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The percentage of urediniospore germination of two isolates of yellow rust {Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) namely, WYR 69/10 |Race 104E 137(1)] and isolate WYR 79/4 |Race 41E 139 (4)], was studied at various temperatues between 5-20°C on agar and the adaxial surface of detached leaves on a layer of benzimidazole agar. Four replicates for five temperature treatments were arranged as a preliminary investigation to find the most appropriate temperature for the subsequent comparison of spore germination on the host material under investigation. Mean percentage values were analysed separately and the levels of urediniospore germination at different temperatures were compared using analysis of variance and Student- Newman-Keuls techniques. Spore germination of both isolates was high over the temperature range 5-10°C, but dropped significantly at 15-20°C . At the cooler temperatures 5° , 7.5° and 10°C , isolate WYR 69/10 consistently germinated at a higher level than isolate WYR 79/4 , whereas at 20°C, the latter isolate gave the highest figures. This observation indicates that both isolates germinated most effectively at 10°C on agar and detached leaves.

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Abstract The purpose of this paper is investigating the impact of servant leadership on followership effectiveness. Model variables are selected through experimental and theoretical study. The data are obtained by survey method, based on surveying the managers and employees of 22 selected governmental organizations, then the hypotheses are investigated. This research is distinguished from other similar researches in that, instead of individual correlation analysis and ignoring other circumstances, using advanced methods, the variables have been simultaneously and two-way analyzed. In order to do this, Eviews 7.1 and spss19 are used for estimating parameters by the use of OLS method; Since there is a possibility for existence of two-way relation between the variables, three stages simultaneous equations (3SLS) is used to estimate simultaneous impacts of servant leadership on organizational effectiveness. The quantitative results of quantitative estimation of the models by the Structural Equation Modeling showed that servant leadership has positive impact on followership effectiveness.    

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Abstract The insurance industry of Iran has a low level of maturity in utilizing the capabilities of Internet for improving its business processes, especially when it comes to effective interaction with customers. On the other hand, Web 2.0 as one of most modern approaches in electronic business, incorporating tools such as weblogs, wikis, online social networks, mashups and R.S.S, creates a great opportunity for insurance companies to deepen their communications with their customers, gain extensive feedback and harness collective intelligence. Accordingly, the goal of this research is to design a conceptual model for the effective adoption of Web 2.0 in insurance industry by identifying the relevant components in this context. In order to do this, after designing the model, by distributing a questionnaire, we ask the opinions of academic experts about the validity and importance of the components of the model. Consequently, the gathered data are analyzed by the Binomial test and then, using TOPSIS technique, the components are ranked in terms of importance. According to the results, reaching for a huge volume of information is the most important driver for Web 2.0 adoption and gaining immediate feedback for the stakeholders is the most important capability of Web 2.0 in the insurance industry.    Keywords: Web 2.0, Insurance Industry, Electronic Insurance, Social Networks, Collective Intelligence.

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 The effect of edible chitosan and chitosan-gelatin coating on the quality of fish finger from silver carp during refrigeration was assessed. Fish fingers were immersed separately in coating solutions of chitosan 1% and chitosan 1%-gelatin 4%, packed and stored in refrigerator (4±1˚C) for 30 days, then their chemical (TVB-N, PV, TBA) and microbiological characteristics (TVC and PTC) were analysed. Total volatile basic nitrogen value of coated sample with chitosan was lowest while there was no significant difference between the thiobarbituric acid value of coated treatments (p<0.05). Among the coated samples, chitosan coating effectively reduced  the total viable count (TVC) and psychrotrophic count (PTC). This reduction was 3.2 and 2.6 log₁₀ cfu/g for TVC and PTC at 12 day, respectively, in comparison with control. Thus it can be considered that fish fingers coated with chitosan coating solution was more effective than chitosan-gelatin coating and uncoated samples and increased the shelf life of fish fingers for 18 days.

