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One of the most important predator-prey interactions is functional response which its type and parameters are affected by different factors including host plant characteristics. In this research, the influence of leaf surface on functional response and prey consumption rate of third instar larvae of the Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer, 1776) (Diptera: Syrphidae) to third instar nymphs of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were studied on sweet pepper and cucumber leaves. The results demonstrated that leaf surface of host plants; different prey densities and their interaction had significant effects on the numbers of prey killed by a predator. Logistic regression indicated type Ш functional response on both host plant leaves. The values of b constant were 0.00231 and 0.00351h^-1 while handling time (T_h) estimates were 0.14 h and 0.095 h on cucumber and sweet pepper leaves respectively. Moreover, plant leaves and different prey densities had significant effect on the prey consumption rate and voracity of predator. The maximum voracity values reached were 180.73 ± 7.71 and 282.25 ± 11.71 nymphs on cucumber and sweet pepper leaves respectively. These results emphasize on the importance of physical traits of host plant surface on the performance and searching efficiency of natural enemies that should be considered for optimizing their application in aphid biological control.  

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Traumatic Brian Injury (TBI) is one of the types of the acquired brain injury. Individuals with (TBI) are often impaired in social communication skills. Impairment in paralinguistic behaviors is one of the manifestations of failure in the social communication which adversely impacts on relationship among persons with TBI to others. Regarding the importance of paralinguistic behaviors and lack of the research in this regard in Iranian patients with TBI, the aim of this cross-sectional research was to compare these behaviors in spontaneous interaction with 4 men adults with severe TBI and 4 healthy adult men. The research questions were: How are the patients and healthy groups᾽ performances in total of paralinguistic behaviors? How are the patients and healthy groups᾽ performances in each of paralinguistic behaviors; that is, intelligibility, pitch, prosody, vocal intense, and speech fluency? The research hypotheses were: There is a significant difference between two groups in total of paralinguistic behaviors. There is a significant difference between two groups in intelligibility, pitch, prosody, vocal intense, and speech fluency. The TBI patients and healthy groups were matched on age and education years. Data analysis using non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test indicated that there was a significant difference between the patient and healthy groups in total of the paralinguistic behaviors regardless of the type of behavior (p < 0.05). Considering each of paralinguistic behaviors, there was a significant difference between two groups in voice intensity, pitch, and prosody (p < 0.05), and there was not a significant difference between two groups on intelligibility and speech fluency (p > 0.05). However, in these two paralinguistic behaviors, mean scores' patients was lower than mean scores᾽ healthy individuals. The overall conclusion was that paralinguistic behaviors were impaired in individuals with severe TBI. Therefore, it is necessary to be noticed to paralinguistic aspect of communication in TBI people alongside the other behavioral, emotional, and linguistic aspects. Accordingly, it should be pathologized these behaviors in them and then, be rehabilitated.

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Objective: Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies are highly specific markers for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and useful for predicting rheumatoid arthritis (RA) development and progression. We assessed the diagnostic value of anti-CCP antibodies in our patients with RA. Materials and Methods: Anti-CCP antibodies and rheumatoid factor (RF) titers were determined in 247 serum samples: 128 from RA patients, 119 from control group (48 from healthy controls, 71 from patients with rheumatic disease other than RA or hematologic malignancies). Results: There were 128 (93 females, 35 males) patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 119 (78 females, 41 males) controls. The sensitivity of Anti-CCP was 66.40% for diagnosis of RA with a specificity of 94.11%. The sensitivity of RF was 69.53% and its specificity was 81.51%. Conclusion: In our patients Anti-CCP has a moderate sensitivity but high specificity for diagnosis of RA.

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The impact of social security expenditure on the labor market (wages and employment) has been regarded in economic researches. This paper evaluates the short-run and long-run effects of social security expenditure on wage and employment using Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) approach during 1979-2007. Our findings indicate that the insurance contribution deductions from the employees have negative impact on the real wage in both short-run and long-run and decrease their purchasing power. Moreover, employer's social security expenditure has a negative but insignificant effect on employment. In addition, labor productivity and economic growth are the main factors affecting the labor market.  

