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Logistic regression (LR) was used to model urban growth between the years 1987 and 2001 in Gorgan city, north east of Iran. Three groups of variables including economic-social, land use and biophysical variables were used in the modeling practice. Using covariance of the independent variables, distance to administrative and sporting centers plus distance to cities were removed. ROC (Relative Operating Characteristic) value for LR was 0.87 that confirmed success of the modeling method. Using maps of urban growth probability predicted by the LR model, urban distribution patterns for the years 2010, 2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050 were created. Land use maps for the years 2001-2050 were created using urban probability pattern maps and the base land use map of the year 1987. We used landscape metrics at class and landscape levels to compare the urban growth effects on other land use types present in the area. The comparison showed that urban development influences agriculture and pasture land use types more than other land uses. Also, we found that the landscape in the study area has undergone fragmentation and will become more fragmented and heterogeneous over time. Urban growth creates higher urban patchiness and increases the number of pasture and agricultural patches. The information thus obtained is helpful in more effective management of the area.

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An experiment was conducted to determine the dietary digestible lysine requirement of male and female broiler chickens (Arian) during the period from 6 to 21 days post-hatching. An amino acid-fortified basal diet containing corn and soybean meal as intact protein sources provided 20 % CP, and 3200 kcal AMEn / kg. In this experiment 150 male and 150 female chicks were allocated on the basis of BW to 12 treatments in a factorial arrangement (two sexes at six digestible lysine levels) with five replications of five chicks each in a completely randomized design (CRD). The digestible lysine levels fed were 0.85, 0.95, 1.05, 1.15, 1.25 and 1.35%. The growth rate and feed efficiency of birds fed the basal diet fortified with a surfeit level of l-Lysine-HCl were equal to those of birds fed a corn-soybean meal positive control diet. Average body-weight gain (ABWG) and gain: feed (GF) responded quadratically (P<0.05) to incremental dietary lysine addition. Subjecting the growth data to broken-line analysis indicated that the digestible lysine requirement for maximum body weight gain was 1.075% for males and 1.049% for females. The lysine requirement for maximum feed efficiency was 1.179% for males and 1.149% for females. Male chicks required a higher level of dietary lysine than females for both maximal ABWG and GF. Regardless of sex, 8.8% more digestible lysine (percentage of diet) was required for maximal GF than that needed for maximal ABWG.

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An experiment was conducted to reevaluate the digestible lysine requirement of Arian male broilers by comparing the performance of chicks fed different levels of cottonseed meal (CSM) on a total amino acid (AA) versus a digestible AA basis. Four hundred and thirty two (432) Arian male broiler chicks were allotted to 18 treatments with four repli-cates of six chicks each in a completely randomized block design in a factorial arrange-ment with two factors (two levels of digestible lysine  nine different diets). The first of the eighteen treatments was the corn and soybean meal control diet based on previously de-termined digestible lysine requirement for maximum body weight gain. Diets 2 to 5 con-tained 5, 10, 15 or 20% CSM, respectively and were formulated to contain levels of total AA equivalent to those in the first treatment. Diets 6 to 9 contained the same levels of CSM as diets 2 to 5 but the diets were formulated to be equal in digestible AA content to the first treatment. Treatments 10 to 18 were the same as treatments 1 to 9, but on the ba-sis of determined digestible lysine requirement for maximum feed efficiency. Formulating diets containing CSM on a digestible AA basis resulted in an improvement in chick per-formance compared to those formulated on a total AA basis (P<0.01). The lessening of chick performance with diets formulated on a total AA basis compared to a digestible AA basis, indicated that the previously determined digestible lysine requirement for the Arian broiler strain may be correct.

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Due to individual regression in ancient world, body and its components were not important identity-making elements in the semiotic system of Persian classic texts. On the other hand with the emergence of socio-cultural factors in the contemporary world, literary subjects reflection based on body and its requirements became common, and body -orientation and body knowledge were the bases of social and textual subjects-objects introduction and calling. In this study the body-oriented reflection of subjects-objects identity of Jamalzadeh’s Yeki Bud,YekiNabud is analyzed in the light of “body as a symbolic-sociological theme” based on Weblen and Bourdieu’s theories. Because Jamalzade is one of the first Iranian story-tellers who has relied on body portrayal and its component to reflect the identity of textual and inside-story subject-objects identity and to reproduce the identity of subject-objects, both directly and indirectly reflected as actions and conditions which emanate from body and contain consumption and taste signs. The conclusion showed  that in realistic narration, out of the mentioned subjects, three categories have been reflected:A)The high class who by means of cultural capitals such as: literacy, language, clothing and physical distance as well as different types of apparent and real consumption flaunts its power, and simultaneously they are degraded by satire and grotesque. B)the middle class with deprived and non-ostentatious cultural capital,  which can be observed in clothing, language and lack of confidence which is seen in their physical distance from others. C)another class as the removed or silent one, in these reproductions, body-orientation and body-knowledge have been mainly organized in the form of actions and behaviors such as speaking, wearing, arranging body distance and some forms of body language; and this body orientation in the form of taste and consumption or signs of flaunting consumption and some types of cultural capital, not only has portrayed class distinction due to body, but also has reflected the anxiety, anger and struggle latent in them and has impeached them. Unlike the two previous classes, they have been affected by this classification of taste and consumption. Such narration along with cultural-social texture and reflecting the individuality of the subjects based on physical function, decreases the prestige of dominant discourses on the one hand, and reminds the forgotten prestige of the silent voices on the other hand.
 

