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Aim and Introduction
Today, the environment is considered as one of the most important pillars of sustainable development, and the development of other economic and social sectors depends on its sustainability and proper functioning. Environmental pollution has become one of the main challenges of countries. Environmental health is currently one of the most critical concerns of people and officials round the world. Almost all managers and decision makers believe that this national wealth should be protected not only for the current generation but also for future generations, since the pollutants caused by industries are highly costly and detrimental to health.
Active industries are one of the main sources of environmental pollution. One of the necessary conditions for economic progress and the introduction of extensive structural changes in economic and technological fields is industrialization and industrial development. In the production process, using production inputs whose main source is the environment, in addition to desirable outputs such as consumer goods, undesirable outputs such as environmental pollutants are also produced. If the number of outputs is not controlled and disproportionate, the losses from undesirable outputs will be greater than the benefits of desirable products in such a way that damages to the environment would be irreparable and sustainable development less likely to be achieved.
One of the most important concerns related to industrialization is the effects and environmental consequences of industrial activities. Therefore, achieving the necessary solutions to control such consequences is vitally important. Minerals are essential for human survival, but their extraction and processing are not environmentally friendly practices which contribute to problems such as soil erosion, air and water pollution. On the other hand, mineral sector is one of the largest energy consumers which has active contribution to air pollution and global warming. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the economic effects of Gol Gohar mine in Sirjan. For this purpose, it is intended to determine the type and amount of pollutants released from this complex, and also to determine the amount of the green tax of the complex as a solution to reduce pollution and examine the social welfare resulting from reducing pollution.
Methodology
In this study, the economic effects of environmental pollutants of Gol Gohar Iron Mine in Sirjan (Southeastern Iran), is investigated using the input distance function model from 2001 to 2022. Through calculating the shadow price of pollutants, a criterion for determining the green tax is determined, and then the amount of social cost resulting from the emission of pollutants is calculated.
The shadow price of the undesirable output is the cost that the producer must bear if they plan to reduce the production of the undesirable output. In fact, it can be interpreted as the marginal cost of reducing pollution for each producer. Therefore, the shadow price of the desirable output is considered positive and equal to the market price of that output, but the shadow price of the undesirable output must be estimated to be less than zero.
Findings
The products of Gol Gohar Iron Ore Complex in Sirjan, include granulated iron ore, iron ore concentrate and pelletized in the production process. The most greenhouse gases and air pollutants are related to carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur oxides (Sox), nitrogen oxides (Nox) and particulate matter (SPM). According to the obtained results, the average shadow price for air pollutants in Gol Gohar complex for CO2, Sox Nox, and SPM was calculated as 11.15, 3,074.5, 5,529.62, and 1,875.62 rials per kilogram respectively. Moreover, the average total social costs resulting from the production of Gol Gohar Sirjan Complex was calculated as 92,710 billion Rials according to the amount of pollution produced over the period.
Discussion and Conclusion
The estimation of environmental costs is actually an introduction to providing solutions for internalizing and reducing environmental costs, using the input distance function model and the shadow price of environmental pollutants in the industrial and mineral complex of Gol Gohar, Sirjan. The title of the largest producer of iron ore in the country was calculated, and the social cost resulting from the emission of pollutants was also evaluated. Finally, in this study, solutions and mechanisms for reducing environmental costs have been proposed.
Considering that the ability to absorb pollutants by the environment is limited, the shadow price of pollutants, which represents their real social cost, should be taken into consideration. The damages should also be determined based on the shadow price of the pollutants. In other words, the amounts of pollutant emission should be calculated and while taking into account the allowed limit of pollutant emission and shadow prices, based on a legal plan, the environmental costs should be reimbursed. Taking such measures would surely require more studies and capable executive management system

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According to trade theories, economic integration results in increasing trade and income among trade partners. This paper tries to test the major factors affecting the exports of agricultural products in ECO members using spatial econometric approach. For this purpose, the exports statistics of ECO members has been used in the form of panel data during 1992-2008. Agricultural exports function has been estimated using the Static (fixed and random effects) and Dynamic (generalized method of moments (GMM)) methods in panel data with classic and spatial econometric approaches. The estimated results indicate the existence of spatial dependence among the countries, so the using this estimation procedure is justified. GDP, Exchange rate and spatial variables (such as proximity) have positive effects and Population has negative effect on agricultural exports. Finally, it is suggested that the estimation equations should consider the proximity between the countries and with the increase in the exchange rate and GDP, increase exports in order to provide the necessary basis. Population control policies may also apply.

