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The pragmatics is one of the main branches of linguistics that considers discourse coherence as the result of interaction between language users and text context. Hence, its subject is the study of the ability to use language and to construct context-related sentences to show how speech makes sense in situations. The pragmatics of language studies the meaning that the speaker conveys and the listener or reader interprets. In the meanwhile, protest and argumentation is a process of linguistic communication that the speaker uses in order to change the attitude and point of view of the audience and in the direction of the desired goals, makes his thought pursue and in this process of techniques and methods Benefits variety. In the present article, the techniques of argumentation were criticized and analyzed in a number of Nahj al-Balaghah proverbs in order to obtain a more accurate reading and understanding of these proverbs. To conduct this research, 95 samples of proverbs in which protest techniques were more common were analyzed based on the book (Al-Amthal wa Al-Hakam Al-Mustakhrajah) written by Mohammad Al-Gharavi. The results showed that Imam Ali (AS) by maintaining the laws of language evolution, in order to persuade and persuade his audience, from a variety of linguistic-rhetorical strategies, methods of persuasion, quasi-logical structures, rhetorical approaches, preaching, simile, allegory, irony and metaphor. Has used and artistically presented his desired moral, social and political concepts in the form of words that express the linguistic and cognitive ability of Amir Bayan (AS).                                             

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Today, the news media has a momentous role in shaping public opinion and social developments. Journalistic translation thus follows guidelines and standards in order to convey the message and objectives of its source material. The translation of the political press discourse surrounding the US and international sanctions on Iran is particularly sensitive, due to its high potential in impacting international relations and political affairs.
The objective of our research is to highlight the importance of methodologies used for the translation of political press discourse. For this purpose, we have analyzed two important news articles related to the aforementioned sanctions. First, we conduct a critical analysis of the political discourse, based on Van Dijk's model, and then we perform a translational analysis, based on Antoine Berman's views. Finally, we explore the different types of modifications made by translators, as well as the efforts made to adapt the news to the media’s political ideology. In line with Van Dijk's opinions, we have shown that there is a close relationship between the ruling policy (power) and the press discourse (media), in shaping the public perception of policies and events at mass scale. We demonstrate how subtle deletion, change, and intensification is strategically used in jo urnalistic translation, in line with their desired discourse functions to achieve political goals.
 

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The present research was planned to evaluate the skill of linear stochastic models known as ARIMA and multiplicative Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model in the quantitative forecasting of the Standard Runoff Index (SRI) in Karkheh Basin. To this end, SRI was computed in monthly and seasonal time scales in 10 hydrometric stations in 1974-75 to 2012-13 period of time and then the modeling of SRI time series was done to forecast the one to six months of lead-time and up to two seasons of lead-time. The SRI values related to 1974-75 to 1999-2000 were used to develop the model and the residual data (2000-2001 to 2012-13) were used in model validation. In the validation stage, the observed and the predicted values of SRI were compared using correlation coefficient, error criteria and statistical tests. Finally, models skills were determined in view point of forecasting of lead-time and the time scale of drought evaluation. Results showed that the model accuracy in forecasting two months and one season of lead-time was high. In terms of the forecasting of SRI values, the skill of SARIMA in monthly time scale (with a RMSE and a MAE of 0.61 and 0.45 respectively and a correlation coefficient average of 0.72) was better than its skill in seasonal time scale. The application of SARIMA in monthly time scale was therefore preferred to its application in seasonal time scale.