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This study is conducted through a descriptive classification of interrogating defendants' spoken and written discourse in courts' conversations which has been designed based on ex post facto research. Research sample included 20 cases of criminal files gathered through available sampling method from the Archived Journals of Justice. McMenamin's (2002) Hierarchy Framework of Recognition Authenticity was used to examine stylistic and syntactic markers of defendants' spoken and written discourse. Stylistic and linguistic markers make a hierarchical model that is ranging from 1 to 9 levels. This model analyzed phonological, morphological, semantic, and syntactic clues that are unique among the defendants in the court files. The patterns concerned with that hierarchical model are resemblance, consistency, and population which are recruited to discover the criminals' spoken and written documents. The implications of this study showed that the use of this framework was successful in uncovering the criminals' identification for resemblance (50 percent), consistency (30 percent), and population (20 percent). Implications of the study suggest this framework may help the interrogators, judges, and attorneys to boost the efficacy of their profession.

1. Introduction
Forensic linguistics is an interdisciplinary field that deals with the scientific study of language in legal sciences. For reaching growth and dynamics, this discipline which is one of the sub-branches of applied linguistics needs the basics of theoretical linguistics in legal affairs. One of the main problems in the preparation of case documents is the analysis of the writing/speaking styles and structures of the defendants and proving their written and spoken authorship and identity in situations where it is difficult to verify and the suspects deny their handwriting or the recorded speech. In this case, forensic linguistics can help to check and prove the identity of the authors or speakers by comparing their previous and current speech and writing and using structural and stylistic markers. McMenamin (2002) proposed a hierarchical approach, which has three methods including resemblance, population, and consistency, and also several structural and stylistic discourse markers. Structural markers include grammar, use of vocabulary, the spelling of words, type of sentences, writing style (formal-informal), and so on. Phonetic markers include tone of voice, stress, repetition of words, accent, dialect, abbreviations, speaking style (formal-informal), silence, pause, ambiguity, etc. This research aims to reveal the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the forensic linguistics approach in the classification of interrogating diagnoses through the analysis of structural and stylistic discourse markers in the speech and writing of suspects.
The research questions address McMenamin's approach to the article which is examining the documents and identifying defendants' written and spoken identities as follows:
1. To what extent does McMenamin's (2002) approach to identifying a hierarchy of defendants' written and spoken authenticity help in the recognition of the written and spoken authorship in courts?
2. What are the differences between the effect of resemblance, population, and consistency methods of identifying hierarchy on defendants' written and spoken authenticity recognition?
2. Background
In this article, descriptive analysis has been used to determine defendants' written and spoken authorship in forensic linguistics based on McMenamin's (2002) stylistic and structural approach. McMenamin listed three characteristics of stylistic-structural markers in language. The first one is the standard language or norm-referenced which is prescriptive. It means what the linguistic structures should be as standard norms. The second one is the change from the standard norms; however, the utterance is understandable. In other words, there is a change in the grammatical structure. The third one addresses the deviation from the standard norms and the utterance is rarely used in society or it belongs to a specific group or individuals.
Several scholars have used interrogations in legal courts and their relationship with language variations of speech/writing patterns of the defendants (Asiai & Noorbakhsh, 2014; Razovian & Jalili Doab, 2016; Najafi & Haghbin, 2019; Monsefi, 2012). Ainsworth (1993) examined the analysis of legal cases with linguistic descriptions and proposed the description of the language used by interrogators, suspects, and witnesses in the interrogation processes from the perspective of forensic linguistic domains. He has examined the way of language control and mentioned several points worthy of attention in this regard.
McMenamin (2002) focuses on the structures and styles of court discourse and classifies them into spoken and written discourse. Each discourse type includes variations of styles (speech/writing style) and structures (speech/writing grammar). These two are connected and form a continuum. McMenamin's hierarchical approach can be used to identify the markers that determine the defendants' spoken/written identity. In this approach, step-by-step determining the similarity or dissimilarity of the writings or statements of the suspect is matched with the writings or statements in their written or spoken records. This hierarchy starts from levels 1 to 3 (non-matching and definite identification) the person is removed from the list of suspects. This investigation continues from level 4 onwards until 9 (matching writing or speech and determining the identity of the accused). In this approach, intermediate levels (4 and 5) lead to information that the identification of suspected authors or speakers is done with 50% certainty and requires further investigation. Therefore, spoken/written documentation in the higher ranks leads to the identification of the identity of the suspect with almost certainty.
Innovation of the present study can be regarded as the gap in the research literature concerned with the lack of forensic research in identifying the authorship of the defendants with a scientific approach. Therefore, the present research has evaluated methods of resemblance, consistency, and population in identifying defendants via McMenamin's (2002) hierarchical identification approach. In these methods, the handwriting or audio files are matched with the previous records produced by suspects; and their degree of similarity or difference is checked from levels 1 to 9. Each level shows the degree of proximity of the suspect to determine the point of certainty.

