Search published articles
Showing 14 results for Nobahar
Mrs Zhila Saleki, Dr Reza Ranjpour, Dr Elham Nobahar,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
The central bank operates by setting an inflation target and implementing monetary policies to achieve its economic goals. The accurate estimation and calculation of actual inflation in society are crucial for establishing the correct inflation target. Any discrepancy between the set inflation target and real inflation can disrupt the central bank's policy-making. If the actual inflation differs from the inflation perceived by society, it can further complicate the central bank's decision-making process.
Society's perception of inflation, as reflected in inflation expectations, refers to consumers' personal feelings and assessments of the rate at which market prices are rising. This perception is often associated with an increase in the cost of living, products, and services, as well as a decrease in the standard of living. Criticisms have been raised regarding the rationality of individuals when estimating inflation rates. Carroll's epidemiological model (2001) posits that individuals form their expectations of future inflation based on the information they receive, such as expert forecasts published in articles. Those who do not encounter such articles may rely on previous inflation statistics and forecasts they have come across.
Initially, the influence of the media on society's perception of inflation was considered. Subsequent developments in this theory led to the identification of various experimental factors from different societal studies that can impact this perception. It is crucially important to note that factors other than those involved in the calculation of the inflation rate can also influence this index.
Methodology
This study investigates inflation perception through both qualitative and quantitative approaches and explores its relationship with potential influencing factors. The Consumer Inflation Expectations Index quantifies the percentage by which consumers anticipate prices of goods and services to fluctuate over the next 12 months. The index is constructed by developing a questionnaire that reflects the socio-economic conditions of the countries under study. The questionnaire encompasses various inquiries pertaining to past experiences of price changes, personal financial circumstances, business conditions, purchasing power, expectations regarding interest rates and inflation, and significant purchasing and saving intentions. Understanding the determinants of perceived inflation is vital for the efficacious implementation of policies within a society. This research was conducted within a comprehensive framework, evaluating a sample of 384 consumers in the city of Tabriz. Participants were selected randomly in November 2023 and consisted of either household heads or family members responsible for a substantial proportion of household expenditures, all aged 15 and older. The causal-comparative method was utilized to analyze the collected data, acknowledging that individual perceptions of inflation may be influenced by variables such as geographical location, gender, level of knowledge and education, performance, attitude, and subjective norms. Some of these variables may be inherent traits that are unchangeable, while others may be external factors beyond the control of the researcher or unethical to manipulate. Furthermore, this method was employed to identify factors associated with unsuccessful policy implementation to prevent their recurrence, as well as to pinpoint and cultivate beneficial factors.
Findings
The survey results from this study indicate that the perceived inflation rate in Tabriz in November 2023 was 70.54%, compared to 50.40% as reported by the Iranian Statistics Center for the same period, showing a discrepancy of approximately 20.14% between the community's perceived inflation rate and the official inflation rate. Additionally, the perceived inflation rate for October 2023 was estimated at 59.80%, which is higher than the official inflation rate of 51.20%. The forecasted perceived inflation rate for December 2023 was also examined, estimated at 57.83%, showing a decreasing trend compared to November's perceived inflation rate. This rate was compared with the official rate of 70.49% reported by the Statistics Center. The significant gap between perceived and official inflation rates confirms the high bias in the perceived inflation rate relative to the official rate and indicates a concurrent movement between the actual inflation rate and the perceived inflation rate. As a result, the impact of expected inflation, derived from perceived inflation, on the official inflation rate is validated. The results also revealed that perceived inflation rates are higher among women, part-time employees, manufacturing workers, unemployed educated individuals, and married people. Factors such as very low knowledge of the concept of inflation and related statistics, incorrect recollection of past prices, the disproportionate effect of frequent purchases, asymmetric perception of price increases and decreases, and household income levels play a significant role in explaining the highest perceptions of inflation rates. Furthermore, individual behaviors in purchasing and consuming goods have led to increased perceptions of inflation. The role of media and social networks in shaping inflation perceptions has been very prominent, with the highest perceived inflation rates attributed to the influence of reports from foreign media. Changes in the gold and currency markets also had the greatest impact on consumers' inflation rate estimates.