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  Accepting differences between knowledge-based organizations and other organizations with respect to the philosophy of existence, nature of the activities and their differentiated employees, we intend to present a proper model with surveying existing models. The presented model should be applicable in the compensation system in knowledge based organizations. Components Influencing compensation systems identified and classified into two main groups of financial and non-financial and four sub-division categories through studying existing models. According to the experts, 8 main effective components in compensation of these organizations were identified. Finally, based on 8 selected components and with the exploiting of the experts opinion and using of Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) technique, a prioritizing and leveling model for compensation system of knowledge-based organizations was developed. In this designed model, nonfinancial factors such as job-related factors (job challenge and growth opportunities) and factors related to the job environment (having a floating work hours and workplace conditions) have higher priority. This means that these Factors in compensation system are more important and have more influence.  

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The stability of enzymes with no reduction in their catalytic activity still remains a critical issue in industrial applications. Naturally occurring osmolytes are commonly used as protein stabilizer. Apart from increasing the stability and catalytic activity, these osmolytes do not change the structure of enzyme. There are a few general schemes about the stabilization mechanism of these osmolytes but the details of their mechanism have not been found so far. In this study, we investigated the simultaneous effects of sorbitol and trehalose on the activity and structural stability of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PCL) using UV–visible, fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. In order to trace the refractive index and dielectric constant alterations upon the addition of osmolytes, microenvironment of the enzyme (PCL) was studied by means of SPR technique.The results revealed that osmolytes increased catalytic activity and intrinsic fluorescence intensity of PCL. In the presence of both osmolytes the activity of enzyme is greater than when each of the osmolytes is used individally. Far-UV CD spectra indicated that the secondary structural content of protein has been some what increased upon interacting with these osmolytes.The results of SPR technique indicated none of the above osmolytes could change the dielectric constant of medium considerably. This study revealed the synergy of two osmolytes toward increasing the activity and stability of enzyme.

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One of the human resource managements’ functions is choosing qualified personnel in accordance with activities of organization. Selecting qualified human resources enables organization to have proper function according to strategic objectives. This paper aims to identify a criteria for selecting employees using Delphi and fuzzy multi-criteria decision making method under uncertainty situation to maximum productivity. Research Method is of development-applied and data collection method is library studies and field data collection using questionnaires and interviews. Population is senior and junior managers of small and medium sized industries in industrial areas in Markazi Province and snowball method was used for sampling. Fuzzy TOPSIS method has been used for data analysis alongside with DLSM group decision-making using MS Excel and PASW Statistics softwares. Reliability of the questionnaire tested by Cronbach's alpha method and its validity determined using content validity. Results identified 15 criteria of “character, discipline, physical characteristics, ethics, literature, intrinsic motivation, lack of criminal record, systems thinking, skill, intelligence, training, experience, age, education, and appropriate referral” in same ranked order.    

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Innovation network is one considerable approach for innovation development in countries. This approach is applicable in high-tech development. Identifying noticeable aspects in innovation development can help planning and policy making for industries. Important factors of innovation network development in information technology sector obtained reviewing the literature. The research goal is to assess current situation of these factors and their indicators and compare them with each other. Therefore, after gaining experts opinion, a survey has been conducted in seven states of Iran about information technology corporations. The dimensions consist of corporation enablers, embeddedness, adjutant environment, self-organization, learning, interaction quality, innovation and network effectiveness. Obtained results of these dimensions have been analyzed. Based on the results, current situation of each dimension has been determined which can be used in poly-making processes.  Results highlighted that there is significant differences between the situations of these dimensions.    