3. Methodology
The current study examined twenty criminal cases such as signature forgery, text message/letter forgery, fake suicide letters, threatening text messages/letters, threatening audio/telephone files, or telephone harassment. The pool of data was gathered in the form of available samples from the archives of the Legal Journal of Justice between the years 2016 and 2021. These incidents happened in different provinces of Iran. To achieve a correct analysis of the writing style, all stylistic markers are identified in these texts. Then, the identification of the written and spoken identity of the defendants was investigated and analyzed based on McMenamin's (2002) framework with three analytical models of resemblance, population, and consistency.
The research method was a descriptive-analytical type, which analyzed the records of the cases in the past. Then, the identification of the written and spoken markers was analyzed based on McMenamin's (2002) approach with three analytical models' resemblance, consistency, and population.

4. Results and Conclusion
The results of the research showed that 80% of the investigated cases (i.e., 16 cases out of 20) carried out the principles of identity recognition based on McMenamin (2002). The framework was successful in recognizing the identity of the defendants. Moreover, findings showed that the use of this framework uncovered the criminals' identification for resemblance (50 percent), consistency (30 percent), and population (20 percent). Implications of the study suggest this framework is a help for interrogators, judges, and attorneys to boost the efficacy of their profession.
The investigation of the classification of verbal and written recognition of criminals showed that court experts or linguists were able to identify the spoken/written identity of criminals with high certainty. In McMenamin's hierarchical method, the similarity method took the highest percentage, because this method is one of the simplest methods to discover the comparison of phonetic and written markers. In the 20 investigated cases, there were more signature and text message forgery cases than the rest of the crimes
 

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Objective: Infectious microorganisms are major sources of illness and death worldwide, and the leading cause of death in neonates. Effective vaccination of this age group is of particular importance. The lack of a response and greater susceptibility to tolerance are two major features that limit the effectiveness of vaccines in neonates. In this study we compare the cellular immune response generated following antigen injections at different times of life in newborn mice to that of adult mice. Methods: Adult and different age neonate mice were vaccinated with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). One week after the last injection, cellular immunity was assayed on spleen cells that targeted EL4 infected cells using lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay. Results: Antigen injection induced a decreased immune response in newborn mice compared with mice that had been immunized with subsequent injections.  In the adult group, due to the evolution of the immune system, we observed a stronger immune response. Conclusion: Immunization of newborn mice may induce a reduced response when compared to adult vaccinations. However this can be corrected by the administration of additional booster doses.

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In recent years, various studies about non-Fourier heat transfer in various media including porous media have been performed that have provided ‎contradictory results. In this article, the non-Fourier heat transfer in the porous media, especially the sand has been examined. In this regard, the ‎numerical solution of a non-Fourier thermal conductivity with a pulsed heat flow boundary condition has been studied and this condition for the non-‎Fourier models has been discretized and applied in the non-Fourier manner. In this way, first, the governing equation for the DPL model has been ‎solved with an explicit finite difference numerical method and its results have been studied and compared with the experimental data [1]. However, in ‎the process of numerical solution of the DPL model, the grid study has been performed before anything. Also, the Single-Phased Lagging (SPL) ‎model has been solved with an explicit numerical method and its results have been compared with the results of the DPL model and the experimental ‎data. In this article, like the reference [1], it has been shown that the DPL model can model the non-Fourier heat transfer so much better that the ‎Cattaneo’s model. ‎

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In this study, a galloping-based energy harvesting system is designed using a nonlinear energy harvesting sink (NES). In doing so, electromechanical equations of motion for the energy harvesting system are derived and the theoretical results are validated with experimental results. Then, three steps are presented to make system work efficiently. In the first step, several cross-section geometries for the bluff body are investigated and the results are verified by the Harmonic Balance Method. These results indicate that isosceles triangular section can harvest more energy than the other ones. In the second step, effect of changing the electrical load resistance on electromechanical behavior of the system is investigated and it is demonstrated that the maximum energy is harvested for load resistance values of more than 1 MΩ. In the third step, influence of changing the tip mass on the system is studied and it is shown that increasing the tip mass leads to increase the output voltage while the bluff body amplitudes remain constant. Consequently, the system is designed to work with the maximum possible tip mass which is about 35.3 gr. Finally, this system with a bluff body of isosceles triangular section can generate 700 mV using the load resistance value of 10 MΩ in the wind speed of 2.5 m/s. This system with the total mass of less than 500 gr and low-amplitude oscillations is designed to work properly in low wind speeds and presents an efficient application for low-power energy harvesting systems.