Discussion and Conclusion
The achievement of objectives stemming from policy implementation relies heavily on the accurate estimation of the said policies and the factors influencing their execution. This study has revealed that the perceived inflation rate and its influencing factors may deviate from the official inflation rate and its contributing factors. Inaccurate estimations heighten the risk of policy misalignments with predetermined goals. It is therefore imperative that estimating the perceived inflation rate and its influencing factors falls within the purview of executing centers and is factored into the planning of societal policies as a whole
The central bank operates by setting an inflation target and implementing monetary policies to achieve its economic goals. The accurate estimation and calculation of actual inflation in society are crucial for establishing the correct inflation target. Any discrepancy between the set inflation target and real inflation can disrupt the central bank's policy-making. If the actual inflation differs from the inflation perceived by society, it can further complicate the central bank's decision-making process.
Society's perception of inflation, as reflected in inflation expectations, refers to consumers' personal feelings and assessments of the rate at which market prices are rising. This perception is often associated with an increase in the cost of living, products, and services, as well as a decrease in the standard of living. Criticisms have been raised regarding the rationality of individuals when estimating inflation rates. Carroll's epidemiological model (2001) posits that individuals form their expectations of future inflation based on the information they receive, such as expert forecasts published in articles. Those who do not encounter such articles may rely on previous inflation statistics and forecasts they have come across.
Initially, the influence of the media on society's perception of inflation was considered. Subsequent developments in this theory led to the identification of various experimental factors from different societal studies that can impact this perception. It is crucially important to note that factors other than those involved in the calculation of the inflation rate can also influence this index.
Methodology
This study investigates inflation perception through both qualitative and quantitative approaches and explores its relationship with potential influencing factors. The Consumer Inflation Expectations Index quantifies the percentage by which consumers anticipate prices of goods and services to fluctuate over the next 12 months. The index is constructed by developing a questionnaire that reflects the socio-economic conditions of the countries under study. The questionnaire encompasses various inquiries pertaining to past experiences of price changes, personal financial circumstances, business conditions, purchasing power, expectations regarding interest rates and inflation, and significant purchasing and saving intentions. Understanding the determinants of perceived inflation is vital for the efficacious implementation of policies within a society. This research was conducted within a comprehensive framework, evaluating a sample of 384 consumers in the city of Tabriz. Participants were selected randomly in November 2023 and consisted of either household heads or family members responsible for a substantial proportion of household expenditures, all aged 15 and older. The causal-comparative method was utilized to analyze the collected data, acknowledging that individual perceptions of inflation may be influenced by variables such as geographical location, gender, level of knowledge and education, performance, attitude, and subjective norms. Some of these variables may be inherent traits that are unchangeable, while others may be external factors beyond the control of the researcher or unethical to manipulate. Furthermore, this method was employed to identify factors associated with unsuccessful policy implementation to prevent their recurrence, as well as to pinpoint and cultivate beneficial factors.
Findings
The survey results from this study indicate that the perceived inflation rate in Tabriz in November 2023 was 70.54%, compared to 50.40% as reported by the Iranian Statistics Center for the same period, showing a discrepancy of approximately 20.14% between the community's perceived inflation rate and the official inflation rate. Additionally, the perceived inflation rate for October 2023 was estimated at 59.80%, which is higher than the official inflation rate of 51.20%. The forecasted perceived inflation rate for December 2023 was also examined, estimated at 57.83%, showing a decreasing trend compared to November's perceived inflation rate. This rate was compared with the official rate of 70.49% reported by the Statistics Center. The significant gap between perceived and official inflation rates confirms the high bias in the perceived inflation rate relative to the official rate and indicates a concurrent movement between the actual inflation rate and the perceived inflation rate. As a result, the impact of expected inflation, derived from perceived inflation, on the official inflation rate is validated. The results also revealed that perceived inflation rates are higher among women, part-time employees, manufacturing workers, unemployed educated individuals, and married people. Factors such as very low knowledge of the concept of inflation and related statistics, incorrect recollection of past prices, the disproportionate effect of frequent purchases, asymmetric perception of price increases and decreases, and household income levels play a significant role in explaining the highest perceptions of inflation rates. Furthermore, individual behaviors in purchasing and consuming goods have led to increased perceptions of inflation. The role of media and social networks in shaping inflation perceptions has been very prominent, with the highest perceived inflation rates attributed to the influence of reports from foreign media. Changes in the gold and currency markets also had the greatest impact on consumers' inflation rate estimates.