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Nowadays with increasing competition among service organizations, they are looking for a way to differentiate their services. This requires emphasis on the necessity of applying brand as a source of competitive advantage and differentiation. This study seeks to answer the following question: “what is the impact of customer perceptions of the brand on customer loyalty, mediated by perceived value?” Theoretical formed model tests the relationships between the four main factors associated with the perception of brand equity (including brand image, company image, employee trust, and company trust) and value creation and customer loyalty. The model is

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To evaluate the capability of IRS-P6 LISS-III data to be employed for monitoring the pollarding forest areas in Northern Zagros, some parts of pollarded forests located around Baneh city were selected as a case study area. The pollarding area was determined as the ground truth in a 3-year alternation period using a global positioning system (GPS). Radiometric and geometric corrections were applied to the image and then the data pre-processed, using 2 methods of Spectral Rationing and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Likewise, multi-spectral bands were fused with IRS-1C PAN image, using the Intensity–Hue–Saturation Method (IHS). The obtained results were combined with the original bands. The separability of classes was studied using Bhuttacharrya Distance Criteria. The resulting data was classified using Maximum Likelihood Algorithm. Then the classified image was compared with ground truth on a pixel by pixel basis. In order to determine the classification accuracy, four parameters encompassing Overall Accuracy, Kappa Coefficient, Producer Accuracy, and User Accuracy were used. The results showed that most of the classes were completely separated from Northern Koor class. The highest overall accuracy was 70 % and a Kappa Coefficient of 60% obtained through a five-class classification of the bands combination PCA (4, 2, 3) -1, 4, 1. In this classification the resulted User accuracy and Producer accuracy were more than 50% for all classes expect for southern Khert. Results of the study revealed the high capability of the abovementioned image and methods to separate the pollarding areas and to prepare the map of the area.

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Hydraulic fracturing as a method for reservoir stimulation depends on the properties of the media that fracture propagates in it. Discontinuities in the media and their mechanical properties greatly affect the geometry and propagation of hydraulic fractures. In this research, the interaction between the hydraulic fractures with the media layers interface, fracture propagation pattern and termination in multi-layered media were investigated. The true tri-axial cell was utilized to conduct experimental tests on cube multi-layered samples with discontinuities. The tests were aimed to investigate propagation of fractures from soft to stiff, stiff to soft media and also the effect of elastic properties of rocks in hydraulic fracturing. Results showed that the condition of discontinuities (healed, open or filled) and elastic properties of the layers influences the geometry and propagation pattern of hydraulic fractures. In the block with the bounded interfaces, the fracture propagates and interacts with the interfaces, then penetrates in the adjacent layers. However, for the block with unbounded interfaces the fracture propagates from the borehole up to the interface, then after filling the interface with the fluid the new fracture will propagate in the adjacent blocks. In sample where the interface was filled, the fracture propagation was terminated and then the fluid started to leak off in the interface. The results also show when the fracture reaches the interface, the pressure increased immediately and more pressure is needed for fracture propagation across the interface. In comparison between the length and width of fractures in soft and stiff layers, the study displays that the fracture width and its penetration length in soft layers are greater than those in stiff layers.

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Abstract: Hydraulic fracturing as a method for reservoir stimulation depends on the properties of the media that fracture propagates in it. Discontinuities in the media and their mechanical properties greatly affect the geometry and propagation of hydraulic fractures. In this research, the interaction between the hydraulic fractures with the media layers interface, fracture propagation pattern and termination in multi-layered media were investigated. The true tri-axial cell was utilized to conduct experimental tests on cube multi-layered samples with discontinuities. The tests were aimed to investigate propagation of fractures from soft to stiff, stiff to soft media and also the effect of elastic properties of rocks in hydraulic fracturing. Results showed that the condition of discontinuities (healed, open or filled) and elastic properties of the layers influences the geometry and propagation pattern of hydraulic fractures. In the block with the bonded interfaces, the fracture propagates and interacts with the interfaces, then penetrates in the adjacent layers. However, for the block with unbonded interfaces the fracture propagates from the borehole up to the interface, then after filling the interface with the fluid the new fracture will propagate in the adjacent blocks. In sample where the interface was filled, the fracture propagation was terminated and then the fluid started to leak off in the interface. The results also show when the fracture reaches the interface, the pressure increased immediately and more pressure is needed for fracture propagation across the interface. In comparison between the length and width of fractures in soft and stiff layers, the study displays that the fracture width and its penetration length in soft layers are greater than those in stiff layers.

