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Today, carbon dioxide emission is one of the concerns of all countries in the world, so in this paper, we examine the effect of export quality, energy efficiency, and economic complexity on CO2 emissions per capita during the period of 1990 to 2014 in emerging economies. For this purpose, first, energy efficiency is calculated using mathematical programming methods (DEA). Then, the effect of export quality, energy efficiency, and economic complexity on per capita carbon dioxide emissions in the panel of emerging economies is investigated using panel quantile regression. The energy efficiency results show that the average energy efficiency of the studied countries had been increasing from 1990 to 2014. The lowest efficiency score among the studied countries is related to China. The results of quantile regression indicate that the export quality and consumption per capita of fossil fuels have a positive and significant effect on CO2 emissions per capita in all quantiles. The results also show that the coefficient increases by moving in the level of quantiles, so that, the highest effect coefficient of export quality on CO2 emission is related to the quantile 90th and about 0.874. Energy efficiency has a negative and significant effect in all quantiles except 90th, and the highest coefficient of influence (0.133) is related to quantile 10th. The increase in economic complexity increases the co2 emissions in all quantiles except 10th, and the highest coefficient (about 0.487) is related to quantile 90th. 

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The government of Iran has faced with budget deficits during 1979 – 2010, which has been financed mainly through money creation. Theoretically, the impacts of budget deficit and inflationary tax on macroeconomy are very controversial, so that both decrease and increase in consumption, investment, net exports and total expenditure have been supported by empirical researches. Using structural cointegrating vector autoregressive, this paper investigates the impacts of inflationary finance on the demand side of Iran’s economy during mentioned period. Budget deficit is defined as the difference between operating budget deficit (minus net operating balance) and capital balance surplus, or net lending (net acquisition of nonfinancial assets). The results show that both operating budget deficit and net lending have positive impacts on consumption, investment and net imports in the short run. So changes in the demand side have not necessarily same orientation with increase or decrease in budget deficits, but the source of change in budget deficit determines its effects. Reducing budget deficits through positive shock to net lending and a policy of increasing operating budget deficit have similar effects. Furthermore, the results show that the operating budget deficit has no effect on demand components in the long run. The complementarity of inflationary tax and financial repression is confirmed in both short run and long run. In addition, the results indicate that an increase in operating budget deficit and/or net lending induce more inflationary tax and financial repression. Although the budget deficit has no effect on demand side in the long run, but its two outcomes -inflationary tax and financial repression- have opposite effects on the consumption, investment and net imports in both short run and long run.
 

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Panel data constitutes a cornerstone for dynamic analysis, especially in poverty mobility studies. In developing countries such as Iran, household income and expenditure data are collected on a cross-sectional basis because of various reasons. As a result, households’ panel data are not available. Due to the concerns of policymakers in understanding the status of mobility of the poor, researchers have developed several approaches to study poverty mobility among countries using cross-sectional data. In 2013, the World Bank's Poverty Studies Group introduced a synthetic panel data method for poverty dynamics analysis, which provides relatively accurate estimates of poverty mobility. First, the present study calculates the absolute poverty line of urban areas of Iran in 2012, 2015 and 2016. Then, it uses the method of synthetic panel data in order to study the status of poverty mobility. The results show that there is a kind of status dependency in the urban poverty, so that the poor (non-poor) households in 2012/ 2015 were also poor (non-poor) in 2016 with a probability of more than 80 percent. Only with a probability of less than 20 percent, the poor (non-poor) households in 2012/2015 were non-poor (poor) in 2016.