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Export is an important factor in economic development and the creation of regional agreements is one of the ways to facilitate trade and exports; but measuring the success rate of these agreements is one of the challenges of this field. In this study, we compared the factors affecting agricultural exports and imports in the ECO and European :union: countries. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential effects of countries’ trade policies on the other countries that are in the same trade zone. To achieve this objective, we used spatial econometric techniques on data regarding the years between 1992 and 2013. The results showed that spatial effects were present in both trade zones. The comparison of coefficients of these variables in the import and export functions, led to the introduction of a new index which can be used as a criterion to evaluate the level of agricultural development in different trade zones.

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Control of environmental impacts which remain from agricultural activities is always a concern for communities. In Iran, wheat transportation takes place on roads that are dependent on fossil fuels and results in the release of a large amount of carbon dioxide. Accordingly, applying control policies for internalization of the external effects of releasing these pollutants seems necessary. One way to control this type of pollution is the use of tax instruments. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the economic effects of pollution tax on wheat market actors. This tax is proportional to the shadow value of pollution that happens due to energy consumption in the distribution sector. For this purpose, a Dynamic Spatial Equilibrium Model has been used to model the wheat market and Input Distance Function has been used to estimate carbon dioxide emission tax. The results showed that application of the tax payment policy would reduce wheat trade in the country by about 24 percent, while only 16.2 percent of the wheat price was considered as tax. Therefore, carbon dioxide emission will be significantly reduced. On the other hand, due to increased transportation costs, economic surplus for customer declined and economic surplus for producers and government revenues increased. Hence, internalization of the external effects of carbon dioxide emission will increase the welfare of the society.
 

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Water is the most important input used in agriculture. Due to the scarce water resources and dry and semi-arid climatic conditions of Iran, water demand management has special importance in the whole economy, including the agricultural sector, because this sector has the largest share in water consumption. The purpose of this study was to estimate the water demand function and to analyze the cross and symmetrical relationships between water and other inputs. For this purpose, the Ordinary, Allen, and Morishima's substitution elasticity were calculated, and the substitution and complementary relationship between water and other inputs were determined. These elasticities determine the amount and sign of cross relationship of water. In order to achieve the objectives of research, the translog cost function, along with the input share equations were estimated using iterative seemingly unrelated regressions. The information was related to crops and period (2007-2015) in Qazvin. The results showed that water was a low-elasticity input and its value was -0.75. Also, the cross elasticity with pesticide, labor, machinery and land was calculated as 0.71, 0.99, 0.93, and 0.89, respectively, which implied the substitution relationship. Investigating symmetry of elasticities also implies the asymmetry of Ordinary and Morishima elasticities and symmetry of Allen's elasticity with other inputs. In this regard, the cross elasticity of inputs of pesticide, labor, machinery, land and water were calculated as 0.28, 0.86, 0.91, and 0.90, respectively, indicating the asymmetry of this elasticity. Differences between levels of cross elasticities depend on the cost share of the two inputs and the sign of estimated coefficient.
 

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The poultry industry is one of the most important agricultural subsectors, significantly contributing to protein supply and holding a unique position in terms of production and employment. To expand and boost profitability in this industry, it is important to analyze the economic factors of production, so that the factors influencing the rise in productivity of broiler production units may properly be recognized. As a result, the effective factors on the productivity of the Arian broiler sector in Iran's Kurdistan Province were investigated and prioritized in the current study. In order to evaluate the productivity of the industry, four main factors including human capital, economic, technical, and environmental variables were evaluated. The DEMATEL-ANP integrated approach was then used to determine the relative weights of the factors. The results revealed that the human capital component had the highest impact and the economic component was identified as the most influential factor among the other factors. Furthermore, the economic indicator had the highest priority, with a weight of 0.17. Of the 29 research components (sub-criteria), the "broiler farmer experience", with a weight of 0.042, exerted the greatest impact on the productivity of the province's broiler sector. The "feed cost", "day-old chicks cost", and "health care cost" ranked the second to fourth, respectively. According to the findings, more attention should be devoted to the production chain, such as input production and poultry vaccinations, in order to accomplish and also enhance productivity in the broiler industry.