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Among the challenges of language acquisition, developing writing proficiency is widely acknowledged as particularly demanding. Learners must not only select appropriate vocabulary but also use it effectively within a specific context. However, the emphasis on writing skill development should not solely lie in memorizing grammatical rules. Rather, grammar should serve as a tool to facilitate clear and effective communication of ideas. Consequently, prioritizing and strategically selecting essential grammar rules for instruction can significantly enhance and expedite the acquisition of writing skills. This research employs a descriptive-analytical method and utilizes a questionnaire to investigate the potential effects of streamlining Arabic grammar instruction on facilitating and accelerating the development of writing skills in Arabic among Persian undergraduate students majoring in Arabic Language and Literature. To achieve this objective, the study employed a researcher-designed questionnaire distributed among a sample of 16 Arabic language teachers and experts. This instrument aimed to identify the relative importance of Arabic grammar components across three proficiency levels: beginner, intermediate, and advanced. Informed by expert opinion, the research proposes a tiered approach to Arabic grammar instruction. At the beginner level, priority is given to mastering structural order and interrogative particles. The intermediate level focuses on relative nouns, causative constructions, and the mood system. Finally, advanced learners concentrate on verbal mode and aspects. Additionally, the findings highlight the experts' emphasis on introducing similar Arabic and Persian grammar rules in the early stages of education, and Arabic-specific rules at higher levels.
 

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Every person in society has a perception of reality and the translator is no exception. Identity construction is somehow related to reality construction. So the main issue is not how the narrative is constructed as a text, but how the narrative acts as a mental tool in constructing reality and, consequently, identity. Like the controversial issue of language-thought, it is not easy to deal with narrative discourse and narrative thinking, since the reality existed in the mind, depends on the spatio-temporal framework of the culture. Eelaborating on the concept of narrative identity, and Goffman’s Frame Analysis and its applicability in the mentioned concept, this paper shows how society, as a cultural frame, forces the translator (or the publisher) to retell the narrative and to reconstruct the identity, and why this identity formation will be more pronounced in the paratextual elements (translatorial & authorial prefaces). Analyzing the frame, along with literature and media, it proposes a hybrid model based on Somers’ features (Paul Ricoeur’s Mimesis), and Goffman’s Framework for the concrete manifestation of renarration, and the incorporation of the core conception of identity formation, to indicate how orientalism concepts have been renarrated in translatorial and authorial prefaces of Edward Said’s Orientalism, affected by structure or agency during 80s in Iran, and how these prefaces play a role in framing readers interpretation. Finally, it has concluded that, regarding structure/agency, and the involvement of multiple agents in translation, different author-functions and identities have developed through the presentation of the prefaces in question.
 

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Prepositions are linguistic elements that indicate the physical properties of referent and relatum and the geometry of the manner in which they interact with one another. Numerous studies have shown that prepositions in their abstract usages retain at least one of their spatial geometric features which is testimony to embodiment theory and it also suggests that understanding of abstract usages of prepositions can be better done by first studying the spatial usages of them. In this research we consider and analayse spatial geometry of different usages of Persain preposition /dᴂr/ applying Talmy's approach towards spatial structuring in language. Fourteen distinct usages were extracted from Hamshahri Corpus. The spatial geometry of each usage was analaysed and at least one image schema has been proposed for each usage. As a result of close study of various usages we observed that in all usages either the factor "enclosure" or "locus of control" or both are present in the geometry of  the preposition. In one instance we observed a tertiary reference object for locating the Figure in the scene. An investigation of one spatial geometry ascribed to the preposition /dᴂr/ led to suggesting a volumar schema for "way". Also in some usages the use of metonomy can be seen where part of the real Ground or an entity related to it appears as Ground in the sentence.
 