Discussion and Conclusion
The achievement of objectives stemming from policy implementation relies heavily on the accurate estimation of the said policies and the factors influencing their execution. This study has revealed that the perceived inflation rate and its influencing factors may deviate from the official inflation rate and its contributing factors. Inaccurate estimations heighten the risk of policy misalignments with predetermined goals. It is therefore imperative that estimating the perceived inflation rate and its influencing factors falls within the purview of executing centers and is factored into the planning of societal policies as a whole
Volume 1, Issue 1 (Spring 2021)
Abstract
This article highlights some Islamic jurisprudential (fiqhī) principles which require reduction and restriction of death penalty. According to this article, in Islamic view the permissibility of capital punishment is very limited and narrow. Minimalistic approach to capital punishment includes fixed punishment (had), just retaliation (qisās) and discretionary punishment (ta’zir). The article also studies some procedural factors, which in their turn, result in the reduction of the numbers of capital punishment. Of them is proportionality between the epistemic value of the evidence and the content it is supposed to prove. The necessity of observing humane considerations in the performance of death penalty, in a few cases in which it is permitted, is also briefly discussed. In other words, performance of death penalty should be with the lowest level of pain when it is permitted.
Volume 5, Issue 3 (12-2015)
Abstract
Performance evaluation has always been considered as one of the critical issues in every and each organization. In order to identify, adjust and apply the changes in their short-term and long-term goals, every organization needs to evaluate its performance continuously. Considering the key role of banks as one of the most important financial and economic parts of any society, it is important to evaluate the performance of these financial institution. In this study, 100 third level branches of Keshavarzi Bank were evaluated with 36 sub-indicators (7 inputs and 29 outputs) and these 36 sub-indicators were clustered in 3 inputs and 7 outputs. In this research, CCR-O model is used as the main model and to reduce the number of sub-indicators and obtain main-indicators three scenarios were performed (simple average, weighted average by using weights from AHP and Principle Component Analysis (PCA)) and outputs of these three scenarios were used as CCR-O inputs. Finally, increasing of discrimination power in all three scenarios was examined using coefficient of variation and it was understood that discrimination power in PCA-DEA scenario increased more than the other two.
Volume 10, Issue 3 (Fall 2006)
Abstract
This article, among all kinds of human trafficking, deals with the trafficking of women for prostitution. First it examiness the grounds on which trafficking of women for prostitution is prohibited. Then, the position of "The trafficking of women for prostitution", as a crime in the framework of Islamic Criminal Jurisprudence, is discussed and concluded that it is among Taazirat (Discretionary Punishments), not Hodood (Prescribed Punishments). So, Islamic Criminal Justice can respond proportionately to the different degrees of this crime by providing useful punishments. The article Then examines the compatibility of Islamic thinking with prevention and protective approach to the victims of this crime. In the second part, it comparatively reviews the universal current approach on the issue which has been reflected in the "Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children" which emphasizes the prevention, criminalization and providing appropriate punishments and protection of victims and the attitude of Iranian legislator to the issue, especially its latest measure in enacting "The Act Against Human Trafficking in 2005". The article concludes that the attitudes of the above Convention are generally compatible with Islamic approach and suggests some solutions for clarity and usefulness of the Iranian regulations.
Volume 12, Issue 2 (9-2022)
Abstract
Considering the development of technology and the increasing importance of online food ordering channels, this study aims to compare the effect of online food ordering channels on customers' purchase intention. This research is descriptive-analytical in nature, practical in terms of purpose, and based on the survey method. In the beginning, by reviewing the subject literature, the conceptual model of the research was obtained and led to model hypotheses that were tested by the structural equation modeling and partial least squares (PLS-SEM) approach in two outsourcing channels including Snapfood and the internal website of well-known chain restaurants in Tehran. Findings prove the positive effect of service quality, service attractiveness, and fair price on the perceived value of the distribution channel, while channel reputation has no significant effect on the perceived value of customers. Moreover, the results depict that the perceived value of distribution channels, customer satisfaction, and word-of-mouth advertising has a significant positive effect on the customer's purchase intention through the online channel, although there is an intensive total effect (indirect and direct) of perceived value on the customer's purchase intention In the outsourcing channel, contrary to the internal website.