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The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of corn substitution with triticale in grower diets (zero, 50 and 100%) with/without exogenous enzyme supplementation on growth performance, digestive organs relative weight, jejunal morphology and blood lipids of quail chicks. Two hundred and forty one-day-old unsexed Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned to a completely randomized design experiment with six treatments, four replicates/treatment and 10 chicks/replicate. Substituted triticale for corn in quail grower diets didn’t have significant effect on finaly weight and daily body weight gain. In the quail chicks that fed triticale based diet, feed intake and feed conversion ratio significantly reduced compared those fed corn based diet. Inclusion triticale in the quail grower diets at different levels significantly decreased the crop relative weight, blood serum concentration of triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein and significantly increased large intestine relative weight. The villus height, crypt depth, villus surface area and villus height to crypt deep rate in the quail chicks that fed triticale-soy meal diet were significantly more than those fed corn-soy meal diet. Supplemented exogenous enzyme to the experimental diets didn’t have significant effect on whole studied traits, except significantly reduced duodenum relative weight. In conclusion, triticale is a good alternative for corn in quail grower diet, it can completely substitute for corn and have a decreasing effect for blood triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein.

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E-business Governance is the decision-making framework within which decisions about relationship, accountability, compliance, direction, and control in e-business activities are made. This structure make the e-commerce organization manage itself more effectively and prevent failure that take place by having not adequate attention to governing elements, risk of e-business, dynamic of standards, and rules. In this research by using literature review and interviews with experts, a questionnaire was designed and by analyzing the gathered data through surveys, the   e-business key success factors such as e-business enablers, corporate and IT governance, the best practices, management and strategy were extracted. Then these key factors were presented as the e-business governance models. The results of statistical analysis confirm that the model might be helpful in handling the process of e-business in Iran.
 

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The limitations of water supply in different countries have led researchers to propose the use of solar still as one of the solutions to the problem of water limitations. In this research, single-slope solar still have been used. Among the innovations of this research, it can be mentioned the improvement of the construction and maintenance of the solar still box by using PVC materials with a sliding absorber plate, as well as the use of wave makers to improve the performance of solar still. the wavemaker by creating surface and deep turbulences and increasing heat transfer, in addition to improving the performance of the solar stills, also prevents the accumulation of materials that are caused by stagnant water and reduce the heat transfer coefficient from the absorber plate. The results of the use of the wave maker showed that with the increase in the number of wave makers, the daily production and efficiency of the improved solar still also increased and reached 4324 ml/m2 per day and 42.6% respectively, which is about 40.2% and 9.7% more than conventional one. The results of the economic study of the improved solar stills also showed that the cost of producing of each liter of fresh water in improved still equipped with wave makers was 0.013 $, which was about 13% less than conventional one.

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MicroRNAs are endogenous noncoding RNA that play vital roles in all plant cellular metabolic processes by mediating target gene expression. To date, miRNAs in Taraxacum spp., which is an important industrial plant, have remained largely unknown. In the present study, 970 miRNAs from 399 families were identified in Taraxacum spp by conducting computational approaches. The most frequent miRNAs in Taraxacum spp was miR5021. According to the KEGG results, miR5021, miR838, and miR1533 are related to the terpene biosynthesis pathway, while miR5015b, and miR1436 are involved in the starch and sucrose biosynthesis pathways. Quantitative real-time PCR assay was performed to validate the expression levels of five predicted miRNAs and 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase (HMGCR) and invertase as the target genes. Results indicated that the highest relative expression of miR1533 and miR1436 occurred in the flower, while the highest transcripts levels of miR5015b were observed in the stem. In addition, the higher relative expression level of the miR5021 and miR838 was consistent with the lower expression level of the HMGCR gene in all tissue, suggesting that miR5021 and miR838 are involved in regulating HMGCR gene expression. Since mevalonate pathway is the main source of isopentenyl pyrophosphate, which is used in the synthesis of rubber, miR5021 and miR838 play an important role in the production of rubber by regulating the expression of HMGCR enzyme. These findings will accelerate future perspective studies on the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs in Taraxacum kok-saghyz.