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In graded structure aerogels, change of pores diameter through the thickness affects the effective thermal conductivity. As the pores diameter is reversely correlated to the density, the effective thermal conductivity of aerogel is often normalized to the density and it is expressed as the B parameter. Lower values of B would be the optimum conditions for the resulting aerogel. The objective of this work is to simulate the heat transfer of the homogenous structures and to compare it with structures that pore diameter vary through the thickness. For this purpose, the structure characteristics and properties of silica aerogel along with the effect of coupling thermal conductivity have to be taken into consideration. Using the COMSOLMultiphysics®software, the heat transfer was modeled for a number of cases, including homogenous structures with minimum density (L), maximum density (H) and for an optimum structure (OPT) having a minimum value of the B parameter. The results were compared to thestructurally graded aerogels in which the density was varied in two fashions, from higher values to lower (HtL) and from lower to higher values (LtH). The change of temperature with time was tracked for all the cases. Results indicated that the minimum value of heat transfer was obtained for the structurally graded aerogel of the type of LtH (a 2-percent increase of efficiency for LtH when compared to the optimum structure (OPT)). Therefore, this structure introduce as the best candidate for producing a thermal insulator.

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Aim: Nowadays, sexual behaviours of the youths have turned into a controversial issue all over the world due to widespread sexually transmitted infections (STIs), human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and unwanted pregnancies. Regarding the increasing interactions of the youths with their friends and peers in Iranian society in the recent years, this research was conducted to explain the role of friends and peers to establish pre-marital sexual relationships among the youths.
Methods: This qualitative research was conducted on 30 single boys and girls aged 18-24 years, living in Isfahan, Iran, who had already started sexual activities and 17 other participants who were in a way involved in the experienced events by the youths. Data collection was done using semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using conventional content analysis.
Findings: After analyzing the interviews, two sub-categories emerged including "being influenced by friends and peers" and "exchanging sexual information and contents", which were entitled “The effects of youths, interactions with friends and peers” as the main category.
Conclusion: Considering the important role of friends and peers in shaping pre-marital sexual relationships among the youths, providing them with comprehensive educational programs about STIs, HIV/AIDS, and sexual health protection through peer-based educational approach is necessary.

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The energy crisis of the twentieth century, numerous crises in the developing countries of the importance and necessity of contemporary architecture in particular. Industry construction industry as one of the important and influential countries, more than ever, it has become important. The changes in the construction industry, increasing energy consumption have followed. In other words, the construction industry is one of the most important and most active in numerous industries that energy efficiency is of utmost importance. The aim of this study was to assess the design and development of indigenous energy efficiency in buildings in the city of Tehran. In other words, the operational objective of this study was to evaluate and measure the energy efficiency in buildings in Tehran and practical to develop a model to measure energy efficiency in
buildings in the city of Tehran. To perform the analysis, the quality measurement values using techniques of comparative research method is descriptive - analytical approach used logical reasoning. Finally, the review and evaluation of energy efficiency, suggestions and recommendations for improving energy efficiency evaluation method is proposed with a native look.

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Contamination of water and soil with heavy metals poses serious risks and threats to human health and the environment, and therefore finding an effective solution to remove these metals is very necessary. In this research, magnetic nanoparticles MnFe₂O₄ @ SiO₂ functionalized with N-phosphonomethyl aminodiacetic acid with core-shell structure were synthesized. These nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, (TGA) thermal gravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and (VSM) vibration sample magnetometer. The performance of this synthetic nanoadsorbent for removing Cr (VI), Cu (II) ions from aqueous solutions was evaluated by various parameters such as adsorbent amount, contact time effect on adsorption rate and pH effect. The results show that the adsorption efficiency increases with raising pH (2.5-5) and the best adsorbent performance in the adsorption process of Cr ((VI) and Cu (II) ions at pH 7 was observed. The amount of R in the Freundlich adsorption diagram of copper ion is higher than the Langmuir isotherm. As a result, the adsorption of copper ions on the adsorbent follows the Freundlich adsorption equation. In addition, the amount of R in the Freundlich adsorption diagram for chromium ion is higher than the Langmuir isotherm. Therefore, the absorption of chromium ions on the adsorbent follows the Freundlich adsorption equation. In conclusion, a high n value indicates a favorable and effective absorption in the Freundlich equation. The adsorption data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model. In addition, the recyclability and reuse of the adsorbent was investigated. The results show that no significant reduction in adsorbent activity is observed.
 