Mansour Khalili Araghi, Elham Nobahar, Ameneh Ghaemi Dizaji,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (Autumn 2013 2013)
Volume 13, Issue 3 (Autumn 2013 2013)
Abstract
In the holy sharia of Islam, there are rules and regulations for all kinds of transactions. Some of transactions are forbidden. The rule of denial of Gharar is one of these forbidden transactions. According to this rule, all transactions, which face with risk resulting from ambiguity in the deal, ambiguity in ability to give or receive goods or ambiguity in the essential characteristics of the deal, in such a way these terminate to loss are forbidden. In this paper, the rule of denial of Gharar as one of main economic rules of Islam is examined using game theory technique. The main purpose of this paper is to show the futility reasons of Gharar deals in Islam. In this regard, a hypothetical Gharar transaction is modeled in the framework of game with asymmetric information, and its consequences for the society are investigated. The results show that disregarding this valuable Islamic rule imposes extra costs on society and decreases the social utility. It is demonstrated that if the problem of asymmetric information is resolved, the possibility of Gharar transactions will be reduced and the welfare of the society will be enhanced.
Volume 14, Issue 6 (11-2012)
Abstract
Yoghurt ice cream (YIC) or frozen yoghurt dessert can be regarded as a healthy alternative to plain ice cream. Also use of soy derived products in food formulations can lead to the development of products of improved nutritional and health promoting values. Yoghurt ice cream was prepared using full-fat soy flour to substitute 55% of non fat dry milk content. Product formulation comprised of 12% SNF, 10% fat, 18% sucrose, 0.4% stabilizer-emulsifier and 0.1% vanillin. The effect of incorporating yoghurt at the rate of 5.3%,15.9%, 26.5%, 37.1% and 47.7% of the total ice cream mix on the flow behavior, physico-chemical and sensory properties of Yoghurt Ice Cream was evaluated as compared with control, devoid of any yoghurt. The mixes all showed pseudoplastic flow behavior, with the viscosity increasing from 0.7 to 1.57 pa s when the yoghurt content increased from 0 to 47.7%. Higher contents of yoghurt in the mixes significantly improved the melting rate of the yoghurt ice cream where the minimum melting rate (16%) was obtained for the sample of 47.7% yoghurt content. The highest overrun value of 58% was obtained for the sample containing 15.9% yoghurt. However the specific gravity of the product decreased with increasing yoghurt content with the highest specific gravity of 1.108 being recorded for control. In the light of these findings, it can be concluded that yoghurt ice cream, containing full fat soy flour, can be successfully made by incorporating 25.6% yoghurt in the mix with the end product maintaining its acceptable sensory characteristics.
Mansour Khalili Araghi, Elham Nobahar, Mahboobeh Kabiri Renani,
Volume 16, Issue 4 (winter 2016 2016)
Volume 16, Issue 4 (winter 2016 2016)
Abstract
According to the Holy Islam, there are mutual relationships between citizens and the state in an Islamic society; which imply complement duties for both sides. The Sharia has defined different responsibilities for the citizens, which in accordance with the Islamic state will result in a better society. Among these responsibilities is the reaction of a Muslim when witnessing a crime in the society. By using the game theory approach we have studied the consequences of two Islamic orders, i.e. enjoining right and forbidding wrong. We have modeled the reactions of the people when seeing a crime in the society in the framework of a strategic game with VNM preferences. The results show that not paying enough attention to these two valuable orders would reduce the individual and social utility. In other words, if people follow the enjoining right and forbidding wrong, the economic and social costs of crime for the society will decrease and the social welfare will increase.