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Nowadays, entrepreneurship and knowledge-based companies are highly considered. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting Psychological Capital (PSyCap) in two groups of agricultural and non-agricultural knowledge-based companies from Science and Technology Park (STP) of Fars province, Iran. The population included the companies located in the STP incubators in Fars province. The data were collected from 238 participants (100 from agricultural and 138 from non-agricultural companies) as a sample through a questionnaire. Regarding the effect of services and facilites provided by STPs on the performance of companies at incubators, it is suggested that such services and facilities become more specialized and reinforced. In addition, it is emphasized to consider the necessity of educational and operational strategies in order to strengthen the entrepreneurial orientation, social capital, and PsyCap among members.

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Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl. (Umbelliferae family) is a dominant species in the some partial of habitats in Zagros Mountains. According to ethno-botanical studies, this plant is one of the best range plants of Iran. Local ranchers collect green Prangos while it is toxic. They then dry the plant and use it to feed their livestock, especially in winter season. This research done to analyse the changes in the chemical composition of Pr. ferulacea with the effects of time, location and type of secondary metabolisms. Therefore, the ingredients and amounts of the essential oils of Prangos were studied during the growing and flowering stages (in both green/fresh and dried forms) to track such changes. The results showed that the amounts of terpinolene, β-phellandrene and bornyl acetate were decreased in the dried form, and some of the harmful components, such as α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcen and delta-3-carene, were absent, rendering the plant non-toxic. These results confirm the opinion of the ranchers. In the growing stage, the amount of coumarin was significantly less than in the flowering stage, which also supports the conduct of the local ranchers who gather the plants at the most appropriate time.

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According to discourse theory, facts and events are represented through discourse and a set of meanings, ideas, metaphors, so on. In this sense, language creates and changes truth; this means that with language one can have different perceptions of an event, followed by a different set of discourses. Thus, the social world is the product of discourses. According to the theory of social constructivism, which in contrast to essentialism does not separate the structure of reality from the human mind, some social phenomena, such as some offences are made by the human mind and under the influence of different circumstances. They are produced in a specific time, social, political and cultural way and cannot be considered as a sacred and unchangeable reality except in special cases. Accordingly, this research, which qualitative in nature and descriptive-analytical in manner, using the method of discourse analysis and in order to explain and review the obvious understandings of the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents (Act 2002) seeks to explore the possibility of deconstructing the current definition of child abuse (revision) and adding to its scope. The most important result of the research is that most of the offences, including child abuse and even the prescribing of child marriage (subject to sec. 1041 of the Civil Code), are powerful and skillful social constructs of social realities that it is possible to deconstruction of them in order to give political, cultural and social opportunities to other possible constructions of the phenomenon that are more closely related to the public interest.
 

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Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of disability and pain intensity among two groups of governmental employees and sellers who suffering from chronic low back pain.
Material and Methods: This descriptive–analytic study was performed from Dec 2015 to Mar 2016among employed staff members of education ministry (N = 50) and 40 sellers with chronic low back pain who were selected through non-random sampling method. The research tool was Oswetry inventory to inspect the pain intensity and level of disability of the participants. Statistical descriptive/analytic method was used to analyze data through SPSS V16.
Results: Totally, 90 participants included 50 employees with an average age of 45.14 ± .85 years and 40 sellers with an average age of 45.42 ± 0.98 years took part in this study. The variables as age, weight, height were the same in the two groups (P > 0.05). There were significant difference between the two groups in terms of BMI2.01 (3.42-.59), pain: 0.55 (0.18-0.92), lifting disability: 0.77 (0.28 to 1.25), walking 1.03 (0.56 to 1.49), sleeping-0.26 (-0.51 -0.002), sexuality 2.07 (1.32 to 2.82), social life. 0.43 (-0.82 -. 03), mean total score of functional disability in performing activities 4.35 (1.93 to 6.77) which were better in the employed group rather than the other group.
Conclusion: This study showed the functional disability and related effective factors were different between employees and sellers. Therefore, categorizing individuals who suffering from back pain into homogeneous groups and investigating the effective factors of disability in each group of people are recommended.