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The article investigates the adaptive method of Hayao Miyazaki in using Japanese narratives through his animation filmmaking based on James Dudley Andrew’s theory. Qualitative research method has been applied owing to the nature of the content and the type of analysis. In line with the research aim, the main question is how Miyazaki has adopted Japanese narrative literature in making his animated films (the case). Miyazaki’s admired animated movies were adopted from Japanese narratives. Accordingly, among which Spirited Away was analyzed as the case of the study. The results consist of fundamental points revealing his method of adaptation. Miyazaki has considered the full capacity of Japanese narrative literature and other adaptative approaches in developing drama, characterization, visual and audio elements of his films perfectly. Bringing up the ideas in this way, Miyazaki has created the main elements of narrative aligned with his cinematic expression. Not only did he adapt the texts of Japanese literature, but also benefited from the illustrations of the literary works. Miyazaki's style uncovers the various potentials of narrative sources for idea generation in storytelling, characterization as well as it reveals how to create successfully hit animated feature films. His method can be an effective strategy in making superior and adaptation Iranian filmmakers may consider in animation film production.

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Sa’di’s Gulistan has always been considered as one of the most important sublime masterpieces of Persian literature. Regarding to stylistic researches on Gulistan, one of the peculiarities of Sa’di’s artistic techniques is to select the verbs in such a way to reflect the influence of didactic qualities. In Halliday’s systemic functional grammar, the verb category is also considered as a process of transitivity system (grammatical ability for representation of experience in language), ideational and experiential meta-functions. The study of the types and frequencies of the processes leads to the achievement of the author’s mental status and style. In the stylistic study of texts, transitivity system makes it possible to select the processes systematically and to represent the author’s intentions. The goal of this article is to study the main components of masterpieces like Gulistan and to describe its features. To attain this goal, having explained the processes and its types, seven parts of Gulistan (the first seven Babs) and their frequencies are studied at the first step. The study reveals that Sa’di has paid attention to the selection of the processes and the capability of the simultaneous artistic repetitions besides meaning and rhythm. Since most Sadi’s examples are of behavioral nature, it is concluded that the main concentration of Gulistan is on humans, social relationship and the didactic principles.

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In the current century, the world is full of competition and unreliable environmental factors.The prerequisite for success in this field is to pay attention to the organizational culture and its changes. This paper is studying “process of strong breaking and weak training culture in Iranian state organizations”. Considering the research methodology, and using the theory of database, a suitable model was designed and tested. A sample of 25 university elites and experts selected by Snowball method, and with the help of exploratory and coding-focused interviews, 16 categories and 72 concepts obtained and then the final model presented with focused coding and selective coding. The proposed model tested and confirmed through data gathered by a validated questionnaire from 385 managers and experts of governmental organizations. In the outputs of confirmatory factor analysis LISREL8.80 software, since the factor loads of all standard model items are higher than 0.3 and the coefficients of the significant model are all above 1.96, also, fitting table indexes indicate that the model is appropriate, so all factor loads and path coefficients are meaningful. Therefore, not only the validity and reliability of the questionnaire confirmed, but also the relationships between the components of the model are acceptable. In the output of modeling the structural equations of SmartPLS software, since all the coefficients of the meaningful model are higher than 1.96, 95% of the results confirm the validation of the governing relationships on the components of the proposed model. That is, they have significant impact on each other and their path coefficient is showing the amount of effectiveness.
 

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The Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) is causal agent of bacterial citrus canker which is major disease of citrus throughout the world. The pthA bacterial effector protein is presented within the infected plants and indispensable of canker. The scFv antibodies are valuable tools for diagnosis and suppression of pathogens within plants. The present article describes developing and characterization of specific recombinant monoclonal scFv antibodies against pthA effector protein. For this aim, the gene encoding pthA protein was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and used for screening of Tomlinson phage display antibody library to pinpoint specific single chain variable fragment (scFv). In each round of panning, the affinity of phage towards pthA was checked by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The data was indicative of about 50% of the monoclonal phages to be reactive strongly against pthA protein. Among the positive clones, 5 samples (A12, B8, C1, H8 and G8) were capable of detecting Xcc-infected plant samples and recombinant pthA protein. Restriction fragment length polymorphism showed similar banding pattern for all 5 scFvs as renamed to pthA-scFG8. HB2151 E. coli cells were infected by the phage bearing pthA-scFG8, and the expression of the peptide was induced by IPTG to produce a 30 kDa recombinant molecule. I-TASSER was used for homology modeling of both scFv and pthA and docking was carried out by Hex program. The latter demonstrated binding energy of −784 kcal/mol in scFv-pthA. 