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A consistent implicit Incompressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (ISPH) method based on projection approach is proposed for solving violent free surface flow problems. In this way, two consistent discretization schemes are employed for first and second spatial derivatives. In this study, it is shown that in explicit ISPH solvers, the field variables and the positions of particles in the process of numerical differentiation are estimated at two different time steps. So, the incompressibility is not completely satisfied. In the present approach, an iteration loop is implemented, in each time-step. Thus, at the end of each time-step both velocity and the positions used in divergence estimation are at the new time-level. The proposed ISPH method is validated in free surface flow problems involving 2-D dam break benchmarks in which both wet and dry beds are considered. Among the advantages of the present implicit method is being more accurate and stable than the explicit one, despite use of lower number of particles and greater time-step sizes. Also, it provides significant improvement in free surface simulations and pressure distribution results.

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In the present study, the mixing fluids flow in the twin and circular mixers is investigated by using an improved robust weakly compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics method. In order to remove the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics complications and according to a predictive corrective scheme, a robust modified algorithm which uses the advanced second order discretization, pressure velocity decoupling, kernel gradient corrections and shifting algorithm is offered. After the verification and validation of the present algorithm for the moving boundary problems, the present algorithm is applied for investigation of the mixing behaviors of the two-blade circular and twin chamber mixers. By investigation of the mixing paths, the proper geometry for the two-blade mixers is proposed and examined. The effects of the rotation direction of the blades, geometry and Reynolds number on the mixing rate are investigated. The results show that the twin chamber mixer can improve the mixing performance over 60% in comparison with the circular chamber mixer while the case with circular chamber and same direction rotation of the blades has the weakest performance among the cases which have been examined.

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Two incompressible SPH numerical solvers, including a modified explicit method and a new implicit method have been developed to simulate the sediment-laden free surface flow problems. Using, consistent discretization schemes, the proposed explicit method improves somewhat the accuracy of the usual explicit ISPH methods. The implicit method additionally guarantees the incompressibility condition completely. In the presented methods, the liquid phase is modeled using Navier-Stokes equations and to predict the non-Newtonian behavior of the sediment phase, the Bingham plastic rheological model is used. The accuracy and capabilities of the developed incompressible SPH methods is first validated in comparison with available experimental and numerical results of a single-phase water-sediment mixture flow generated by unsteady dam break problem. Then, they are applied to simulate an eroding dam break problem with a two-phase flow sediment transport. Comparing the obtained results with the available results in the literature shows that the developed methods particularly the implicit one, are very powerful tools for simulation of the problems including sediment transport induced by violent free surface flow, with interactions between flow and sediment and morphological changes in bed.

