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Language as a social phenomenon is associated with the construction of social and community values; an interactive and two-way communication, so that either language has an impact on the social construction, and social context and environment have influences on language. In some cases, language differences may lead to differences in perception of the world. The main goal of this paper is Comparative investigating the function of language in justice development (called: Linguistic Justice). The results showed that in lingual justice approach, justice is built based on the language constructs, and it develops and strengthens the linguistic capabilities of every society. Therefore, to achieve a just society, using of just words, and just language as well as understanding the concepts of justice are more emphasized. Use of degrading words for highlighting of humane defects or showing the influence and power are forbidden and enrichment of language by justice words is very important as a main agenda. In other words, stigmatizing language, which is based on detecting of rebuke differences of people and setting a hierarchy of power, will be against the requirements of lingual justice.

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Social innovation has attracted the attention of many researchers in recent years; as it offers new answers to social challenges and whole community use its advantages. The main objective of this research is to design a social innovation success model in the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation as a social organization.This research is fundamental-applied in term of purpose and its method is grounded theory.Participants of this research are experienced staffand experts in the processes of Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation that by combining the methods of purposive sampling, snowball and theoretical sampling, 16 wer selected to perform semi-structured interviews.Data analysed with more than 200 primary codes in Atlas.ti 8. Factors of mission and Strategy, Organizational Culture,Servant Leadership Style,Organizational Agility, Extensive and favorable interactions with Enviroment and Facilitating Financial Conditions recognized as factors for facilitator level.Innovators' motivation,effective Content and implementation and acceptance of innovation were complementary levelfactors. And brandingsocial innovation, collaborating with international institutions, networking of innovation roles and develop a people-dependent structurewere growth levelfactors of social innovation success model.

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چکیده-مطالعه آزمایشگاهی انجام شده، تأثیر مقاوم سازی برشی تیرهای بتن مسلح به کمک روش نصب نزدیک سطح  با استفاده از میله های ساخته شده از صفحات الیاف کربن را ارزیابی می کند. برای ایجاد تأخیر در شروع جداشدگی میله از تیر، مهار انتهایی جدیدی برای آن ها پیشنهاد شده که آزمایش می شود. در این مقاله، نتایج آزمایش های انجام شده روی شش عدد تیر بتن مسلح دوسر ساده با مقطع مستطیل شکل که در برش، مقاوم سازی شده است، ارائه می شود. پاسخ نیرو- تغییرمکان همه ی نمونه ها و تغییرات کرنش در قسمت های مختلف ارائه خواهد شد. همچنین کارکرد و مدهای گسیختگی تیرها بررسی خواهد شد. نتایج آزمایش ها بیانگر از کارامدی میله ها و مهارهای پیشنهادی بوده است؛ به گونه ای که افزایش ظرفیت باربری نمونه های مقاوم سازی شده روش پیشنهادی، 25 تا 48 درصد نمونه مرجع به دست آمده است و در نتیجه استفاده از مهارهای انتهایی پیشنهادی، انرژی جذب شده به وسیله ی نمونه ها، افزایش چشم گیری پیدا کرده است. در انتها، مدل تحلیلی Rizzo and De Lorenzis برای برآورد مشارکت سامانه مقاوم سازی این پژوهش ارائه شده است که در مقایسه با نتایج آزمایشگاهی، تخمین قابل قبولی به دست می دهد.

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This experimental study is intended to evaluate the effectiveness of a Near Surface Mounted (NSM) technique using bars made of carbon fabrics (BMCF) for shear strengthening of RC beams. To delay the onset of BMCF debonding, a new anchorage is also developed and tested. When the amount of NSM FRP in shear strengthening of RC beams is low, the shear failure is likely to be due to debonding of individual FRP rod and in this case improved bond properties as well as proper anchoring of the FRP rods are likely to delay the failure of the beam. In this project an innovative bars made of carbon fabrics is produced by wrapping an FRP sheet around a wooden rod. BMCF provide a larger perimeter to cross sectional area ratio with respect to conventional FRP rods for the same amount of FRP used, providing potentially higher bond strength. In addition, the circular shape of BMCF is not only convenient for production but also suitable for NSM shear strengthening as noted by previous researchers. Another key advantage of introducing the BMCF is that it allows the incorporation of a novel anchor system that can be used to improve the performance of NSM BMCF reinforcement for shear strengthening of RC beams in applications with low FRP percentage. A distinguished benefit of the proposed anchor system is that it only requires the access to the beam sides for installation. This means that the proposed anchorage system can be conveniently applied to RC beams whose top and/or bottom face is inaccessible. A set of six shear deficient beam specimens were designed. All specimens had the same internal reinforcement arrangements. They were 200 mm wide, 250 mm high and 1650 mm long. One half of each beam was designed to be weak in shear as the test shear span while the other half was designed as the strong shear span. Only the test shear span was strengthened in shear with NSM BMCF with or without proposed end anchorages. The amount of steel shear reinforcement in the two sides was designed to ensure that shear failure would occur in the test span. All beams were simply supported at the ends and tested under a concentrated monotonic load applied at the mid-span. Test results presented in this paper have confirmed that the use of BMCF is an effective technique for improving the shear capacity of RC beams. The increase in the shear capacity was between 25 to 30% for beams strengthened with simple BMCF, and ranged between 41% and 48% for beams strengthened with anchored BMCF, compared with the reference beam. Beams strengthened with BMCF with end anchors exhibited excessive flexural cracking at their mid spans. The use of the end anchors also significantly enhanced the maximum strain in the BMCF. The load–deflection response of beams is presented, in addition to selected strain measurements. Performance and the failure modes of the test beams are studied and discussed.