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Aims: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotion focused therapy on the metaphorical perception of pain and time in patients with musculoskeletal pain.
Materials & Methods: The study method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and control group. The population was all people with chronic pain in the 2024 in Tehran. According to this purpose, 30 patients with musculoskeletal pain were selected voluntarily and randomly assigned to intervention and control groups (experimental group=15, and control group=15). The Questionnaire of the study was Raiisi`s Pain Metaphorical Perception, and Raiisi`s Time Metaphorical Perception. The experimental group received twelve sessions of 90-minute emotion focused therapy. The control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance by SPSS-26.
Findings: The results indicated that emotion focused therapy significantly increased components of pain (object, force, human, and causality), and time metaphorical perception (matter, place, and object) in patients with musculoskeletal pain (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The findings of this research emphasized the effectiveness of emotion focused therapy on the pain, and time metaphorical perception. As a result, evidence-based psychotherapeutic approaches such as emotion focused therapy can influence metaphorical understanding.
 

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Aims: The success of COVID-19 vaccination depends on public acceptance of the vaccine. It is necessary to evaluate the factors affecting vaccine acceptance to increase the acceptance of vaccination. The current study aimed to determine the relationships between the three components of the COM-B (capability, motivation, and opportunity) model and the explanatory domains of each component.
Instrument & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1102 adults aged 18 years and older were selected through multi-stage sampling and received an online questionnaire on the WhatsApp platform in February 2021. Structure equation modeling was used to investigate the factors affecting vaccine acceptance.
Findings: Of the 1102 respondents, 938 respondents (85.1%) wanted to get vaccinated. The main indicators for the COM-B components were "behavioral regulation"(capability), "subjective norms and social support" (opportunity) and "social role" (motivation). Opportunity strongly predicted motivation (93%) and Covid-19 vaccine acceptance (74%). Motivation and capability were mediator for opportunity on vaccine acceptance.
Conclusion: Providing environmental and interpersonal conditions by creating capability and motivation in people increases vaccine acceptance.
 

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The microalgal strain Aurantiochytrium sp. shy contains considerable amounts of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), chiefly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with potential pharmaceutical and health-related attributes. Effects of various concentrations of glucose, meat extract, monosodium glutamate and sea salt on the algal biomass and DHA production have been investigated in this study. Maximum algal biomass (7.1 g/l) was obtained when the culture medium contained 60 g/l of glucose, 6 g/l of meat extract, 6 g/l monosodium glutamate and sea salt at 25ppt. Lipid contents of the alga exceeded 30% of its dry cell weight, with palmitic acid and DHA as the most abundant components. When the effect of a single additive was concerned, meat extract was significantly effective, while interaction between meat extract and glucose was the most effective in comparison with other interactions (P < 0.0001). According to the results, glucose can assure more algal and fatty acids production when adequate amounts of meat extract exist in the culture medium. Optimal results attained when the ratios of glucose to meat extract and C/N concentrations were 10 and 5, respectively. Due to its remarkable growth rate and the capability to produce substantial quantities of biomass and fatty acids, Aurantiochytrium sp.shy was found to be a major source of the beneficial ingredients, whose productivity can magnify if its culture conditions is optimized using favorable blend of growth-promoting materials.
 

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     The Armey curve demonstrates a non linear relationship between government size and economic growth. This study used threshold regression approach in order to test the Armey curve relationship between government size and economic growth in Iran. Two sector production function proposed by Rati Ram (1986) and three indices of government size are used in this paper. The results reveal that a non linear relationship between all indices of government size and economic growth does not exist in Iran.