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Toluene is a dangerous pollutant in aqueous solutions that should be removed completely. In this paper iron oxide nanoparticles were employed for removing of toluene from aqueous solutions with initial concentration of 100 ppm by Fenton-Like process. Iron oxide nanoparticles synthesised from spent catalysts of Tabriz Petrochemical Styrene Unit using a ball mill. these nanoparticles were characterized by BET, XRD, XRF and FE-SEM analysis. The milling of spent catalysts was performed in dry ball mill. Dry ball milling of spent catalysts was carried out in presence of argon as an inert gas. Iron oxide nanoparticles with diameter about 18 nm were obtained after 4 hours by dry ball milling of spent catalysts using 15 balls with a diameter of 20 mm. The milling was performed at a rotation speed of 400 rpm.The results of BET analysis showed that specific surface of catalysts has increased more than 9 times with the milling of spent catalysts. XRD patterns showed that during dry milling, some of Fe3O4 has converted to Fe2O3. Due to the higher rate of reaction of Fe2O3 compared to the Fe3O4 in Fenton process, this conversion causes higher rate of toluene elimination from aqueous solutions. The crystal size of spent catalysts and synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles was calculated by Scherrer equation. The crystal size of spent catalysts and synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles were obtained 56.6 nm and 33.9 nm respectively which confirmed the results of BET analysis. The concentration of toluene in aqueous solutions was measured by Gas Chromatography (GC-Agilent 7890A) equipped with FID detector and HP-Plot Q column (30m × 0.530 mm× 40.0 μm) using liquid-liquid extraction by hexane. Hexane and samples were mixed with volume ratio of 1/10. Samples were injected to GC in volume of 1 micro liter by a syringe (Agilent). Experiments were performed at pH=3 and room temperature (25◦C) in a batch reactor in volume of 500 ml with a mechanical stirrer. Due to study of interaction between the parameters and determining the optimal conditions, experimental design was performed by RSM method. [H2O2]/[Catalyst], [H2O2]/[concentration of pollution] and time (min) were considered as efficient parameters on removing of toluene. Quadratic equation with high correlation coefficient fitted using RSM method. R2 and R2(adj) values of predicted model for removing of toluene in Fenton-Like process were obtained 99.14% and 98.37% respectively. The results showed that [H2O2]/[Catalyst] and [H2O2]/[concentration of pollution] have optimum ranges. The optimum ranges for [H2O2]/[Catalyst] and [H2O2]/[concentration of pollution] were obtained 0.36-0.5 and 4-5.5 respectively . Optimal values for [H2O2]/[Catalyst], [H2O2]/[concentration of pollution] and time (min) for removing of toluene in Fenton-Like process were obtained 0.460, 4.928 and 105.7 respectively. In optimum conditions for efficient parameters, complete removal of toluene by Minitab software was predicted. Experiments in the optimum conditions also confirmed the results of Minitab software. The results showed that spent catalysts of Tabriz Petrochemical which are considered as waste, have a good ability for activation of H2O2 and removing of toluene from aqueous solutions. Keywords: Toluene, Aqueous solution, Fenton-Like, Iron oxide nanoparticles, Optimization.

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Copper clad aluminum composite wire used in wire and cable industry is an applied product. This product must be manufactured according to standard ASTM B566. According to this standard the connection between the layers is one of the quality parameters. Interlayer pressure during the production process, plays an important role in the quality of connection between two layers. The effects of important wire drawing parameters, including a half-angle dies, reduction ratio and coefficient of friction on the interlayer pressure were discussed by slab methods. After samples making, test of wire drawing process was conducted to determine the force with three modes of dry friction, oil lubrication and grease lubrication. There was good agreement between experimental and analytical methods. With Increase in friction coefficient of interlayer the interlayer pressure will increase. With increase in half angle of die, the interlayer pressure was increase significantly. So that, by increasing the half angle of die from 5 to 75 degree, the interlayer pressure increases about 3 times. Also, with increase in reduction of area the interlayer pressure was increase. But, it was found that the friction coefficient of die does not have a role in interlayer pressure changes.

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Bimetallic Copper clad aluminum according to standard ASTM B566 can be used in telecommunication networks and signal transmission. The quality of this product in terms of bonded layer’s, in reference standard is important. The interlayer pressure affected during the drawing process on the quality of bonded layer’s. Sample of Bimetallic wire in 9.5 mm diameters was produced by Copper clad with thickness of 0.45 mm. Bimetal wire formed by wire drawing process with 6.2% reduction in area. In this study the effect of tow parameters of wire drawing process: semi die angle and reduction of area on interlayer pressure using ANSYS 17 for simulation is examined. .By comparing the force-displacement curve in experimental and modeling works, simulation accuracy was good. During the investigation it was found always with reduce reduction of area, percent of the maximum interlayer pressure depend on semi die angle. So that by increases of reduction in area for 5 degrees semi die angle, interlayer pressure does not change. But, for 45 degrees semi die angle the worst effect of reduction in area changes in interlayer pressure is sudden. The pressure changes with increased the semi die angle, depends on the reduction of area. So that the maximum interlayer pressure in 6.2% reduction in area is decreased with increases of semi die angle between 5 to 45 degrees; But, the interlayer pressure in 20% reduction in area, increases with increasing the semi die angle.

