan common build dwellings that central in Iran (Making room on the horizontal inner courtyard) is different
This research seeks to analyze the body of one of the native habitat of the index and the geographical boundaries of Gilan plain areas exclusively to the analysis method - described by Sachs and method of analysis techniques - modeling Builder designed with energy simulation software to evaluate a sample of their unit. Accordingly, the use of library studies on the described manner, the morphology of Gilan and provide basic concepts on completion of organ literature as early as the theoretical basis. The use of macro and micro-scale field studies of settlements to analyze the climate and the physical samples for example in the form of software modeling background design study builder and table Sachs contributed.
At the end of these studies show, as well as comfort in Gilan native settlements for rural residents and require the passage of time has been granted, Today, the role of climate change in temperate climate and wet in macro and micro scale habitable space And general changes in consumer materials residential structures in rural areas, the use of natural energy role in natural ventilation by not using energy artifact(Cooling and heating) is not possible and the combination of the two systems, natural and artificial energy is not inevitable, even in native settlements.
Research purposes
I. Clear analysis of how the formation of a native settlement on the centrality of body structure and climate
II. Assessment components and sub a native settlement in the description of the concepts of sustainable Sachs
III. Analysis of large-scale example of architecture in warm and cold seasons the energy simulation software

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New approaches to semiotics with a phenomenological landscape further studies signification creation processes in a form beyond causal systems and emphasizes the role of cognitive-emotional competence of body. In this study, we used a descriptive - analytical method and interdisciplinary research methodology by referring to the components of the "complexity theory". We have shown that how the creation patterns of signification through interaction and "Co-Presence" of body subjects in semiotic system, have similar behavior and interactions of complex development systems where they are a function of the characteristics of chaotic behavior based on the "chaos theory". The result of this research is not only a query for the existence of adjustment pattern between the two theoretical fields, but also it provides scientific mapping based on interdisciplinary approach for the existence of patterns in the creative process that some of its characteristics are already studied in the semiotic adjustment and also in language systems as theoretical or empirical forms. Generally, systems of signification including "language" are not independent of the human subject, in the sense that they are the product of biochemical and neurological interactions of organism (a complex system) called "humans". It is expected that the semiotic systems as well as complex system be based on behavior patterns of "Chaos Theory".
Also the other function of the compliance, apart from providing scientific backing for the theoretical or empirical observations, is that it can explain the concepts such as "insecurity", "risk", "emotional contagion" and "perceptual sensitivity" in the process of signification creation in the compliance system based on chaos theory, yet some of the key features of the meaning production are explained both in language and verbal adaptation of the systems.
 
 
 

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Critical metaphor analysis tries to be a multidisciplinary approach that studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk through metaphors in the social and political contexts.in the present research, through electing such approaches such as critical discourse analysis, cognitive linguistics, pragmatics and corpus analysis,  instances of discourse metaphors extracted from opposing wing’s newspapers such as Keyhan and Mardomsalari in Iran and Telegraph and Mirror in England analyzed based on Lakoff’s cognitive approach and Cameron’s discourse metaphor following Charteris-black’s integrative critical metaphor research. The aim was to investigate the similarities and differences between metaphors and conceptual metaphors in each discourse and subsequently in each language. To tackle this concern, considering each wing’s core principals, political parts of the intended newspapers were analyzed and to narrow down the research just five source domains including conflict, structure, journey, religion and plants were focalized. The results showed that the aforementioned languages and the political wings are different in terms of source domains and frequency due to multilingual factors including society, history and culture. The results also demonstrated the metaphorical features of the discourses in terms of source domains. In this study also each kinds of Lakoff’s structural, ontological, directional metaphors and Cameron’s systematic metaphors were identified. Furthermore, this study showed how identical facts are demonstrated differently by opposing ideologies. Finally this eclectic approach came to known as an effective approach in demonstrating hidden power relations.
 

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One of the means of translating the Quran is to pay attention to the origin of the meaning of the words of the verses, which paves the way for explaining the meaning of the text. To understand the main words in the verses, the principle of basic meaning, etymology and its meaning in different contexts should be considered. One of the most frequent words in the Holy Quran is the words taken from the article "Nafaq" in a way that for finding an equivalence, the two words "charity" and "hypocrite" are always considered independent due to semantic distance and positive and negative emotional connotation because of not paying attention to the derivation from the principle of matter, and they show the meanings away from the basic meaning. The present research seeks to answer the questions in a descriptive-analytical method, what semantic course has the article "Nafaq" gone through and what components has it in this course? And what is the semantic relationship between the derivatives of this article? The findings of the research indicate that in pre-Islamic Arabic texts and their common scientific language, the word "Nafaq" was used in the meaning of "hole". The Holy Quran created a special culture for the meaning of this word and based on meanings of the hole and the rift, the three words "hypocrite", "charity" and "alimony" has been conceptualized from the article "Nafaq". The difference is that in Quran and in the light of the prototype view, the meanings of "Nafaq" are more limited and it is used in the two areas of charity and spending wealth, as well as hypocrisy and duplicity in beliefs. Based on the original prototype in the scientific language, these meanings have been illustrated and conceptualized in a way that it is necessary for the translators to pay attention to these conceptualizations in the translation of the Quran.
 

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