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In order to study the role of Pythium species associated with cantaloupe root and crown rot, samples were collected from infected fields in different areas of Khorasan Razavi province during 2009-2010. The Root pieces were washed and cultured on CMA-PARP medium. The pythium isolates were then purified by hyphal tip method and identified based on van der Plaats-Niterink mycological key. The pathogenic species were identified as Pythium aphanidermatum, P. ultimum var. ultimum, and P. deliense. The pathogenicity of isolates on cantaloupe seedlings was tested under greenhouse conditions by using wheat grain inoculum. The results indicated that P. aphanidermatum was the most prevalent species and was recovered in all the regions. P. ultimum was isolated from Neyshabour, Fariman and Mashhad whereas P. deliense was detected in Khaaf. This to our knowledge, is the first report on occurrence and distribution of Pythium species causing root and stem rot on cantaloupes in Khorasan province.

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The necessity of coordinated facades especially in city centers plays an important role in the image of the cities. Setting up a reliable framework is crucial to ensure that this coordination is maintained. However, due to the lack of tools for implementing that framework the roles and regulations in this context remain only written.
The review of complied foreign documents shows that there is an intensive tool that leads to implementing façade design instructions. This tool which is called the ‘Improvement Façade Program’ has been employed in many cities across the world.
This paper aims to propound tools for implementing design instructions specified in the façade context. It is noteworthy that the main purpose of this paper is being familiar with one of the intensive tools for improving façade and applying this tool in Iran requires localization with specific conditions and regulations inside the country.

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Shot hole caused by Wilsonomyces carpophilus is one of the main constraints to prune fruit production in Iran particularly in Khorasan Razavi province. It causes foliage shot hole in spring and early summer; fruit-spotting and cankers on limbs and twigs during autumn rains. The fungus was isolated from the lesions of twigs and was purified on PDA. The pathogenicity and virulence on detached twigs of stone fruit tree species was examined in vitro. Virulence of the pathogen as measured by lesion length was significantly different among the different host species, showing the nectarine as the most susceptible species. In contrast to other hosts, sour cherry did not show any canker on shoots or twigs and disease progress was just as tissue colonization by the fungus hyphae. However, other species such as prune, cherry, apricot and almond did not show significant differences. The results of bud and shoot evaluations indicated that the fungus overwinters as hyphae and conidia in buds, and in the form of hyphae as well as thick-walled globular chlamydospores in twigs. Additionally, viability of recovered conidia ranged from 33 to 90% throughout the dormant season. A better understanding of disease cycle and survival mode of the fungus will help to manage and prevent the disease.

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‎ An orientational metaphor is a metaphor in which concepts are ‎spatially related to each other, as in the following ways: up or down, ‎in or out, front or back, on or off, deep or shallow, central or ‎peripheral. Such metaphorical orientations are not arbitrary. They ‎originate from our physical and cultural experience. An orientational ‎metaphor organizes a group or system of metaphorical concepts in ‎terms associated with spatial orientation, for instance “up-down” and ‎‎“front-back”. An example would be the fact that many metaphorical ‎concepts concerning happiness (e.g. “feeling up”, “spirits were ‎boosted”, “in high spirits”) have to do with the spatial orientation of ‎‎“up”, whereas many metaphorical concepts of unhappiness (e.g. ‎‎“feeling low”, “feeling down”, “sinking spirits”, “falling into ‎depression”) have to do with “down”. These spatial orientational ‎metaphors are so common that we often use them unconsciously. ‎Those metaphors using the spatial orientation of “up”, “forward” and ‎‎“on” seem to be associated with positive feelings and events, while ‎terms such as “down” and “back” are associated with the ‎negative. The majority of spatial orientational metaphors employed in ‎the Qur’an can be divided into those that convey a positive experience ‎or feeling and those that express a negative or less satisfactory event ‎or emotion.‎