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Fish larvae have a high requirement of amino acid (AA) for energy production and growth. This study was aimed to increase knowledge of AA profile during feral carp larval ontogeny and estimate larval AA requirements. Larvae were collected randomly at 1, 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 26 and 33 days post hatch for growth and AA analysis. The composition of total AA changed significantly during ontogeny. The essential AA profile of marine carp showed low correlation with rotifers (R²₌0.22). High correlation was found between dry food and early larval ages (R²≥0.7) but was lower in late stage (R²≥0.37). At day 7, when larvae were fed on rotifers, methionine seemed to be the limiting AA and when larvae were fed dry food at day 11, 15, 19, 26 and 33, arginine seemed to be the limiting AA. Larval indispensible AA profile can be used as index of the IAA requirements of carp larvae. Supplementation of larval diet used with limiting AA is one way for compensating the deficient amino acid.

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An 84-day feeding trial was carried out onfingerling (4.44 ± 0.06 g) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss, Walbaum, 1792) to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with a commercial prebiotic GroBiotic^®-A (G-A) on the growth, feed efficiency, haematology and immunlogical parameters. Ttreatments containing various inclusions of G-A (0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 %, 2.0 %, 2.5 %, and 3.0 %) were added to a commercial fish dietand were fed twice daily at 2-6 % of body weight. The highest weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and average daily gain (ADG) were obtained in fish fed the diet containing 2.5 % G-A followed by 3.0 % inclusion (P<0.05). The highest feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein utilization (NPU) were also recorded in the 2.5 % G-A inclusion (P<0.05). Survival was significantly higher (P<0.05) in fish fed with 2 % and 2.5 % G-Asupplement (P<0.05). Although higher Hb, haematocrit, RBC, WBC, MCH, MCHC, MCV, lymphocytes, and neutrophils were observed at all  G-A supplemented diets, the differences among themwerenot significant (P>0.05). On the other hand,significantly higher differencee (P<0.05) in lysozyme and immunoglobulin (IgM) concentrations wereobserved in 2.5% G-A inclusion. The results of this study indicated that 2.5 % G-A inclusionhad a better performance on growth and haematoimmunological parameters in rainbow trout fingerling.

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Aims: However, with the emergence of “Mobilities Turn” and consequently the “New Mobilities Paradigm”, different flows and modes of movement are considered as actions constructing various individual and collective lived experiences, enabling the new experience of the expressed concepts from among the moving experiences. No comprehensive and proper methodologies have been developed for understanding these mobile lived experiences although two decades have passed since the emergence of this new paradigm and this epistemological issue in the field of social sciences. The study tries to develop the methodology to understand these mobile lived experiences – the methods that can reach the hidden meanings of these mobile experiences.

Methods: After examining this methodological gap, the study explain and proposes “mobile autoethnography” as a new approach to understand these lived experiences in motion
Findings: mobile autoethnography is an approach enabling the researcher to understand the lived meanings in the actions of movement in everyday life environments through the lived experience of self and others within the framework of the new mobilities paradigm.

Conclusion: Autoethnography is an emerging approach in ethnography which aims to understand everyday life’s experience can be used to understand mobile lived experience in the field of  urban mobility in urban studies disciplines.

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The present study is interdisciplinary in applying philosophy through its collaboration with psychology and literature. This article examines hope according to the two great thinkers; Rumi, a Muslim mystic and writer, and Gabriel Marcel, a Christian existentialist philosopher. The purpose of this study is to provide a basis for the work of philosophical counselors and psychotherapists. For this reason, the views of Richard Snyder, the theorist and founder of hope therapy in contemporary psychology, are also introduced in the present study to bring Rumi and Marcel's views on hope closer to the topics of hope therapy, and the similarities are derived from being used by philosophical advisors. According to the findings of this research, the hope that Rumi speaks of is a clear and guiding hope that, if used properly, can become a positive moral trait in human beings; The hope that arises from man's need for God and will always be the way to man's spiritual progress. Marcel also considers hoping a tool for faith and closeness to the higher being, which causes a person to be spiritually ready to serve other human beings. This spiritual preparation frees man from the snare of the shattered world of which Marcel speaks. By comparing Snyder's theory of hope and Rumi's view of hope, we find similarities between the views of these two philosophers in the components of hope. The examination of Snyder's theory of hope and Marcel's view of hope also reveals the intellectual similarity of the two thinkers on the vital role of hope in life.