Volume 18, Issue 4 (Winter 2014)
Abstract
Cancellation of Hadd (prescribed punishment) is prohibited in some Islamic narrations. These narrations have often been interpreted and construed as referring to Hodoud as opposed to Tazira’t and their inflexible implementation. According to such an inflexible reading of the texts, Hodoud would not be flexible enough to cover all the necessary expediencies, and would not be compatible with the requirements of different circumstances and conditions. By critically analyzing the content of these narrations, this article comes to the conclusion that they are not specifically related to Hodoud. Rather, they are talking about punishment, in general, and that any unjustified ignorance and abolitionist approach to the punishment is not acceptable: be the punishment Had or Ta’zir. So the main objective of these narrations is not to emphasize rigidity, inflexibility, and unreasonable seriousness in Hodoud in their idiomatic sense; rather they are emphasizing the certainty of punishments in general. Also the article criticizes some rules inferred from the narrations.
*Corresponding author’s e-mail: r-nobahar@sbu.ac.ir
Volume 23, Issue 3 (10-2019)
Abstract
Today, according to the international significance of sustainability, scholars aim to develop sustainability assessment models within the banking industry. Since that, the banks affect the development of sustainability within the countries both directly and indirectly. The purpose of the present study is to provide a comprehensive Assessment Model for the Iranian banking system, which evaluates the bank's sustainability through different aspects. Therefore, as implied research with a descriptive mixed method, the study employed a Meta-synthesis approach in order to obtain codes, themes, and categories of sustainability in the banking industry. In the following, ISM structured a network of relationships between the themes as a model while ANP helped to determine the weights of the themes and categories. Ultimately using the content analysis, the sustainability information of the banks extracted to feed the provided model, which lead to the sustainability computation of 27 governmental and non-governmental Iranian banks. As a result, Pasargad Bank ranked first, while Ayande and Melli Banks ranked second and third respectively. Moreover, it became clear that the average sustainability score of non-governmental was higher than governmental banks, while most of them neglect the environmental issues, which needs to be considered in their strategies
Dr Elham Nobahar, Dr Seyed Kamal Sadeghi, Mr Hadi Kheirollahi Zaki,
Volume 24, Issue 3 (Autumn 2024)
Volume 24, Issue 3 (Autumn 2024)
Abstract
Introduction
Crime is a multifaceted phenomenon that has always attracted the attention of economists, sociologists, lawyers and psychologists. Many experts and economic pioneers consider it necessary to achieve economic development to improve the level of security and reduce crime in the society. Since the occurrence of any phenomenon is affected by various factors, the occurrence of crime as an undesirable phenomenon is not excluded from this rule. Various economic, social and political factors affect crime in society. Identifying these factors can help a lot in the correct understanding and appropriate policy making in order to control and reduce the crime rate in the society. Meanwhile, one of the most important economic factors affecting crime is unemployment. Unemployment is one of the most important macroeconomic variables, which clearly affects many social phenomena, including crime. In this regard, the main goal of the present study is to investigate the relationship between unemployment and crime and to identify factors affecting crime in the Iranian cities. The statistical population of the current research is the cities of Iran and the time range under investigation is 2016.
Methodology
In this study, the spatial causality test was used to investigate the relationship between unemployment and crime. The first step in investigating the spatial causality relationship between the studied variables is to perform the spatial independence test of the variables. In the second step, the existence of spatial dependence between variables is examined. If both the investigated variables have a spatial structure and there is a spatial dependence between the two variables, then the spatial causality test is performed in the third step. In this study, the spatial econometric approach has also been used to estimate the crime model in the cities of Iran. In this regard, the presence of spatial effects in the model has been tested using Moran's I test, and then the most appropriate spatial regression model has been selected and estimated based on the Lagrange coefficient (LM) test and the LR diagnostic tests. The software packages used in this study are Matlab 2023, GeoDa 1.16 and Stata 15.
