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Aims: Most of the world population who is at work and production age does not have appropriate and regular physical activity for various reasons. Accordingly, the researchers tried to evaluate the effect of physical activity predictors of employees through the path analysis based on the Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM). Methods and Materials: We conducted this study on 359 employees of the milk and milk powder production factories in Mashhad. A questionnaire consisted of items related to the structure of the Pender's Health Promotion Model (Perceived Benefits, Perceived Barriers,  Prior Related Behavior, Perceived Self-Efficacy, Activity Related Affect, Personal Factors, Interpersonal Influences and Situational Influences) and the IPAQ standard questionnaire related to the physical activity were designed and applied in interviews as data collection instruments. Findings: One fourth of the employees had proper physical activity. Generally, structures of the Pender's Health Promotion Model predicted 34.8 % of the physical activity behavior variance. Regression analysis has shown that the predictability of Prior Related Behavior, Perceived Self-Efficacy, Personal Factors, Activity Related Affect and Interpersonal Influences are significant and Situational Influences are nearly significant. Prior Related Behavior (β = 0.45, P < 0.000) and Self-Efficacy (β = 0.17, PConclusions: The findings of the study revealed that HPM is efficient in identifying and predicting the physical activity behavior. This pattern can be used as a framework for planning and implementing educational interventions in order to improve the physical activity of the adult employees.

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Development can be considered as one of the main concern of Iranian society in contemporary history. The development, especially economic development, is subjected to the numerous and intertwined factors. In this study, the relationship between the geographical aspects of political power construct and economic development has come into focus. This research is based on quantitative approach and descriptive -analytical method. Data are collected using library and filed findings. The co-occurrence analysis is used to analyze the data. Sampling was performed by snowball sampling. The sample size is 30 people and the Minitab software is used to analyze the data. Although various dimensions and components in political power construct are complex in Iran, in this study, the components and indicators of the geographical dimensions in political power construct are considered and its indicators in relation to economic development is studied, measured, and analyzed. Five components of development indicators which are related to the geographical dimension of political power construct affect Iran’s economic development. Five evaluation components of geo-economy, geopolitics political geography, the environment and human geography (culture and society) have high priority in relation to the geographical dimension of political power constrict and economic development.

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Recent discussions on macroeconomic policy in developing and developed countries have emphasized the crucial role played by the real exchange rate in the adjustment process. There is a growing agreement that sustained real exchange rate misalignment will usually generate severe macroeconomic disequilibria through affecting macroeconomic variables. This study aims to investigate the sources of macroeconomic variable fluctuations in Iran focusing on real exchange rate. We implement the model with a structural VAR model and variance decomposition technique using annual macroeconomic time series data of the Iranian economy from 1970 to 2005. The findings suggest that real exchange rate fluctuations in Iran are mostly explained by monetary shocks as well as oil price shocks. Moreover, the results show that major part of income fluctuations in Iran are due to the price shocks, oil price shocks, money shocks, and supply shocks. This paper recommends that diversifying the economy, developing infrastructure, stabilizing prices, increasing investment, reducing money fluctuations, and controlling money supply may well then contribute to improve growth performance in the economy. According to our results, money disturbances and oil prices effect significantly real exchange rate fluctuations. So, this paper suggests that conducting monetary policy requires a greater caution to stabilize the economy.

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Due to outstanding properties of γ–TiAl intermetallic such as high resistance against fatigue, oxidation, corrosion, creep, dynamic vibration, high working temperature and also its application in aerospace and automotive industry, turbojet engines and blade manufacturing; in this paper, electrical discharge machining (EDM) of γ–TiAl intermetallic by means of three kinds of tool electrodes including copper, graphite and aluminum is investigated, to compare the output characteristics of the machining process such as material removal rate, tool wear ratio, surface roughness and topography and EDS elemental analysis of machined surfaces. The results indicate that major elements in chemical composition of γ–TiAl machined surfaces are including titanium, aluminum, carbon and oxygen. The variation of tool material has not significant effect on formation of different chemical compounds and phases or in other words surface modification of machined surface. While it mainly affects other aspects of output characteristics such as material removal rate, tool wear ratio and surface roughness.

