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Aim: A theory-based research program can increase the participation of elderly people in terms of good nutritional behaviors. This study aimed at assessing the prediction of the nutritional improvement of elderly based on protection motivation theory (PMT).
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 elderly people over 60 years of age in the City of Hamadan in early April in 2016. The PMT-based questionnaire data were analyzed using measures of central tendency, dispersion, and independent t-tests.
Findings: The results showed that the knowledge item of the questionnaire had significant effect on all constructs of the model.
Conclusion: This study revealed that the PMT-based program had an effect on the improvement of nutritional performance of the elderly people; however, further investigations in other age and gender groups as well as using other educational methods are also recommended.

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Polysaccharides are one of biomacromolecules that, in addition to their peculiar physicochemical properties, possess promising biological capabilities depending on chemical structure. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of molecular weight of galactofucan polysaccharides from freshwater plant Azolla filiculoides on its ability to stimulate RAW264.7 macrophage cells and inhibition of oxidation reactions. Galactofucan polysaccharide was extracted by distilled water at 65°C for 2 hours and recovered using 70% ethanol. Polysaccharide hydrolysis was performed using 0.01N HCl at 100°C for 5, 10 and 15 minutes. Crude and hydrolyzed polysaccharides were mainly composed of neutral sugars (67.46-68.02%), lower amounts of uronic acids (4.48-4.53%) and ranged in the molecular weight of 99.4-783.0 × 10³ g/ mol. Crude and hydrolyzed polysaccharides were non-toxic and hydrolysis 15 resulted in the greatest stimulation of proinflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophage cells releasing a considerable amount of nitric oxide (55.6 μmol) into culture medium. Hydrolysis 15 led to the highest DPPH radical scavenging (65.2%) and Fe³⁺ reducing power (0.5 Abs). Overall, the present findings indicated that galactofucan polysaccharides have the ability to boost immune system and inhibit oxidation reactions and that molecular weight reduction to specific levels could improve the biological activities. 

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Tourism plays a growing role in developing countries and is considered as a way of government deficit reduction, gaining foreign exchange and creating jobs. In addition, it is viewed as a channel of getting away from single product economies. In fact, tourism is an industry with multi-dimensional impacts on different sectors of economy. Therefore, it can also be viewed as an important development factor in Isfahan province. In this study, the impacts of international tourist expenditures on income generation, allocation, distribution, consumption and savings in different economic sectors of Isfahan province has been analyzed using Social Account Matrix (SAM) technique, supported by input-output matrix. The results show that financial sector has a very poor performance in this regard in terms of generating revenues coming from international tourists. Although the government sector has the highest share regarding the initial allocation of income, but due to the transactions happening among structural sectors, households have been the main gainers of this income generation. In fact, almost 84% of the generated revenues in this way have been consumed.

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In today competitive environment, increasing supply chain efficiency has considerable importance in success of firms. Various factors limit this increase, which are referred as supply chain complexities. Identification of these complexities and dealing with them is essential. This paper attempts to introduce and apply an efficient and effective method for dealing with complexity of supply chain. This method is based on systemic principles of theory of constraints. This research shows how a manager can use logical tools of theory of constraints thinking processes (TOC TP) to identify and deal with root causes of supply chain complexity. This approach was implemented partially in a paper manufacturing firm in Iran. Data were gathered by questionnaires and interviews and analyzed interactively with supply chain managers and experts of the firm in order to get valid results. In this case, three first steps of TOC TP i.e. drawing intermediate objective (IO) map, current reality tree (CRT) and conflict remove diagram (CRD) are performed. The results show that these logical diagrams are useful tools to identify supply chain complexity drivers and determine root causes of them.

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             Directors of companies are elected to manage the companies but elected directors of the companies do not direct always, rather the parties direct the company from the behind of the direction scenes; they are shadow directors. With the review of identification criteria and sanctions of shadow director in the England and Iranian law, the following results have been obtained: a) Shadow director is a person who directs the company from the behind of the direction scenes; b) Shadow director must be continuously controlled on the majority of board members; c) Shadow director in the English law is the director of company; d) In case of violation of the obligations and duties of directors, the shadow director is responsible while he/she is not obtaining benefits of direction; and e) shadow director is not responsible in the rule of liability in the Iranian Law.     
 

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Due to the importance of the Corporate bankruptcy is more importance issue in subject of bankruptcy; because several groups engage in this financial crisis. The purpose of the bankruptcy legislators is to decrease negative influences of that crisis. The economic approaches in bankruptcy proceeding is maximize the value of corporate bankruptcy estate. One of the best approaches in this case is theory of “deepening insolvency”. This theory has been described as an injury to the debtors’ corporate property from the fraudulent expansion of corporate debt and prolongation of corporate life. Some courts permitted deepening insolvency to be asserted as a theory of damages and some courts held that this theory would be recognized as a cause of action and other courts rejected that.
The legal entity of “delaying bankruptcy” is most similar to the theory of “deepening insolvency” in Iranian law. Iranian legislator not paying attention to the tort in the legal entity of “delaying bankruptcy”. Nevertheless, can be accepted that damage caused from deepening insolvency be compensated in general civil liability rules.