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In the past few decades, by increasing the number of cars, streets have a different definition. In the past that, street considered to be a sort of pace for recreation a destination, changed into a place for the movement of cars. Consequently social life vanished from streets. Recently, all over the world, a lot of attempts have been done to make streets somewhere to walk in, and to return social life to them. They have been faced with success and failure. In the past before the formation of streets in current form and the emergence of carriages and cars, the common way of movement was often done on foot. The age of walking goes back to the creation and birth of human being. Creating pavements was the first actions in the form of urbanization. In the recent decades, the so- called walking way has been more common, against streets which belong to roadways. Several word like pedestrian limits (Mall), no cars limits, pedestrian walkway, area (zone) of on foot going, public walkway and traffic- free zone are used in different countries. Walkways are the locations for the attendance of all citizens and their participation in the collective life. These spaces operate in the scale of all cities, and should accept different groups of people. In walkways, citizens are in an interactive relationship with each other, learn to be together, and strive towards improving the collective life. Therefore, social life must always go on in the walkways. That is why liveliness is the basic and vital features of walkways. This space must also be able to attract a wide range of citizens and to harmonize itself with its inside events. So, flexibility is also an important feature of walkways. Finally, what ensures the attendance of all citizens, and permanent living in walkways is the safety of these spaces. According to researches carried out, walking is a part of citizen’s all day trips, and the most important of them. According to statistics represented, in Iran 50% of travels in large cities and 75% of travels in small towns are done on foot. Therefore, pedestrians should be considered as the main component of city transport system, and thus, walkways are the scientific and practical solution for many urban acute problems that can fight with the fall in life quality. Reviews and pathology of pedestrian – oriented space can be a useful tool for designer in designing spaces with high social functions. Because urban spaces as an area for showing of collective life, have a significant role in identification and human interactions, reminisces and create interest for future generations. Improving the quality of these spaces strengthens the motivation of attendance and communicating with the environment in the citizen’s mind and provides his active participation. Walkways as public spaces enable people who don’t know each other, come together in a page of community. Although it seems to be apparently very trivial and unimportant, some of these haphazard and public meetings in the same time and in the same place that necessarily, don’t include any clear responsibility for any one, bring feelings of social confidence, identification and living for people. One of the important aspects of movement on foot is the issue of socio-cultural interactions of people and it has the impact on the vitality of the environment. Jan Gehl in his book “Life Between Buildings” divides people’s activities in public spaces into three categories: Essential activities, Selective activities and Social activities. The climax of this issue is that in open spaces with poor quality only essential activities occur. In open spaces with high quality, essential activities with similar succession occur and people spend more time in doing activities. More important than these, a wide range of social activities occur. This article, comparing the two experiences, based on the literature and history of the research with analytical-descriptive techniques looks for replying to the main question: How are social functions of streets strengthened? In this regard, two of walkways experienced by author, in terms of physical characteristics were investigated. These samples have been selected from the author’s personal experience and theircommon feature is based on walking. The first sample is Saf Street (Bagh- e- Sepahsalar) in Tehran and the other one is Cler in Paris. Saf Street has been located in 12th district in Tehran. In the south, it is limited in Islamic Republic Street and in the north ends in Misbah and Manoochehri Streets, and one of the region’s crowded streets. It is considered to be a market for shoes (Figure 1). Because of traffic congestion and lack of traffic control and some other issues, this passage was reformed and eventually, in recent years it became a walkway. By implementation of walkway plan along this axis, cars entering into the street have been banned and only pedestrians have the right to walk along it. These actions have more than ever made Saf street suitable for tourists walking and spending leisure time that people have. Cler Street situated in the 7th district of Paris’s historic center and at a relatively little distance from a small area of the Eiffel Tower. In the north, its walkway part is limited to Grenelle Street and in the south to Motte Picquet Streets. This street is one of the old local markets of Paris and there are many residential applications and services in its path. In this study, by the way of AHP technique we tried to show the difference between two spaces better. AHP method is flexible, simple and strong. It makes easy to decide in situations that criteria of conflicting decision, when choosing between the options is difficult. To do AHP calculations we should compare each option based on criteria mutually. Saf walkway (Bagh-e-Sepahsalar) in Tehran and Cler Street in Paris have been compared under the preset criteria. The findings suggest that the social function of Cler Pedestrianoriented Street is overall better than pedestrian-oriented Saf Street. Finally it can be said that a responsive pedestrian-oriented street, only through a special type of flooring and car traffic cannot be achieved. At least a set of physical and spatial factors involved in the success of project. Pedestrian in order to attend in urban spaces needs a security that is defined by presence of others, not interfere with the guards and police force. Existences of applications which have various work hours establish a mutual visual relationship with the axis. They give security along with safety to walkways. The presence of pedestrians on the street requires the applications that answer a wider range of individual and social needs. Possibility to sit , study and socialize in a canopy to shelter against the sun and atmospheric precipitation, or there are places for meeting people and solving hunger and thirst during the time one is in the passage is very impressive in encouraging people to be in passages. Walkway streets that act as straight markets for particular profession, more than circulating life in it, are changed into a place to earn living and kinds of commercial buildings that at the end of work hour they will be closed. So they reduce the possibility of social events occurrence.