Findings
The results of the spatial tests show that both crime index and unemployment rate have a spatial structure and the spatial dependence between these two variables was also confirmed, so in the third step, the spatial causality has been tested. The results of spatial causality test indicate the existence of a two-way causality relationship between the crime index and the unemployment rate. In other words, unemployment was the cause of crime during the period under investigation, and unemployment also led to the occurrence and increase of crime. According to the results of the spatial causality test, the crime model of the Iranian cities was developed in terms of the unemployment variable and several control variables. In order to estimate the model, the presence of spatial effects was first investigated using Moran's I test. The results of this test indicate the presence of spatial effects in the model. Also, based on the results of the Lagrange coefficient and likelihood ratio tests, the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) was chosen as the most appropriate method for estimating the model. The results of the estimation of the crime model indicate that the spatial lag coefficient is positive and significant at a high level, which indicates the existence of spatial dependence in the model. The positiveness of this coefficient shows that an increase in crime in one city causes an increase in crime in neighboring cities. Also, according to the results of the research, the variables of unemployment, industrialization, urbanization and divorce rate are the most important variables affecting crime rate. The results show positive and significant relationships between unemployment, urbanization, divorce rate, and crime. The industrialization variable also has a negative and significant effect on crime. Also, the spillover effect of the unemployment variable is negative and significant. Based on the results, the higher the unemployment rate and the urbanization rate in the cities, the crime rate will also increase in those cities. On the other hand, as cities move toward industrialization and the number of industrial enterprises in them increases, the rate of crime will decrease more.
Discussion and conclusion
The findings reveal that, unemployment is one of the most important variables affecting crime in the Iranian cities. So, it is recommended that authorities pay special attention to sustainable policies regarding employment and its proportional distribution in cities. Considering excessive growth of urbanization and its detrimental impact on rampant crime rates, it is suggested that statesmen and policy makers create more facilities and pay special attention to rural areas to provide reverse migration in order to prevent occurrence of various crimes, which are happenning due to population increase especially in informal settlements of larger cities.
Crime is a multifaceted phenomenon that has always attracted the attention of economists, sociologists, lawyers and psychologists. Many experts and economic pioneers consider it necessary to achieve economic development to improve the level of security and reduce crime in the society. Since the occurrence of any phenomenon is affected by various factors, the occurrence of crime as an undesirable phenomenon is not excluded from this rule. Various economic, social and political factors affect crime in society. Identifying these factors can help a lot in the correct understanding and appropriate policy making in order to control and reduce the crime rate in the society. Meanwhile, one of the most important economic factors affecting crime is unemployment. Unemployment is one of the most important macroeconomic variables, which clearly affects many social phenomena, including crime. In this regard, the main goal of the present study is to investigate the relationship between unemployment and crime and to identify factors affecting crime in the Iranian cities. The statistical population of the current research is the cities of Iran and the time range under investigation is 2016.
Methodology
In this study, the spatial causality test was used to investigate the relationship between unemployment and crime. The first step in investigating the spatial causality relationship between the studied variables is to perform the spatial independence test of the variables. In the second step, the existence of spatial dependence between variables is examined. If both the investigated variables have a spatial structure and there is a spatial dependence between the two variables, then the spatial causality test is performed in the third step. In this study, the spatial econometric approach has also been used to estimate the crime model in the cities of Iran. In this regard, the presence of spatial effects in the model has been tested using Moran's I test, and then the most appropriate spatial regression model has been selected and estimated based on the Lagrange coefficient (LM) test and the LR diagnostic tests. The software packages used in this study are Matlab 2023, GeoDa 1.16 and Stata 15.
Findings
The results of the spatial tests show that both crime index and unemployment rate have a spatial structure and the spatial dependence between these two variables was also confirmed, so in the third step, the spatial causality has been tested. The results of spatial causality test indicate the existence of a two-way causality relationship between the crime index and the unemployment rate. In other words, unemployment was the cause of crime during the period under investigation, and unemployment also led to the occurrence and increase of crime. According to the results of the spatial causality test, the crime model of the Iranian cities was developed in terms of the unemployment variable and several control variables. In order to estimate the model, the presence of spatial effects was first investigated using Moran's I test. The results of this test indicate the presence of spatial effects in the model. Also, based on the results of the Lagrange coefficient and likelihood ratio tests, the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) was chosen as the most appropriate method for estimating the model. The results of the estimation of the crime model indicate that the spatial lag coefficient is positive and significant at a high level, which indicates the existence of spatial dependence in the model. The positiveness of this coefficient shows that an increase in crime in one city causes an increase in crime in neighboring cities. Also, according to the results of the research, the variables of unemployment, industrialization, urbanization and divorce rate are the most important variables affecting crime rate. The results show positive and significant relationships between unemployment, urbanization, divorce rate, and crime. The industrialization variable also has a negative and significant effect on crime. Also, the spillover effect of the unemployment variable is negative and significant. Based on the results, the higher the unemployment rate and the urbanization rate in the cities, the crime rate will also increase in those cities. On the other hand, as cities move toward industrialization and the number of industrial enterprises in them increases, the rate of crime will decrease more.