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This study compares and contrasts tense and inherent aspect in English and Persian lan-guage from a semantic and syntactic point of view. The aspectual verb system in both English and Persian are semantically interpreted alike. However, in Persian a group of stative verbs are grammaticalized by the imperfective obligatory morpheme mi-, while in English all sta-tive verbs perfective. Furthermore, while in Persian all accomplishment verbs can be shifted into activity verbs by deleting their direct object markers (i.e. by means of noun-incorporation), in English accomplishment verbs cannot be shifted into activity verbs2 . Fi-nally, while English has six tense forms such as present, present perfect, past, past perfect, future, and future perfect, Persian has only five tense forms; it lacks future perfect tense and present perfect tense is being used instead. Inherent aspect and tense are syntactically instan-tiated in both English and Persian. The model that has been followed is based on Arad's (1996) and Borer's (1994) views that the interface between the lexicon (i.e. meaning) and syn-tax is aspectually determined. Based on event-predicated based approach, telic events are projected by the aspectual projection of measurer where accusative case is also checked, at-elic events are projected by the aspectual projection of originator, where an agent interpreta-tion is determined, and non-dynamic situations are projected by neither the aspectual project tion of measurer nor originator; they are base-generator in the VP, because they are aspectually contentless. However, independently of these factors tense is uniform ally projected in the IP.

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γ–TiAl intermetallic has outstanding properties such as high resistance against fatigue, oxidation, corrosion, creep, dynamic vibration and high working temperature. These intermetallics are applied in aerospace and automotive industry, turbojet engines and blade manufacturing. In this paper, powder mixed electrical discharge machining (PMEDM) of γ–TiAl intermetallic by means of different kinds of powders including Al, SiC, Gr, Cr and Fe is investigated to compare the output characteristics of the process such as surface roughness, tool wear rate, material removal rate and surface topography with each other. This is an experimental investigation, by means of die sinking EDM machine and a special tank for machining. The results indicate that, aluminum powder as the most appropriate kind of powder in the optimum particle concentration of 2 g/l, improves the surface roughness about 32% comparing with conventional EDM, decreases the tool wear rate about 19%, but decreases the material removal rate about 7.5% and also the Al powder leads to improving the machined surface topography and decreasing the surface defects and micro cracks.

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The aim of this article is to review the quantitative targeting of research and development expenditure in the Fifth Plan Act and executive policies of the science and technology. This article models the explaining and affecting factors of the research and development regarding to the theoretical and experimental studies. The main determinants of R&D expenditure in each economy are as follows: the intellectual property rights system; degree of government efficiency in defining, ensuring and implementing property rights; industrial structure and economy technology-intensiveness; the degree of economic openness and competitiveness; the share of large-scale firms in research and development; methods of R & D expenditure financing and the R& D production structure. The comparative comparison of main influencing factors on the research and development Intensity (RDI) in Iran with OECD RDI shows that the effective national absorption capacity of R& D expenditure in Iran, on average, is less than 20% of OECD corresponding capacity. The evidence shows that the bulk of research and development in Iran is financed by the government research credits. Naturally, we expect that effectiveness of R&D expenditure would be negligible, since the provided expenditure is not proportional to the national absorption capacity of research and development. According to pathology results, three amendments are proposed to research and development policies of the Fifth Plan in order to increase the efficiency and the productivity of R&D expenditure. The first major amendment is that the targeting of effective research and development expenditure of gross national product reach to 1.5 % in the end of the plan. Also, a fundamental attitude change towards research credits with focus on firms and non-governmental sector is essential for efficacy of consumed resources. The second proposal emphasizes on the software research and development policies. The Iranian research system focuses on hardware components and quantitative indicators, for example, budget, organization and the first-level R&D hardware products i.e., scholar papers. It is recommended that the software components of R &D including the property rights system, the national innovation system, the national learning system, motivation and reward system, efficacy evaluation, the research market, and interactive relationship of the research and development with economic competitiveness components are included in development plans. The third proposal is to develop the statistics and information system of R & D in Iran.