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The pollution of soil with 2-methylpropane-2-thiol as an odorant hydrocarbon is an environmental problem. It also causes secondary impacts such as social dissatisfaction and economic problems due to tourist revenue reduction. 2-methylpropane-2-thiol is a hazardous material and remediation of soil polluted by this material with a fast method is important to study.
In this study, modified Fenton treatment is investigated for oxidation of 2-methylpropane-2-thiol. Central Composite Design (CCD) based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to obtain appropriate effects of the main factors (initial H2O2 concentration, FeSO4 to soil ratio and stirring time interval percentage) and their interactions on the removal efficiency. Treatments were set up to monitor 2-methylpropane-2-thiol removal efficiency for initial contaminant concentration of 64690 part per million by weight. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatograph equipped with FID and TCD detector and HP-Plot Q column. Design of experiment in the three-factor with five-level matrix include 20 experiment. Randomization technique is used to guard against unknown and uncontrolled factors as lurking nuisance factors. Moreover, blocking technique is used for investigation of probable effect of initial soil temperature on results.
Analysis of variance and Pareto analysis show that all main factor are effective. Also, stirring time interval percentage was the most influential factors on 2-methylpropane-2-thiol removal efficiency. Results of the experiments shows that at low concentration levels removal efficiency increases with hydrogen peroxide concentration up to the certain level. For higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide concentration, the removal efficiencies decreased which could be due to scavenging. Also, increasing in FeSO4:Soil ratio increases removal efficiency up to the certain level because Fe2+ is an alternative to enable more extensive and greater contaminant oxidation; however a greater ratio (greater than 0.0040) causes decrease in the removal efficiency. This phenomena could be due to side reactions which affect reactive radicals such as OH• radicals. Furthermore, investigation of the results demonstrates that 2-methylpropane-2-thiol removal efficiency rises with increasing stirring time interval percentage. This phenomena could be due to uniform distribution of oxidation agent and Fe2+ and better desorption of contaminant from soil to liquid phase.
Moreover, based on analysis of variance, the interaction between hydrogen peroxide and FeSO4: Soil ratio was significant with positive effect on the removal efficiency. This interaction could be the result of reaction between H2O2 and Fe2+. By considering main and interaction effects, with the raising H2O2 and Fe2+ concentration up to a certain level, the removal efficiency increase and with further concentration increasing the removal efficiency will be dropped. Analysis of variance indicate that initial soil temperature (21 and 25 0C) were not effective factors during the time interval of the experiments which could be due to the exothermic reaction between hydrogen peroxide, FeSO4 and contaminant. P-value of lack-of-fit (0.064) indicates that suggested model adequately fits the data with good correlation coefficient (R2=95.12%). Optimum condition suggested for maximum 2-methylpropane-2-thiol removal efficiency (94.412%) shows that concentration of H2O2 and Fe2+ ion must be at the certain level and maximum stirring time for remediation in the studied intervals.
CCD model predict 94.084% for the removal efficiency at optimum condition which is good agreement with the predicted value.

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In the present paper, thermal analysis of used spiral bevel gears in main gearbox of helicopter- belong to Iran Aircraft Manufacturing- is investigated. Firstly, with introducing the geometry properties of gears, basic lubrication and thermal analyses are considered based on standards of gear design such as AGMA. Then, in order to create the finite element model, initial and boundary conditions with considering the oil viscosity and calculating the friction coefficient, convection and heat conduction coefficients are determined based on experimental and analytical models in spiral bevel gear. It is noted that, the goal of finite element model is considered to reduce the complex calculation errors and increase the speed of problem solving. Effects of various parameters such as increasing the FLASH temperature and influences of initial temperature on it, contact stresses and heat fluxes, comparison of different mineral oils on the decreasing of temperature and fatigue life are examined. The obtained results of present work show that the FLASH temperature of main gearbox is linear function of initial temperature, so that FLASH temperature increases 56 centigrade in comparison of initial temperature. Also, it is demonstrated that the presence of various mineral oils in this system lead to reduce the solid-solid surface contact and friction coefficient. Moreover, these lubricants cause the cooling in the gearbox and enhancing more temperature, thus the employing these lubricants lead to exceed the system temperature to 90 centigrade.