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Hakim Omar Khayyam, the famous Persian poet, is always regarded by many scholars and poets. Khayam has always been preoccupied with issues such as complex secret of existence, life, death, predetermination, and authority, and these issues have wandered him. Sometimes, these issues have drawn him to skeptisism and pessimism, and sometimes, have invited him to gain the opportunity. Mahmud Sami Albarudi, the Egyptian politician and poet, has been inspired by Khayam in such issues as skeptisism to the time, invitation to gain opportunity and enjoyment, and has discussed them. The difference between his philosophy is much narrower than that of Khayam so that he cannot be known as master of a philosophy school. The present study aimed to investigate the roots and signs of Albarudiˊs influence in a comparative view with Khayam. 

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The methods and techniques of performance evaluation are the key issues in organizational and academic researches.  One of the problems of performance evaluation in working groups is dealing with group performance evaluation and individual performance evaluation. A comprehensive performance evaluation system not only assesses performance at different levels (individual and group) but also considers the dependence and relations between them. Existing systems cannot consider the effect of different levels on each other. In this paper, we use Data Envelopment Analysis method for studying performance as a multi level phenomenon. For this purpose we use a multi-level Data Envelopment Analysis Model for evaluating performance of working groups in a governmental organization in Iran. The model views the groups at the highest level in the hierarchy as the decision-making units whose performance are optimized. Part of the output from the optimization is a set of performance measures for the components of those top level decision-making units. The result shows that the multi-level DEA model is an appropriate model for measuring groups and their members’ performance at simultaneity.

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The pot life of high-energy composites is one of the most important parameters of their manufacturing process. This is mainly influenced by the pot life of the binder system. In this research, the effect of different amounts of two types of curing catalyst (dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) and triphenyl bismuth (TPB)) and different ratios of NCO / OH (R) on the pot life and physical properties of the polyurethane binder system  based on Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) was investigated. By increasing the amount of curing catalyst for both types of catalysts, the viscosity build-up of the binder system measured by the rotation viscometer was intensified. Also, increasing the amount of R from 0.8 to 1 increases the viscosity and crosslink density. Isophorone Diisocyanate (IPDI) binder system shows two distinct steps of increasing viscosity with two different rates, which is attributed to the presence of two different isocyanate groups in the molecular structure of IPDI with different reactivity. In the following, the physical properties and swelling of binder samples were investigated. Based on these results, binders with the highest crosslink density have the lowest swelling. The pot life value increases from R of 1 to 1.1, contrary to expectation, with pot life range value between R of 1 to 0.9. When using the DBTDL catalyst, it is clearly identifiable between different reactivity of two groups IPDI isocyanates, but when used with the TPB curing catalyst, this difference was not observed significantly.

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This comparative study, based on the Slavic approach, explains the features of utopia in the poems of Sohrab Sepehri and Nazak al-Mulaakeh, two Persian and Arabic poets, and analyzed and analyzed the aspects of their sharing and differences with regard to the descriptions of the two poets at content level. The results of the research show that both the poets have taken refuge in their imaginative and poetical uranium to escape the reality of their community; and because of their romantic tendencies and similar social conditions, they have both common themes such as escape from poverty and The cruelty and attention is given to the world of childhood, nature and the countryside. But the different tendencies and experiences of the two poets have brought the utopian utopia closer to reality, giving it a national and socio-ethical dimension, and made Sohrab utopia more cryptic, mystical, moral, and transnational and global.

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