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Acoustic Emission technique is a non destructive method which can be used for detection of corrosion mechanism. In this paper the corrosion of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids solution on some kinds of stainless steel like 304, 316 and GTD-450 with and without residual stress was surveyed by acoustic emission technique. Considering tests diagrams, cumulative counts in the samples with residual stress is more than other ones due to high sensitivity of stainless steel samples to stress corrosion cracking. Also frequency in the samples with residual stress is lower than other ones. Cumulative count in the stainless steel 304 is more than stainless steel 316 for all of the samples. A sudden and intensive corrosion in the hydrochloric acid environment was observed specially in the samples with residual stress. For stainless steel 304, this event was very harmful, because, it will the cause of some pitting corrosion, which concentrates stress in these locations and finally creates crack in structure.

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The Warsaw Convention of 1929 and the Montreal Convention of 1999 apply to all international and most of the domestic carriers of persons, luggage or goods performed by aircraft. According to Article 17 of the Warsaw Convention to which the Montreal Convention of 1999 made inconsequential changes: “The carrier is liable for damage sustained in the event of the death or wounding of a passenger or any other bodily injury suffered by a passenger, if the accident which caused the damage so sustained took place on board the aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking.”? What mean ‘accident’, ‘on board the aircraft’ and ‘in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking’? are issues that have been examined in this article.

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Objective: Menstrual blood stromal stem cells (MBSCs) share some phenotypic and functional similarities with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are shown to inhibit either the function or generation of different immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs). However, data regarding MBSCs’ potential effects on immune system cells are elusive. Here, we examine whether MBSCs affect the generation of human monocyte-derived DCs. Methods: Menstrual blood samples were collected from apparently healthy women on the second day of their menstrual cycles. The adherent portions were subcultured to omit unwanted cells and obtain MBSCs. Magnetically-isolated peripheral blood monocytes were differentiated towards DCs through treatment with recombinant granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) in the presence or absence of MBSCs. After five days, monocyte-derived DCs were analyzed for the expression of surface markers by flow cytometry. IL-6 level was determined in the co-culture supernatants. Results: Co-culture with MBSCs significantly down regulated the expression of DC marker (CD1a) and up regulated the expression of monocyte marker (CD14) on monocyte-derived DCs compared with the control group. IL-6 level was shown to be significantly higher in the supernatant of the monocyte-MBSC co-culture. Conclusion: Collectively, this is the first study to show the inhibitory impacts of MBSCs on the generation of DCs. IL-6 could be viewd as a potential factor mediating this effect. Regarding the known advantages over MSCs, MBSCs could be considered as a promising future candidate for immunomodulatory purposes in the clinical setting.

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Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an important industrial crop and its seeds contain significant amounts of oil. The extraction of oil components using solvent at high pressure, or supercritical fluid (SCF), has received much attention. In the present study, statistical analyses showed that the average extraction yield of seed oil of five tobacco varieties using SFE was 9.33%, which was higher than Sonication (7.75%) and DGF (Deutsche Gesellschaft f_r Fettwissenschaft) standard method B-I5(87) (8.48%), but lower than Soxhlet (13.72%). Also, fatty acids profile of each extracted oil was determined by gas chromatography. Various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids such as lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), linolenic (C18:3) and eicosanoic (C20:0) acids were observed in the extracted oils.