Discussion and conclusion
The findings reveal that, unemployment is one of the most important variables affecting crime in the Iranian cities. So, it is recommended that authorities pay special attention to sustainable policies regarding employment and its proportional distribution in cities. Considering excessive growth of urbanization and its detrimental impact on rampant crime rates, it is suggested that statesmen and policy makers create more facilities and pay special attention to rural areas to provide reverse migration in order to prevent occurrence of various crimes, which are happenning due to population increase especially in informal settlements of larger cities.
Volume 25, Issue 1 (Spring 2021)
Abstract
Marital rape as one of the types of domestic violence against women is not a novel phenomenon; however, only in recent decades has it been considered by criminal justice systems to confront with. International documents have pointed out that the marital relationship should not be accepted as a factor to justify sexual violence, according to which the domestic violence is not a simple family conflict, but a social problem threatening the public health. Therefore, member states have been called upon to eliminate or reduce domestic violence through criminal intervention which has been recognized in many countries as essential to confront marital rape. However, legislators do not follow a single pattern in this context. Careful reviewing the different countrieschr('39') laws about marital rape, we can identify four patterns of criminalization and three ones for penalization. Applying a descriptive-analytical approach, this study is aiming to first provide evidences of different countrieschr('39') criminal law, and then analyze the justifiable reasons for their obligation to each of such patterns. Furthermore, investigating the current situation of Iranian law, this article is seeking to find solutions for criminal intervention of Iranian legislator in this field through referring to the jurisprudential (Fiqhi) sources.
Volume 25, Issue 2 (2-2023)
Abstract
Malt beverage is one of the most popular drinks in the world. Recently, consumption of non-alcoholic beverages has expanded significantly in many countries. The permitted level of alcohol in malt beverage is less than 0.5% by Iranian National Standards. In this study, a method was developed to determine ethanol content in malt beverages by FTIR, equipped with Horizontal Attenuated Total Reflectance (H-ATR). Here, the Limit Of Detection (LOD) and Limit Of Quantification (LOQ) were 0.07% and 0.23%, respectively. The correlation coefficient of calibration curve was higher than 0.999. Fifty commercial malt beverages from six brands (five Iranian and one imported brand) and three types of flavored malt beverage (classic, equatorial, and lemon) were assessed. The average detected ethanol amount in samples was 0.19%, varying between 0.00-1.47percent. The results showed that the amount of ethanol in lemon malt drinks was more than the maximum permitted limit; that could be attributed to the usage of ethylene glycol for extraction of lemon flavor.
Volume 27, Issue 1 (Spring 2023)
Abstract
This research aims to study the degree of realization of land uses as recommended in "Tabriz Detailed Plan 2012" and its current situation in Tabriz. Also, it intends to identify the factors affecting the functional changes of land uses at "Abrasan -Mansour", "17Shahrivar Jadid St.", "Hafez-Abu Reyhan", and "Abu Reyhan-Nesferah" corridors.
This research is an applied research that has resorted to a descriptive-analytical method. Excel and ArcMap were used for data pre-processing. The compliance and non-compliance of land uses were investigated based on the data obtained from the survey and the detailed plan map. The cross-tabulation was used in TerrSet to detect changes in land use patterns in the current state compared to the detailed plan. Then, the realization between Tabriz Detailed Plan 2012 and the current state was investigated using the chi-square test in SPSS software. Also, the legislation factors influencing the functional changes of land uses were considered.
The results showed that the rate of realization of the detailed plan’s recommended land uses in the studied areas is at a low level. Also, there is a high degree of discrepancy between the function and land use. In the legislation factors, paragraph 24 of Article 55 of the Law on Municipalities, Article 100, and Article 5 Commissions have played the most significant role in the functional changes of land uses, respectively.
| Page 1 from 1 |