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In this paper, first, a new criterion, titled “surplus percent of the customers” is defined for static transmission expansion planning in restructured power systems. Then by a simple example, the new criterion is compared with some already presented market-based criteria and it is shown that the new criterion can realistically evaluate the transmission network expansion from the market view. In this paper the bid of market participants (producers and consumers) to sell and buy power are considered as random variables with known probability density functions. Then the expectation of the surplus percent is introduced as an index for measuring the competitiveness of each transmission expansion plan. Then a least-investment cost expansion plan that increases the surplus percent to its ideal or near ideal value is searched. In this paper a fast method is also presented to calculate the expectation of the surplus percent using Monte-Carlo simulation with a predefined approximation. The results of applying the proposed method are illustrated for an example 8-bus power system.

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integrative and instrumental motivation as well as Ideal self and Ought-to self on the motivation and success of language learners, the present study has investigated these issues among the learners in Persian language. For this purpose, 20 Korean and Chinese students (10 Chinese and 10 Korean students) were selected from the Persian language teaching center of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Thus, the statistical sample of the study consisted of 20 Persian-Chinese students and Korean men and women (8 men and 12 women) who were in the age group of 18 to 30 years and in the academic year 2016-2017.
It is also worth mentioning that these Persian students have reached an advanced stage in this center, from the introductory course of Persian language. The Farsi students responded to a 36-item questionnaire based on the Dornyei Motivational Questionnaire (2010). Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software. six hypotheses were proposed and we used statistical tests to examine the hypotheses. First, the normality of the research variables was examined and the results showed that these variables have a normal distribution. Therefore, as mentioned, in the next step, we examined the research hypotheses. The results of the study showed that there is a significant difference between Ought-to selves of Korean learners and Chinese or Japanese tutors. However, there is no meaningful difference between Ought-to selves of Japanese and Chinese learners. There was a significant difference between Korean, Chinese and Japanese Ideal selves. In addition, there was no significant difference between the Chinese, Korean, and Japanese learners’ promotional instrumental motivations. While there was a significant difference between preventive instrumental motivation of Japanese learners and Chinese or Korean ones. And there was no significant difference between Chinese and Korean. The results of the research suggest that there is a significant difference between integrative motivation of the Chinese, Korean and Japanese learners. There was no meaningful relationship between integrative motivation of Chinese, Korean and Japanese students and their Ideal selves. There was a significant negative correlation between ought-to self and preventive instrumental motivating of Korean students, while there was no significant relationship between these two variables in Japanese and Chinese students.
In addition, a comparison of the meanings of all four motivational factors in these two groups of Persian-learners showed that, in general, in these two groups of Persian-learners, the Preventing Instrumental motivation was with the highest average, and the Ought-to self motivation has the lowest average. Also, the comparison between the motivational factors of Ideal self and Ought-to self indicates that in these two groups of Persian-learners, the Ideal self factor is stronger than Ought-to self. Comparison between the motivational factors of integration and instrumentation also showed that the Preventing motivational factor is stronger than the integrative factor and the integrative factor is stronger than the promotional instrumental factor.
Finally, it should be noted that the present study focuses only on Chinese and Korean Persian learners; for this reason, it is suggested that in future studies, Persian learners of other languages be examined. In addition, it is suggested that other motivational factors related to second language learning regarding non-Iranian learners of Persian, be examined separately and compared with each other. In this case, how to teach and use educational resources can be planned according to the type of related motivation.
 