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Preservation and optimal usage of water resources are that main aspects of sustainable development in each country. Knowing qualitative and quantitative problems in water resources monitoring systems is one of the most important steps in water resources system management and pollution reduction plan. Recent studies in the field of water quality monitoring network has showen the needs for more researches, despite the abilities and investments in this field. One of the most important problems is the difference between required data and provided data in monitoring networks. So, monitoring systems should be revised and modified in several cases. High monitoring expenses necessitates optimizing monitoring systems to prevent cost loss. Being aware of network properties is an essential step in evaluating existing quality monitoring network. Locations of sampling stations, time frequencies, qualitative variables specifications and sampling duration should be considered in these evaluations. Reduce the cost of monitoring networks and maximize the obtained information, is the common objectives of the monitoring networks planning. From a monitoring perspective, identification of the reservoir eutrophication situation is of particular importance. Eutrophication phenomenon affects water quality strongly and causes serious limitations on the water utilization ability. Autotrophic organisms and algae overgrowth increased turbidity, toxic substances, increased sedimentation rate, oxygen concentration in the middle of the day and reduced severely by decreasing sunlight from sunset until next day morning, which causes anaerobic regions creation in deeper areas of the reservoir as the result. In this study, locations of Karkheh dam reservoir that there was maximum variations in quality indices values using CE-QUAL-W2 model, was identified. PO_4, NO_3, chlorophyll A and dissolved oxygen was studied to eutrophication control in reservoir. Because of limited available data from the time frequencies and sampling location point of view, dam reservoir was modeled by CE-QUAL-W2, 2D qualitative model for a period of one year. Using time series developed in previous step in model cells, time variance of studied parameters in the entire model cells was calculated and was used as a measure of its value change during time. Critical path from monitoring point of view was obtained after fitting best curve to cells with maximum time variance for studied qualitative indices. Placement of monitoring stations on this route will get the maximum information about the quality of the monitoring operation. The results showed that the proposed methodology is efficient in determination of critical paths for quality indices from monitoring perspective, in the dam reservoirs. ...Being aware of network properties is an essential step in evaluating existing quality monitoring network. Locations of sampling stations, time frequencies, qualitative variables specifications and sampling duration should be considered in these evaluations. Reduce the cost of monitoring networks and maximize the obtained information, is the common objectives of the monitoring networks planning. From a monitoring perspective, identification of the reservoir eutrophication situation is of particular importance. Eutrophication phenomenon affects water

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Objective: Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a beta-herpesvirus that causes persistent infection in humans, as well as severe disease in fetuses and immunocompromised individuals. Although HCMV is not currently causally implicated in human cancer, emerging evidence suggests that HCMV infection may be specifically associated with malignancies such as gliomas. Gliomas are one of the most common brain tumors that affect humans. It is classified into four grades. In this study, we have developed and used a real-time PCR method for the detection and diagnosis of HCMV infection in glioma brain tumor samples. Methods: Paraffin-embedded tumor samples were chosen from patients who referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital Neurosurgery Ward. DNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissues by a DNA extraction kit. After designing specific primers for the HCMV US28 region, a real-time PCR method was developed for detection of HCMV US28. Results: The results of qualitative real-time PCR on 4/18 patients (22.2%) were positive. Two patients with positive HCMV results died. Conclusion: This is the first study that has monitored HCMV genes in samples from glioma patients in Iran. Considering the results of this study and controversies associated with other studies, a more comprehensive study using this and other diagnostic methods is suggested.

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Management of the forest resources and related activities has significant effects on the environment. Applying the environmental impact assessment (EIA) provides a basis for improving forest management plans. However, in the developing countries such as Iran, there have been so far no serious endeavors and research to undertake the EIA of the various practices affecting the forest resources, despite the enormous negative impacts of forestry practices on environmental quality. Hence, the main objective of the present study was to address the effects of the human activities on forest ecosystem and their consequences, and to assess the environmental quality of Patom Forest Management Plan through the application of landscape degradation model (LDM) and the matrix method. Decision making based on LDM indicated that all compartment of Patom District have high degradation coefficient and need rehabilitating practices. Furthermore, application of the matrix method revealed that forest roads, logging operations, and other activities needed modification and mitigation plans. Also, forestry activities have had 25.8 and 35.5% positive impacts and consequences in contrast with 74.2 and 64.5% negative impact and consequences on the environment. Hence, in order to improve forest management plans and reduce the negative effects of forestry activities in Iran, forest managers should apply environmental impact assessment with quantitative EIA instruments before the design and implementation of the forest management plans and forestry activities.