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A method for spatial analysis in architecture and urban planning for more than three decades, which has been widely used in graph theory, is the method of analyzing convex space. In contrast, one of the methods of this theory, which is less used in architectural analysis, is the analysis of the intersection point. Although the intersection point method has several potential advantages to old methods in graph theory, there has not been a convincing comparison between this method and other methods.
An analysis of the convex space for each plan yields useful information for qualitative visual analysis. The visual analysis allows researchers to quickly identify the spatial structure of a plan and locate important functional spaces in relation to each other. For this purpose, a graph is usually drawn, that a single room or outer point is considered as the root of the graph. Such a graph is called the justified plan graph (JPG). A justified plan graph based on the type of spatial structure of the plan is divided into two sets, if the graph is deep, it is like a tree, if the graph is shallow, it is like a bush. Another common structure found in JPGs is the root-like spatial relationship, which is often seen in circular or looped plans. Root graphs have a very high flexibility or permeability in the building.
Convex space analysis requires simplification of the plan in the form of a set of convex spaces called in the graph as nodes. There are several procedures for this process, which are presented in three stages.
In the first stage, the rooms with four walls, the bedrooms or bathrooms, are defined as convex space. This is the first set of convex spaces that introduces spaces that there is no visual ambiguity in their convexity. According to the contract, convex spaces of a dimension smaller than 300 mm are included in the largest contiguous space adjacent.
The second stage relates to non-convex spaces that are L-shaped or T-shaped. These rooms are divided in such a way that the least number of convex spaces with room function is created. If, after division, the spaces have not the primary function, they must divide so that the convex spaces produced have the lowest ratio of the perimeter to the area. According to Hiller and Hanson’s view, convex space contains the smallest and fattest space. These kind of spaces are more circular and therefore have less ratio of the perimeter to the area.
In the final stage, the division of other spaces that are not convex is done according to the previous step.
After these steps, the convex map is ready to enter the Depthmap software. In this software, convex space tools are used to draw spaces and create graph nodes. Then the linking tool is used to add graph edges. The Depthmap software calculates the dimension of the graph theory for use in future analyzes.
Although the speed of the convex map production process is a significant advantage for some studies, it may not accurately analyze the location of a more precise points of the plan. For this purpose, an alternative process is needed to summarize the plan and convert it into a graph. This method, called visibility graph, is applied to a grid that is placed on the plan so that each square of the grid represents a node of the graph. Graph edges connect both squares that are able to see each other. Thus, a straight line from the center of each square of the network is drawn to the center of each other visible square. This method is also an efficient method, but only when computer software is used. A kind of interaction between these two techniques - the visibility and convex space - is seen in another rarely used method. This method is called intersection analysis method in a axial map.
The process used in this paper to produce axial maps is a protocol for linking multiple classes in which the axial lines are defined as the lines of movement instead of the lines of vision. In this way, a line may begin from a point in a floor, move horizontally down the floor, and then go to the end of the floor, without passing through the stairs, but there is not necessarily a visual connection between the two ends of the lines.
The first stage of the production of the intersection map begins with the identification of the points where the two main lines are interrupted and marked on the map with a circle. Then the file containing the axial map and the intersection points is ready to enter the software. The Depthmap software does not have a preset tool for analyzing intersection points. Therefore, using the convex space tool, each intersection point is considered as a node of the graph as a convex space, and it is manually connected to all points. Each node must be connected with at least two lines and connected directly to each node on which two lines are located. After adding all the connections, the software will be able to calculate the theoretical dimensions of the graph.
The "endpoint" method is a kind of intersection point method that examines the end of each axial lines. To do this, a straight line from the end of each line should be drawn to all the planar visible vertexes. If all of these vertexes are visible from intersection points, the end of the line does not have a unique surveillance feature and is considered an invalid location for the endpoint. Otherwise, the two ends of the axial lines become nodes in the intersection of the graph. For these endpoints, a new node in the software is mapped. After adding all the connections, the software is able to perform the relevant calculations.
In this research, three samples of Kashan's houses are analyzed with convex space analysis method and their results are compared with the analysis of the intersection point. For each of these three houses, first, the convex space analysis is done and the mathematical results are calculated. When map is converted to graph For mathematical analysis of the relationship between intersections, the paths in the original axial map are reversed. During the inversion process, two intersection point graphs can be generated, one that is entirely focused on the position of the intersection points (called the intersection point graph), and the other contains stubs with unique surveillance features (A type of intersection point graph that is called the end node graph). From these two graphs, the intersection point of mathematical values is extracted which can be compared with the results of the convex space analysis. Through these processes, the weaknesses and relative strengths of these three methods are determined for the first time.
The result shows that the intersection point method is more effective in identifying the concept of space from the perspective of movement and routing than the convex space method, and also the inclusion or non-inclusion of stubs have a tangible effect on the integration values. Finally, it can be said that the present research, while mainly applying and evaluating the two methods of graph theory analysis, briefly describes examples of the valuable traditional architecture of Kashan.