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The geometric mean particle diameter (dg) and lime are two of the most important properties from the viewpoint of soil management. Nowadays remote sensing technology which has emerged walking with science development throughout the world, has made soil study faster, more facile and more cost-efficient. An investigation of soil dg and lime was performed in Pol-e-Dokhtar area by use of four sets of spectral data of IRS P6, LISS III obtained from the Organizations of Geography of Armed Forces and Aerospace of Iran, in September 7th 2007. Subsequently, Principle Component Analysis, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Soil Line Euclidean Distance and Unsupervised Classification was carried out for satellite data sets following image preprocessing operations. Through stratified randomized sampling method and according to the false color composite and photomorphic units of the main image, 95 samples were selected and eventually collected from 0-5cm depth of soil surface, likewise 43 samples from 5-20cm. Afterwards, dg and lime contents were determined for each sampled point in soil laboratory. By means of multivariate regression operations there were eventually shown pronounced relationships (P< 0.01) between soil dg and lime with green (R2adj= 0.78) and NIR (R2adj= 0.77) bands in the first sampling depth. In addition, this was true for the second sampling depth with green (R2adj= 0.57), NIR (R2adj= 0.55) and red (R2adj= 0.59) bands with lower coefficients of determination. Consequently it has been substantiated with evidence that dg and lime contents are able to impress soil spectral reflectance. So it is possible to find out about these parameters using satellite and ancillary data.

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Aims: Hypertension is a critical health condition requiring consistent medical adherence to prevent complications. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a cardiovascular risk assessment and an educational intervention grounded in the Health Belief Model (HBM) on medication adherence among patients with hypertension.
Materials & Methods: A semi-experimental study was conducted with three groups: a combined risk assessment and education group, a risk assessment-only group, and a control group, each consisting of 40 patients. Cardiovascular risk was individually assessed in both intervention groups using the Framingham model, with risk categories (low, moderate, high) explained to personalize the intervention and enhance perceived susceptibility. Additionally, patients in the combined intervention group received an educational booklet structured around HBM components. All participants completed questionnaires measuring knowledge, HBM constructs, the Morisky Medication Adherence Questionnaire, and treatment compliance (measured by the ratio of consumed to prescribed medications) at baseline and after three months. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 26.
Findings: The three groups were demographically comparable. Over time, the combined intervention group showed significant improvements in all HBM constructs. The risk assessment-only group demonstrated improvements in perceived barriers, perceived benefits, self-efficacy, and awareness. Both intervention groups exhibited enhanced treatment compliance and medication adherence compared to the control group.
Conclusion: The combined educational and risk assessment intervention proved more effective in improving awareness and strengthening HBM constructs than risk assessment alone.

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Abstract In this experimental study, behavior of rock-like specimens with smooth and rough cracks has been investigated in closed and open condition under uniaxial loading. To study the behavior, physical models made up cement, gypsum and water with 10 20 5 cm of dimensions were used. Open and closed joints with smooth and rough surfaces were located at the center of specimens. The length and inclination angle of cracks are selected 6, 5and 4 cm and 30, 45 and 60 degree, respectively. Results shows depend on crack length and crack inclination angle two types of cracks (wing and secondary) propagation from the pre-existing cracks tips. Inclination angle, length and closed or open condition of cracks effects on crack initiation stress. Crack initiation stress for specimens with rough joints is higher than smooth ones. The criterion is presented for diagnosis of secondary crack propagation for samples with one crack.

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In this article, nonlinear bending analysis of single-layered circular graphene sheet is studied. The equilibrium equations are derived based on the nonlocal continuum mechanics and principle of virtual work and first order shear deformation plate theory (FSDT). Differential quadrature method is used to discretize the equilibrium equations. In this method a non-uniform mesh point distribution (Chebyshev- Gauss- Lobatto) is used for provide accuracy of solutions and convergence rate. The effect of nonlocal parameter, thickness, number of grid points and lateral loading are investigated on deflection of graphene sheet. The results are compared with valid results reported in the literature.