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This research aims to analyze interaction between governance and development in oil- exporting countries. In this regard, the interactions are compared in two groups of countries, namely oil-exporting countries in the Middle East and oil-exporting countries beyond the Middle East. The function of governance has become one of the fundamental issues, and the Middle East countries are particularly important for research because of their geographic location and oil revenues. In this paper, three-stage least squares method is used to estimate the model based on the World Bank data during 1996-2014, and Wald, Kruskal-Wallis, and Least Significant Difference (LSD) tests are used to check the research hypotheses. The results indicate a significant difference in interaction between governance and development among oil-exporting countries in the Middle East and those beyond the Middle East. In both groups of the countries, effect of development on governance was greater than that of the governance on development. Despite the similarity in oil exports, geographic environment (i.e. similarities in culture, religion, and some of customs) affects the interaction between governance and development. As such, paying adequate attention to the development not only improves its indices, but also enhances situation of the governance and hence improves their performance. This is also the case for the governance, but the rate of changes fueled by the development is higher.

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Potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera; Gelechiidae) is a worldwide pest of solanaceous crops. Larvae feed inside galleries in foliage, stems and tubers making chemical control unsuccessful, so other control methods should be applied. In recent years many plants have received genes that encode toxic proteins as a strategy to resist insect pests. In this study, optimal pH and temperature of digestive α-amylase and protease activities of potato tuberworm and the effect of triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack cv. Sanabad), rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Danko) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) seed proteinaceous extracts against enzymes activities were evaluated using starch 1% and azocasein 2% as a substrate, respectively. The optimum pH of α-amylase and protease activities was found to be highly alkaline. Enzymes inhibition assays showed that amylase activity was significantly affected by extracts from triticale and rye by pH (P= 0.05; maximum effect at pH 9) and influencing of protease activity by extracts mentioned above did not vary by pHs 8-11 and 9-11, respectively. Extracts from black nightshade seed had no effect on enzymes activity. Inhibition manner of various concentrations; 1.5, 0.75, 0.375, 0.187 and 0.093 (mg protein ml^-1) of extracts were dose-dependent. Maximum inhibitory effect occurred at the highest concentration and the minimum was at the lowest concentration. In polyacrylamide gel assay, both enzymes, without inhibitors showed two isozymes, which at highest concentration of extracts, both bands disappeared or their intensity decreased. So, these proteins can be introduced to be encoded in producing resistant potato crops against potato tuberworm.

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In this study, petrochemical complex wastewater was investigated by submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR). Initial sludge was prepared from returned sludge of petrochemical complex wastewater treatment plant. Applied membrane is of micro-filtration type made of polyvinylidene fluoride with effective surface of 0.004 m², porosity of 73% and nominal pore diameter of 0.1 μm. Particle size distribution (PSD), soluble microbial products (SMP), and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) for sludge were measured. In addition Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and EPS analysis were performed for determining the properties of the formed cake. Also was measured critical pressure for membrane in the MBR. The critical pressure value was 0.2 kPa. Therefore, the operating pressure was selected 0.12 kPa. This research was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, the pilot worked for 35 days. The results showed that despite the membrane fouling in initial days, the permission of the membrane still had a good efficiency, and after each 7 days, the membrane was cleaned physically and chemically, which showed a recovery of permeate more than 90%. The COD removal efficiency was achieved more than 85% in MLSS=3000±300 mg / L and HRT=14-16 hours. In addition, the TSS and turbidity in the output were below 1 mg/L and 12 NTU, respectively. In the second phase, for reducing fouling, the granule activated carbon was added in the sludge. In the reactor containing activated carbon (R₂), membrane fouling was carried out with lower rate and also flux drop was lower about 22% compared to reactor without activated carbon. This phenomenon was due to increasing sludge particle size, SMP reduction.
 

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