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Monetary and fiscal policies are the main macroeconomic instruments, so the most important step in programming for national development is to know how they affect economic variables. On the other side, agricultural sector is the main sector in economic growth and development and a strategic sector for supplying food for growing population, so this sector has a great importance in development programs. In this research, the effect of monetary and fiscal policies on the major factors of agricultural sector in Iran i.e. added value, price, and export are investigated by using Vector Auto-regressive Model (VAR). Results show that monetary and fiscal policies have positive effect on added value, price and export in agricultural sector but negative effect on investment in this sector. Furthermore, short-run effect of monetary policies on added value, export and investment is more than that of fiscal policies but long-run effect of fiscal policies on the added value, export and investment in agricultural sector is more than that of monetary policies. Furthermore, a one-S.D. liquidity innovation has a positive decreasing effect on the added value and price in agriculture sector but its effect on investment is positive in the first year and will be nearly consistent in the next years. In addition to that the effect on the export is positive in the first year and negative in the next years. Each government budget innovation has a positive effect on added value, export and price in agriculture sector but its effect on investment is positive in the first year and negative in the next years.

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Although proverbs possess clear, logical and semantic structures, the use of some rhetorical elements has, in addition to making the proverbs more beautiful and effective, given depth and strength to their concepts and made them more reflective.  One of these elements is the "symbol". In this article, we will illustrate the symbolic role of animals in proverbs. The purpose of this study is to analyze the quality and quantity of applying animal symbols in proverbs and the number of animal symbols used in making proverbs. The main body of the paper presents the statistical charts and analysis of examples of proverbs listing the various animal names in the subgroups of domestic animals, non-domestic animals, birds and insects.
The present study is a library research and has been conducted based on a descriptive-analytical approach while implementing statistical methods by studying 6047 proverbs used in the Bahmanyari Story Book. In the end, it was found that, quantitatively, maximum animal symbols  used include domestic animals with a percentage of 48.6 and the lowest frequency of animal symbols belong to the birds' group with a percentage of 8.7. 
 The major reasons for using animal symbols in proverbs may be pointed out as making abstract concepts objective and more tangible, making proverbs attractive, brevity of speech, and avoiding direct vulgar and sarcastic address