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Psychological safety is a critical base for individual, organizational and national performance, since managers who feel psychologically unsafe, do not have essential motives for productivity and excellence. It is reality of organizations that there are stage of jealousy, spitefulness, enmity, power games of peoples and groups. In these situations, it is important to bring about psychological safety for people in organization. Psychological safety means to feel safety in mind, emotion and behavior from side of other peoples and present personal opinions and do the jobs, without any anxiety and fear in organization. Many studies emphasis on effects of individual psychological safety based on personal, organizational and national variables, but there is not a quantitative and experimental research on formation of psychological safety in managers, especially among Iranian governmental industries. This research has taken Glaser's approach in GT to theorize process of forming psychological safety in Iranian governmental industries. Results of this research show that organizational factors, superior's leadership style, relationships between peers and subordinates and their competencies, eco-social climate of society, organizational atmosphere and psychological capital of everyone affect individual psychological safety. It can enforces job engagement, job satisfaction in managers and reduces stress and anxiety and willingness to expatriation in them.
 

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Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a revolutionary advance in the field of light microscopy which, in recent years, has been used on interaction studies between host and pathogen. This study carried out on the flag leaves of the susceptible spring wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L.) known as Thatcher and its near isogenic line with the Yr-18 adult-plant resistance gene to stripe rust fungus (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici), by confocal laser scanning microscopy. A suspension of fresh urediniospores of stripe rust, isolate SR99-UA (race, 70E 128) in a light mineral oil ( Soltrol, 170 ) was sprayed on the flag leaves in vitro, then four segments were sampled at 2, 4, 8, 12 and 18 days after inocu-lation. These segments were further divided into 1-2 cm. For detailed observation, two fluorescent dyes Acridin orange and X-Rodamin-1, known to be nucleic acid and calcium binding probes, were used, respectively. CLSM made it possible to visualize host/pathogen interaction in serial without sectioning at a three dimensional level from adaxial to aboxial leaves. According to the results, no difference in pre-penetration behav-ior of the fungus in the two genotypes was observed. During the early stages of penetra-tion, host cell necrosis was occasionally seen only on the resistant genotype. Few dead cells were observed on the susceptible host 12-18 days after inoculation. However, by this time, the resistant host had a markedly high number of dead cells; there were numerous ne-crotic areas or pustules resembling hypersensitive response. In the infected areas and around the pustules of the resistant host a remarkable red color was observed by the presence of a thick fluorescence rich calcium layer. The intensity of calcium fluorescence in the non-infected areas of both genotypes and in the infected areas of the susceptible host were nearly the same, indicating calcium mobilization as part of the defensive re-sponse in resistant near isogenic lines containing the gene Yr-18. This result indicated that calcium mobilization at the point of challenge by the pathogen played an important role in the near isogenic resistance line of Thatcher in the wheat stripe rust pathosystem. This is the first report on calcium mobilization in a cereal rust pathosystem as a part of the re-sistance response.

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Sheath blight disease of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA, has become one of the major diseases in some rice- growing areas in recent years. Primary inoculum density seems to be a major factor in disease outbreak. The aim of the current study was to determine the relationship between the primary inoculum density and type and the disease intensity, grain yield and yield loss. Field experiments were conducted in both years of 2017 and 2018 in Guilan province, Iran. Disease incidence and severity were significantly higher when the highest inoculum densities (mycelial and sclerotial) were tested. When sclerotia were applied as the primary inoculum, disease developed more quickly. Based on the results of the current study, in a temperate lowland rice system in Guilan province, sclerotia floating on the water surface after puddling can be the primary source of inoculum and play a major role in sheath blight epidemics whereas mycelia in plant debris probably lose their viability in winter. These results suggested that control of sheath blight disease in order to prevent sclerotia production and reduce the main disease inoculum can be a promising strategy for suppressing this disease in the rice fields of Guilan province.