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This paper examines and models the causes of deferring repayments in Qarz Al-Hasaneh Mehr Bank (QMB) of Iran. In the model, the effects of explanatory variables, including “kind of caught guaranty from customers”, “value of caught guaranty”, “kind of facilities”, “duration of repayment” and “amount of facilities”, on dependent variable “ deferring repayment of facilities” are investigated. In this research, the statistical population consists of customers of QMB branches in Tehran provinces during 2007-2011, which was selected by cluster sampling. For modeling causes of deferring repayments, both logistic regression and discrimination analysis were used and data was analyzed with SPSS software. According to the results of research, both models were significant, but logistic regression model was more robust in predicting probability of deferring repayment of granted facilities, so that, it predicted 84.5% of deferred facilities and 54% of repaid facilities, correctly. In addition, “the kind of guaranty” (cheque and payroll deduction authorization) and “kind of facilities” have negative and positive impact on deferring repayments, respectively.

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This paper presents the pull-out characteristics of inclined hooked steel fiber from cementitious matrix. The effect of fiber embedded length and angle of inclination are evaluated together with the interaction of these parameters. The experimental program involved single fiber pull-out test of five inclination angle and four embedded length. The studied inclination angles were 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 degrees. The embedded lengths were 10, 15, 20 and 25 mm. Compressive strength of matrix was 40 Mpa. The length and diameter of hooked steel fibers were 50 mm and 1mm, respectively and their tensile strength was 800 Mpa. At least five specimens were prepared and tested for each combination of inclination angle and embedded length. A special mold supplemented by a cross shaped device was designed to hold the fiber in desired angle and embedded length. X-ray radiography was used to verify the inclination angle and embedded length of fiber. All the specimens were tested at 28-day age. Pull-out test performed under displacement control condition in order to record descending branch of pull-out curves. A load cell and a displacement transducer were used to acquire pull-out load and slip during pull-out test. Pull-out load versus slip were recorded and parameters such as maximum pull-out force and its associated slip, pull-out energy, fiber efficiency and matrix spalling were drawn for comparison purpose. Based on the experimental results, the pull-out response of hooked steel fibers is predominately influenced by fiber embedded length and inclination angle. The results indicate that the peak pull-out load is maximized at approximately 30 degrees, although at greater inclination angle, the peak pull-out load decreases. The fracture load also decreases as fiber inclination angle increases. The additional shear stress imposed on inclined fibers; provide mechanisms favoring slip between the crystals in the steel. This causes a reduction in both yield and ultimate strength of the finer, resulting in a reduced fracture load. The results indicate that providing the hook is fully mobilized, the peak pull-out load is almost independent of embedded length of fiber. The results indicate that fracture of fiber is more presumable at greater inclination angle. Slip associated with peak pull-out load increases as the inclination angle increases. This can be attributed to matrix spalling. Matrix spalling also causes the drop of pull-out load in pull-out curves. The load drop is directly related to the size of crushed matrix. Matrix starts to spall at 30 degrees inclination angle. The results indicate that increase in embedded length and inclination angle result in increase of pull-out energy. An inclined fiber with respect to the loading direction absorbs a greater amount of energy at a given slip than an aligned one, with maximum pull-out energy occurring around 30 degrees. Fiber efficiency increases as the embedded length of fiber increases. Maximum fiber efficiency occurs at 30 to 45 degrees and decreases at greater inclination angle. The effect of elastic deformation of fiber during pull-out test was taken into account by calculation of elastic deformation and subtracting from slip, although, its effect was negligible.