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Intertextuality examines the relationships between texts. Because in every text there are references to earlier works. It can be said that there is no new and original text. In intertextuality, two texts are compared: a text below and a rough text. Genette divides intertextuality into three categories, which can be examined in the form of the explicit, implicit, and implicit presence of one text in another. In this article, the authors first explore the roots of Rumichr's mystical anecdotes and thoughts in the first book of Masnavi in mystical, fictional, interpretive works, Davin poetry, and Arabic historical books. Then he divides these anecdotes into three categories based on Genetchr's theory of intertextuality. At this stage, the following text of Masnavi is specified. This text below should have both chronological and historical precedence over other texts and should be most similar to Masnavi's narration. This study shows that Rumi had read many Arabic historical, interpretive, fiction, and mystical books before him and brought them to the margins of Masnavi. However, in all the cases studied, he has changed mystical thoughts and previous anecdotes to achieve his mystical, theological, and moral goals. Meanwhile, Ibn al-Farid and al-Thalabi are more present in the first book of Masnavi than others in the field of mystical theories and anecdotes.
Keywords: intertextuality, intertextual reading, Rumichr's Masnavi, Arabic works.

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As the importance of supply chain management becomes more evident to the industry owners, the role of cooperation and integration of supply chain different components has become more vivid in creating competitive advantage. This paper proposes a comprehensive mathematical model for location-inventory-routing problem of perishable products given shortage, shipping time, and environmental considerations under uncertainty. To this purpose, an accurate solution was proposed by formulating the problem as non-linear programming of mixed integer using scenario-based stochastic approach. This approach simultaneously minimizes the sum of system costs (the cost of locating centers with certain level of capacity, operational cost of centers, transportation costs, maintaining inventory, and/or shortage of combined center of production/inspection), the sum of maximum time in the chain and emission of pollutants in the whole network. As the problem is NP-hard, a genetic algorithm approach has been proposed to solve the model. For validation, the results of the proposed algorithm in the small size examples were compared to the results of precise solution method. The obtained results revealed the capability of the proposed algorithm in reaching a solution with acceptable percentage difference and in a very shorter time compared to precise solution method. Additionally, the results from algorithm performance were investigated based on standard indicators. The computational results show the efficiency of the proposed model and solution method.

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Ants (Hym., Formicidae) have been recognized as vital components of arid ecosystems. Determining the diversity patterns of ants and the ecological factors behind these patterns is expected to improve our understanding of the functioning of arid ecosystems. Here, we explored patterns of ant species diversity and community composition along an elevational gradient (800 to 2800 m) in the arid area of Central Iran. The elevational gradient in ant diversity and the effects of environmental factors on various indices of ant diversity and species composition were investigated using generalized linear mixed models and variance partitioning analysis. We recorded 34 ant species of 12 genera and 8 tribes from 120 surveyed quadrats. Climate variables were the most important predictors of ant community structure. Indices of ant alpha diversity including Hill numbers and taxonomic diversity increased with elevation. Hill numbers were negatively influenced by temperature, while they were positively affected by precipitation. The observed diversity pattern could be explained by the diversity-productivity hypothesis. In our study area, the maximum primary productivity and consequently the maximum species diversity occurred at high elevations, where precipitation is high and temperature is lower than the extremes that could limit plant productivity. Ant assemblages are expected to become increasingly composed of warm-tolerant species in response to warmer and drier conditions driven by climate change. The distribution of species with lower heat tolerance will be limited to high-elevation areas in Central Iran. These areas could act as refuges for ants and should be considered priorities for conservation

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A futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell a specific amount of an asset at a particular price on a stipulated future date. A futures contract is a standardized exchange-traded agreement. One of the most important challenges about the validity of futures contracts is that if such contracts are kind of gambling. It seems that by using legal doctrines, judicial procedure and legislation development, English Law passed the mentioned challenge. In this paper, first, we investigate the approach under which English Law encounters this issue and the elements by which a transaction is a kind of gambling in Islamic Law. Then, regarding distinct differences between futures and gambling contracts, we try to eliminate the challenge and justify such transactions. We found that: first, gambling is similar to futures contracts from the viewpoint of encountering the risk; while, gambling is the creation of risk in order to risk; taking risk in futures market is encountering the risks that necessarily exist in free market economy. Second, in gambling, the base of gaining profit is probability, chance and random, and what a gambler gains is the speculative gain; yet, the base of gaining profit in futures contracts is market analysis. Third, gambling contracts' concept includes win-lose, which is one of the elements of gambling contracts in Islamic Law; while, another profit is hidden in futures contracts whose concept differs from win-lose. This concept is Hedging or Speculation. In fact, futures markets are risk transfer systems. Forth, the framework of activity in gambling is playing a game. However, a futures market is a place for combining analyses in order to develop an economic financial activity rather than a place for gaming. Finally, we can justify futures contracts in Islamic Law by passing the challenge of being considered as a gambling.