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After the industrial economy span that caused many changes in the human life and the human systems, now we are facing a new era in the electronic revolution. One of the symbols of this electronic revolution is Mobile Commerce. Nowadays, this new style of trading has been used in many parts of the globe especially, in the developing countries. Now the fundamental question is how to design and explain the business development model. To solve this issue, the present exploratory study has been conducted, with the scoring and weighting the extracted factors and making items for them, by the Delphi panel of experts (during four rounds), the researcher found three dimensions (technological, social and personality) and twelve new variables. These variables formed the conceptual model of Mobile Commerce. The conceptual model has been examined in the Iranian Virtual Society with designed questionnaire and using AMOS software. The collected data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling. For this purpose, initially the structural relationships have been tested by using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, then with a Path Analysis approach the hypotheses have been examined. At the end this research, with the future studies approach and adding the time dimension to the three dimensions, makes the model more dynamic.

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The purpose of this study is to generate two-phase flow patterns and to obtain a flow pattern map for two phases as water and air in a vertical pipe which is made of transparent Plexiglas. The pipe specification is 50 mm diameter and 390 cm length. In this attempt the average velocity of the Taylor bubble will be calculate. In order to facilitate this research work, a two phase flow was designed, built and adjusted at Tarbiat Modares University Two-phase flow laboratory. Three flow patterns as bubbly, slug and churn flow are generated and examined for 320 runs of different superficial velocities of air and water. A seven-layer distributor with the ability to change the number of bubbles produced is used to create a bubbly flow pattern at the air inlet. The effect of the superficial velocities of each phase on the flow pattern was evaluated and a flow pattern map was presented for 320 different data. By processing the images obtained from the high-speed camera, the average Taylor bubble velocity was calculated for different flow conditions with uncertainty in calculating the velocity. Also, for 5 different velocities of the liquid phase, a diagram of the average velocity of Taylor velocity with increasing gas velocity was drawn and compared with the Nicklin correlation which can be found in the literature

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In the current study, ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Cucurbita seeds was performed using ultrasound amplitude of 50%, temperature of 57 °C and 54 min sonication time. The major phenolic compounds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The effect of bioactive compounds on the oxidative stability of ground mutton beef at refrigerated temperature was evaluated. The values of pH, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and sensorial evaluation were performed during storage of samples considering 5-day intervals. According to the results, coumaric acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, and protocatechuic acid were detected in the bioactive compounds extracted while coumaric acid (14.36 ± 0.17 mg/g) showed the highest content among the others. The highest value of PV was determined in the negative control, while the lower values were observed in the samples treated with natural and then synthetic bioactive compounds during 15 days of storage at 4 °C. According to the results from sensorial analysis, the improved characteristics of color, odor, and total acceptance was observed in the treated samples with the bioactive compounds obtained from Cucurbita seeds.
 

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Three different levels of biochar addition in soil (0, 1, 2 kg m^-2) and simultaneous irrigation treatments (50, 85, and 120% of crop Evapotranspiration (ET_c)) were applied to basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) for two consecutive years (2018 and 2019). Central Composite Design (CCD) was used as an experimental optimization method, and 13 given experiments were carried out. The study was performed at the research farm of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The effects of these treatments were evaluated on biochemical attributes (total chlorophyll, total phenol, and total soluble carbohydrates) and morphological criteria (biological yield, height, seed yield, and harvest index). Then, all the results were statistically analyzed. The results revealed that biochar amendment in the soil decreased all examined biochemical characteristics. Meanwhile, biochar in the soil strengthened the morphological properties of the basil plant. Also, the basil plant significantly responded to the amount of irrigation levels. High levels of water treatments reduced total phenol and total soluble carbohydrates and raised all other measured factors. Statistical analysis shows no significant relationship between 2-way-interaction (biochar×irrigation) and measured factors, except total soluble carbohydrates.

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