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The extent of masonry structures and their weaknesses against earthquakes will increase the need for research on new ways of seismic rehabilitation of these structures. Recently, in addition to conventional techniques such as Mesh, Shotcrete, and FRP, new materials such as ECC materials have been considered by the researchers to retrofit the masonry walls. The composite materials of cement base, which is one of the types of cement base materials, due to the presence of fibers in the matrix, has a significantly different tensile strain capacity than that of conventional concrete, so that the range of this parameter for a typical mortar is 0.015%, and for composite materials of ECC is from 0.5 up to 6%. In the present study, the effect of these materials on the performance of the bearing masonry walls with in-plane failure modes including the diagonal tension mode (brittle mode) and the bed-joint sliding mode (the ductile mode) were investigated. The results of the research are based on the numerical method. ABAQUS software was used for numerical modeling. Due to validate the model, the available laboratory information of as-built masonry walls has been used. The as-built masonry walls are half scale. The wall dimensions for diagonal tension mode and bed-joint sliding mode were 1900x1400x110 and 2700x1400x160 mm, respectively. The gravity load of the wall was 0.1 MP. The walls strengthened with 20 mm ECC layers on one and both sides. In one case, ECC layers were joint to the foundation and in other case were not. A change in failure mode of strengthened walls (brittle to ductile) and hardening behavior were the main achievement of this research. If the connection between ECC layers and the foundation is absent, the failure mode of strengthened walls will be toe-crushing and rocking mode. If the connection between ECC layers and the foundation is present, the failure mode of strengthened walls will be toe-crushing and bed-joint sliding mode. Other obtained results showed an effective increase in strength and dissipated energy. The extent of this increase depends on how ECC layer is connected to the foundation. If there is no connection between ECC layers and the foundation, the strength and dissipated energy of walls with diagonal tension failure mode for one-side and both-sides ECC layers will be 2.3 and 3 times, respectively, in comparison with those of as-built masonry walls. Whereas for the bed-joint sliding mode, the extent of wall strength and dissipated energy is 1.4 and 1.8. according to the obtained results and comparing the properties of the wall strengthened by one-side and both- sides ECC layers, a significant difference was not observed, especially in bed-joint sliding mode. Appositively, if there is a connection between ECC layers and the foundation, the strength of walls for one-side and both-sides ECC layers will be 3.5 and 6 times, respectively, in comparison with those of as-built masonry walls. Whereas the dissipated energy of walls will be 3 and 4.5 times. Based on these results, if the ECC layers and the wall foundation are connected, the capacity of strengthened walls will be optimized.

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The purpose of this study is to estimate a “hybrid” version of the optimal monetary policy rule in Iran using the optimal control theory. To do this, it is assumed that monetary authorities solve an optimization problem with regard to the constraints of economic structure, which includes five equations of aggregate supply, aggregate demand, exchange rate, demand for money and government expenditure. First, the structural equations’ parameters are estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) and seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) methods during 1978-2016. Then, the preferences of the monetary authorities for stabilizing inflation and output, and smoothing liquidity growth are chosen with the aim of minimization of social welfare loss. The results indicate that the central bank should consider the deviation of monetary growth rate and the output gap. In addition, the optimal rule of monetary policy derived from the optimal preferences indicates that the central bank must react simultaneously to the changes in inflation, output gap and real exchange rate, in which the role of output gap is of great importance.
 

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An undesirable failure mode of a reinforced concrete beam is shear mode. Low tensile strength of conventional concrete and brittle crushing due to shear failure in reinforced concrete beams can be improved by adding adequate percentage of steel fibers. The combination of high and low elasticity fibers is capable of arresting macro- and micro-cracks. In fact, the bridging action of fibers on crack faces causes a strong limitation on opening of the crack. This phenomenon improves the aggregate interlock on the crack faces which results in increasing the shear strength of the cracked section. In order to accurately study the pull-out characteristics of crimped-steel fibers with end hook and to compare the results with the behavior of hooked steel fibers and crimped steel fibers alone, an experimental study was conducted. Pull-out load versus slip was thoroughly investigated in 25 specimens and parameters such as maximum pull-out force and its associated slip were taken into account for comparison purposes. The results indicated that the crimped-steel fibers with end hook have better performance in pull out test. In fact, the post-peak behavior of this type of fiber shows a slight drop in carried load. This increases the area under the load-displacement curve in comparison with the others. It can be predicted that cementitious composites reinforced with crimped-steel fibers with end hook would be more ductile than those reinforced with other fibers. In addition, the effect of modified polymer fibers along with different amounts of crimped end hook steel fibers on the mechanical properties of conventional concrete such as compressive strength and indirect tensile strength was studied. The modified polymer fibers were added into the mixes for arresting micro-cracks. 45 specimens were made in 5 groups and the volume fraction of polypropylene fiber was kept constant (0.25%). The volume fraction of steel fibers were selected in three ranges of 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%. Also a mix was cast without any fibers to be used for comparison purposes. The results of this study showed that by adding 0.25% polypropylene fibers and 1.00% crimped end hook steel fibers, 27.5% and 66.7% increase in compressive strength and indirect tensile strength are observed compared to conventional concrete. In all cases, by adding steel fibers with polypropylene fiber in the mentioned percentages, the fibers can show desirable performance in post-cracking behavior. Finally, the criteria of ACI 318-2011 for using this fiber reinforced concrete (without shear reinforcement) as the minimum shear reinforcement was investigated. The test is based on ASTM C1609 and it is applicable to the sections of a beam when the applied shear is less than the concrete strength from one hand but, on the other hand, it is greater than the half of that. It was found that this requirements is met in all proposed fiber reinforced concretes. It can be concluded that in such sections the cementitious composites studied in this paper can be utilized without accompanying any stirrups. In fact, the ductility required by ACI 318-2011 in this area can be provided with steel fibers, rather than stirrups.