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The Tārikh-e Jahāngoshā Joveini is one of the most special texts of Persian prose, which is full of Persian, Arabic and Turkish words, idioms, poems and proverbs. These features have led to the need for a comprehensive description of the Tārikh-e Jahāngoshā Joveini. Habibaullah Abbasi and Iraj Mehraki have corrected and explained this book. This edition, in addition to its many advantages, in some cases has major drawbacks. In this article, we have divided these problems into five groups: problems with the preference of the Paris version, problems with the commentary of the Persian section, translation of Arabic poems, insufficient search for the description of the text, and lack of mention of the speakers. We have tried to show how the correctors made a mistake in each of these cases and what the source of this error was by referring to the Divan of Poets, reference books and authoritative Persian and Arabic dictionaries. The typographical errors of this correction are due to the insistence on the Paris version on the other version, the syntactic and morphological errors of the commentators are often the result of not recognizing the syntactic role of words and phrases, not recognizing the time, root and form of verbs, and their inadequacies and ambiguity are due to not referring to the poet's divan, reference books and valid dictionaries. In each case, after mentioning the error of the text, we have provided the explanations of the commentators, and after reviewing these explanations and showing their errors and drawbacks, we have provided the description and explanation of our proposal from the verse. We have tried to make our proposed explanations free of these slips and to be deeper and more accurate.
 

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Honey has been in the interest of mankind for a long time due to its favorable nutritional, medicinal and organoleptic properties. The reputation, price and high demand for this complex matrix of nutrients with antioxidant properties have increased the possibility of adulteration. In this study, 12 samples of natural honey were collected from the farms of Mazandaran province, and their physicochemical and antioxidant properties were compared with 12 commercial honey samples purchased from market in Sari. Honey samples were compared in terms of pH, acidity, moisture, and ash content, electrical conductivity, hydroxymethyl furfural, sucrose content, glucose, fructose, fructose to glucose ratio, refractive index, viscosity, content of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The results showed that in terms of average pH, acidity, total phenol, moisture, electrical conductivity and ash, almost all natural and commercial samples were within the standard range. The sucrose content and hydroxymethylfurfural in none of the commercial samples was within the standard range. Only three natural honey samples had sucrose content less than 5%. Ten samples of natural honey had less than 40 % hydroxymethylfurfural. Although total reducing sugars in natural and commercial honey samples had no statistically significant difference (p<0.05), all of the natural honey samples and three commercial honey samples had fructose to glucose ratio higher than 0.9. Considering the lower quality of commercial honeys, it is suggested that the inspection organizations pay more attention to the production units of this product.
 

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In recent years, the most important philosophy agreed upon by organizations has been to create both economic, social, and environmental value in the form of the concept of sustainable management. Circular economy is a new concept to account for the sustainable management. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of manufacturing industries from the perspective of the circular economy components. This research was conducted in the second half of 2020. The statistical population of this study includes the food industries in Bushehr province, which due to the limited size of the population, all of them were selected as statistical sample. The data collection tool of this research is a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was checked by face content analysis method and its reliability was checked by Cronbach's alpha method. In this research, first, by studying the theoretical foundations and empirical background, effective components in circular economics were identified. Then, using the k-means algorithm, clustering of selected food industries was performed. The results showed that the food industries are in two industrial clusters: circular and linear. Next, the species detection function was obtained. It is suggested that linear industrial cluster managers pay more attention to energy efficiency, water consumption management, and sales of recyclable materials in order to transition to a circular economy. This research is of innovative nature in terms of developing the theoretical concept of circular economy and applying it to improve the performance of the food industry.