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Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of occupational accidents among farmers with an emphasis on the role of extension and education in reducing these incidents.
Methods: This study was conducted through a literature review. For this purpose, we investigated books, documents and articles related to research topics in the period of 2000 to 2017.
Findings: Various factors are effective on the incidence of occupational accidents as well as on the type, amount and severity of injuries resulting from accidents at work. Farmers and agricultural workers are not excluded from occupational accidents. The affecting factors on occupational accidents in agriculture are classified in three categories: farmers’ characteristics, agricultural environment, and agriculture technologies.
Conclusion: Occurrence of incidents in agricultural occupation is inevitable. Identifying the factors affecting the incidence of accidents can help to reduce the occurrence of incidents among farmers. The agricultural extension and education according to the abilities and talents in the field of agriculture and rural society can reduce accidents and work-related risks and improve the farmers’ occupational health.

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Aim: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and protective behavior of farmers in relation to the application of chemical pesticides in the fields and the factors influencing their behavior.
Methods: This quantitative and survey research was conducted in Mahidasht County, Kermanshah Province, in 2016. The population consisted of 170 farmers (N=200) Mahidasht County, who were determined by randomly method. Questionnaire used as a research tool. Validity and reliability of the tool were confirmed by a panel of experts and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Correlation coefficient and statistical test was used for analyzing the data by SPSS20.
Findings: Most people have poor performance in the use of protective equipment when spraying pesticides. There was positive correlation between safety behavior of using pesticides, work experience, economic status, attitudes toward the correct application of pesticides, and participating in training.
Conclusion: Due to the farmers' inappropriate performance in safety and protection actions and significance relationship between participation in the training programs and safety behavior, it is necessary to design education programs to improve their knowledge.

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Aims: In Iran, safety and health education in agriculture such as the industrial sector has not been taken into account, and most farmers are not covered by professional health. The aim of this study was to assess the farmers’ awareness about occupational safety and health and factors affecting it.
Instruments & Methods: The population of the present descriptive correlational study included 140 households from farmers based on the simple random sampling method in 2014, in Mahidasht, Kermanshah Province, Iran. A researcher-made questionnaire was used as a research instrument and its validity was confirmed by the panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed by SPSS 23, using multiple stepwise regression and Pearson correlation test.
Findings: Most of the farmers had a negative attitude towards the observance of occupational health issues. The mean awareness had a significant correlation with social status (r=0.47; p=0.001), satisfaction of the agriculture as an occupation (r=0.51; p=0.0001), attitude (r=0.37; p=0.012) and, economic status (r=0.42; p=0.005). In the first step, the social status and satisfaction of the agriculture as an occupation predicted 66.9% of variance of awareness. In the second step, social status and satisfaction of the agriculture as an occupation as well as attitude predicted 53.3% of variance of awareness, and in the third step, by adding economic status to the previous variables; all variables predicted 51.2% of variance of awareness.
Conclusion: The level of farmers’ awareness about occupational safety and health is moderate. Social status, attitude, and economic status affect the farmers’ awareness about occupational safety and health.

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During past decade pollution has been one of the main considerations of countries and they consider it not only in their territories but through engagement in international arrangement. Air pollution is one of the main kinds of pollution among the world which is mostly function of economic growth. The relation between economic growth and pollution is discussed as Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypnosis. In this paper we are going to test EKC through panel data technique for 67 countries at different phases of economic development, including Iran. The variable such as: Environmental regulation, Urban population, Number of automobiles and openness of economy have been considered as exogenous variables vector. The results imply that EKC exists.

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Occupational injuries have several psychological, economic, social, and institutional consequences. Agriculture is a high-risk industry, but occupational injuries are mainly rooted in the behavior of farmers. The present study was conducted using the qualitative approach and the grounded theory method. The study population included members of the Faculty of Agricultural Science and Occupational Health of the School of Medical Science, agricultural experts, occupational health experts, and farmers who were selected through snowball sampling in Kermanshah province in western Iran. The data was collected through interviews. The findings showed that cognitive, personal management, cultural, organizational and economic factors affect agricultural occupational health behavior. In the research model, healthy growers, healthy products, and healthy society were the consequences of the use of appropriate strategies for agricultural occupational health behavior. Designing a native model of healthy behavior to promote occupational health is a step towards reducing injuries among farmers.