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Nowadays, the use of recycled concrete has increased significantly for economic and environmental reasons. Increasing the replacement percentages of recycled aggregates change the mechanical properties of concrete. In this research, the mechanical properties of concrete containing recycled aggregates with different percentages of steel fibers and polypropylene fiber has been investigated in the structural laboratory. A total of 36 cylindrical compression specimens, 36 cylindrical tensile specimens with dimensions of 20 * 10 cm and 36 flexural specimens with dimensions of 10 * 10 * 35 cm were tested. Recycled aggregates (coarse aggregates) in ratios of 25 and 50% (weight ratio) replaced with natural materials (coarse aggregates). Also, steel and polypropylene fibers were added to recycled concrete samples in ratios of 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 0%, 0.4%, respectively. Fiber concrete samples containing recycled aggregates under compressive force, indirect tension and three-point bending are tested and factors such as compressive strength, tensile fracture toughness, modulus of elasticity, flexural strength and fracture energy were investigated. The results show that the increase in porosity in recycled concrete is affected by the increase in the percentage of replacement of recycled aggregates and reduces the specific gravity of concrete. Increasing the composition of 1% steel fibers with polypropylene fibers without the presence of recycled aggregate has a greater effect on increasing the specific gravity of concrete than polypropylene fibers (alone). By increasing 25 and 50% replacement of recycled aggregate, 0.8% and 2.5% of specific gravity of concrete were reduced, respectively. Compressive strength decreases with increasing replacement percentage of recycled aggregate. Increasing the percentage of replacement of recycled aggregate due to poor transmission area reduces the amount of energy absorption. So that by replacing 25% and 50% of recycled aggregate, the energy absorption rate decreases by 21.7% and 26%, respectively, compared to the control samples. Polypropylene fibers have a positive effect on increasing compressive strength and combination of polypropylene fibers with 0.5 and 1% steel fibers increases the energy absorption. Also, increasing the replacement percentage of recycled aggregates reduces the hardness. Maximum tensile strength decreases by 3% and 13% with 25 and 50% increase in replacement of recycled aggregate, respectively. The results of flexural strength test show that increasing the replacement percentage of recycled aggregate has a negative effect on reducing the final load and reduces the final load in flexural specimens. Also, polypropylene fibers have a positive effect on increasing the loads and preventing the collapse of concrete, and combining polypropylene fibers with 0.5 and 1% steel fibers, respectively, increases the final load by 20% and 95% in 25%, replacing recycled aggregates and increasing 19% and 21% of rainfall in 50% recycled aggregate replacement. Increasing the percentage of steel fibers, the amount of deformation in the area after cracking and the amount of energy absorption increases, so that by increasing the amount of steel fibers to 0.5% and 1% by volume of concrete, the amount of energy absorption to 2 and it increases 3 times. The use of polypropylene fibers in the area after cracking has little effect and increases the load capacity.

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The main goal of this paper is to develop a special modular fixture system for machining and drilling parts that hold pneumatic jacks componets. This family of parts is usually made in various dimensions and sizes but with a specific geometric shape. The design requirements of the restrictions, the way of the construction process is considered as the design inputs of this system.
Positioning and clamping system have been designed, modeled and simulated for the mass production of a family of these parts with minimal changes in the manufacturing process. The results obtained from the idea of designing such restraints in machining processes show that with its help, it is possible to reduce the design and manufacturing costs of restraints for a group of parts that are similar in appearance but different in size and dimensions. It will significantly reduce and minimize the time of adjusting these equipments during the production process and will increase the productivity and circulation of products.