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Nowaday, understanding the reasons of successes and failures are a necessity for organizations survival and performance. Organizations need to learn from their own experiences and the other organizational experiences. Experiences documentation is one of the key issue to increase the organizational knowledge and learning through using the relevant experiences in business and also the organizational performance. In order to accumulate, document, distribute and use effective of organizational experiences, it is necessary to design an appropriate structure and framework. Therefore, this paper first reviews the related literature and theoretical bases. Then components and attributes of documentation system, evaluation system, reward system and distribution system are identified and explained. Accordingly a conceptual structure for organizational experiences documentation (SOED) is developed. The suggested structure is verified according to the view of experts.

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In this study, isolate SR99-UA (Race 70E 128) of wheat stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp. tritici Eriks) was used to infect susceptible spring wheat (cultivar Thatcher) and its near isogenic line possessing Yr-18 adult-plant resistance gene. Samples were taken at the flag leaf stage and observed using light, transmission and scanning electron micro-scopes. No major differences in the infection process were detected prior to haustorium formation, but sub-stomatal vesicles appeared to be formed after penetration, slightly ear-lier in susceptible than in the resistant genotypes. Higher numbers of haustoria were formed at any particular time in the susceptible cultivar than in the resistant near isog-enic line 2-3 days after inoculation. In the early stages of infection, host cell necrosis was not observed in the susceptible host, but was occasionally seen in the resistant isogenic line. Fourteen days after inoculation, the number of necrotic cells of hypersensitive re-sponse were higher on the resistant genotype than on the susceptible cultivar at this time when many of the infected mesophyll cells of the resistant host had collapsed. The first clearly developing pustules were usually observed 12 days after inoculation on the suscep-tible cv. Thatcher and 14 days after inoculation on its resistant near isogenic line. Eight-een days after inoculation, the mean number of pustules produced, per unit of infected leaf area, was high on the susceptible cultivar but on the resistant genotype the pustules were much less in number, diminutive and poorly sporulating.

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As age grows, changes in the characteristics of the mental system, personality, mood, as well as the physiological aspects of the managers and changes in their behavior are created. These behavioral changes in managers can be externalized and show it in organizational behavior. The aim of research is investigating and   describing the role of personality development due to the increasing age of managers on organizational climate. The method used in this study is causal-comparative method and 72 companies senior managers and their employees have been studied in two groups. The results showed that the characters of narcissism, perfectionism, excitement seeking and stress coping have changed with the age of  managers. Also, the Average test of two communities shows a significant difference on the seven components of organizational climate (Esprit, harassment, Hindrance, Intimacy, consideration, Aloofness and Thrust in the organizational climate) and in relation to the component of Production emphasis, was not significant difference in quantity in the two test group which indicates that managers of all ages emphasize production, which is the main goal of  organization. Also, the results of multivariate regression showed  that  personality components  affected on the organization's climate components.

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Today's organizations face a complex set of needs of their stakeholders. They cannot satisfy those needs in a good manner because of economical rationality or inability to prepare suitable equipments. So inter-organizational relationships have been choosen as a strategy which nowadays attract much attention. In fact, each organization has a set of interorganizational relationships voluntarily or involuntarily with other organizations which many organizational advantages and disadvantages have roots in such a inter-organizational relationships. Therefore, the Present research aimed at developing a simulation based model to study inter-organizational relationships. In this model, inter-organizational relationships are documented with process approach, and then. analyzed based on volume, time, human recourses, mutual dependency network and decision. According to the analysis results, "to-be" process is redesigned. These changes are suitability analyzed with simulation and implemented if they are confirmed. Finally this model has been implemented in Agriculture Industry Bureau of Jihad -Agriculture Ministry.