 

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Objective: In this study, the possibility of prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome with Real-Time PCR method was evaluated. In this context, optimization of a suitable method for purification of high quality DNA from amniotic fluid samples was also considered. Materials and Methods: Pregnant women who had the high risk of having babies with Down syndrome were selected according to the biochemical and sonographic data and referred to the amniocentesis center. The DNA of total 59 amniotic fluid samples were extracted with different methods including boiling method, salting out method, Procedures of DNA extraction from Blood and Cell Culture by DNPTM Kit (CinnaGen), Procedure of DNA extraction from cells by DNA Isolation Kit for cells and tissues (Roche), Procedure of DNA extraction from Tissue by MagNa Pure DNA Isolation kit (Roche), and QIAamp DNA Micro Kit (Qiagen). Then, the quality and quantity of the extracted DNA were evaluated by the NanoDrop® ND- 1000 spectrophotometer device. Real-Time PCR reaction using fluorescent dye SYBR Green I (Applied Biosystems, UK) was performed to specifically amplify DSCAM and DYRK1A2 genes and the reference gene (PMP22). Data analysis was performed using comparative cycle threshold method for the determination of the gene dosage and determining the number of copies of chromosome 21. Results: This study showed that DNA extracted from amniotic fluid samples using QIAamp DNA Micro Kit (Qiagen) has the desirable quantity and quality for Real-Time PCR. Specific proliferation of targets and reference genes was achieved and difference between normal and affected groups based on differences between their gene dosages was determined. Conclusion: Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome is feasible by the Real-Time PCR method using DNA samples from amniotic fluid cells extracted by QIAamp DNA Micro Kit (Qiagen). The results are comparable to the corresponding results from conventional cytogenetic methods.

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In this paper, with the priority of measuring and promoting productivity in energy sector, we presented a model for evaluating the technical efficiency of oil refineries, as huge producers of energy and different fuels. The basis of evaluation in this research was Math modeling by using new and advanced operational research techniques such as data envelopment analysis, goal programming, analytical hierarchy process and designing combined models. The formulating process was made under two different scenarios and assumptions: consumption-production and cost-income. The final results ranked the order and sort of each refinery as a decision making unit. In addition to calculation of each unit’s score, we also made a comparison between the units, their weaknesses and the favorite score of each unit in real situation. This research focuses on the optimized utilization of refining processes with less refining cost and ability to make more valuable products considering the present availabilities and capacities

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Many students, both at tertiary and secondary level, consider writing for academic purposes as a challenging task. It is of prime importance that students have sufficient content knowledge and basic understanding of different writing strategies to write coherent and cohesive texts. This study unveils the impact of writing strategy instruction on writing strategy use and performance of 40 undergraduates enrolled in an Academic and Professional Writing course. The design of the current study was experimental and data were collected using a questionnaire and students’ essays. The results of the t-test present that writing strategies training could be imparted to the students to improve their overall writing. The treatment group showed a significant improvement in their writing performance and writing strategy use after receiving strategy instructions. The study recommends explicit writing strategy instruction be incorporated into English writing courses and learners be encouraged to use them in their writing tasks.

 

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The regional labor migration is responsive to regional differences of unemployment rate which is interrelated with fundamentals of housing market. This paper analyzes the relationship between labor and housing markets in 30 provinces of Iran. It uses Vermeulen and Ommeren (2005) model in a panel data for regions and an Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) model in the country over the period 1998-2011. The estimation results indicate that most of provinces with high housing prices on average have also low volatility in unemployment rates. The workers in high-unemployment regions are compensated through housing markets, since the prices of land and housing and living expenses are lower in these regions than ones with low unemployment. In addition, the propensity of households to get housing loan decreases and the housing price falls despite high risk of unemployment. The risk of getting unemployed raises the income uncertainty and reduces the housing price. This indicates a negative relationship between housing price and unemployment rate. The test for causality shows that this relationship is bidirectional in provincial level, so that provinces having high unemployment rates are compensated by better conditions of housing market which means low housing prices.  

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Objective: Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Cisplatin is a traditional cancer drug commonly used in chemotherapy for killing cancer cells. Modulation at the mRNA levels of apoptotic related genes often correlate with the sensitivity of various types of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are being developed to effectively deliver smaller doses of chemotherapeutic agents and control drug distribution in the body. In this study, we evaluate the expressions of BCL2 and BAX genes in T47D treated with cisplatin and cisplatin nanoparticles, which can result in a new approach to breast cancer therapy. Methods: In this study, we treated T47D cells with different concentrations of cisplatin and cisplatin nanoparticles at 48 h. The IC50 was determined. We extracted RNA by using RNX solution, after which cDNA was synthesized. The precise primers for the BCL2, BAX and TBP genes were designed by specific software. The quantity of BCL2 and BAX gene expression compared to TBP gene (reference gene) was analyzed using real-time PCR.  Results: BCL2 and BAX gene expression levels in T47D cells treated by cisplatin were 0.7 (BCL2) and 1.48 (BAX); in T47D cells treated with cisplatin-loaded nanoparticles, the gene expressions were 0.03 (BCL2) and 2.41 (BAX). Conclusion: In this study, the results have shown that cisplatin-loaded nanoparticles are effective anticancer agents. Cisplatin nanoparticles induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cell lines. We have shown that cisplatin nanoparticles strongly increased cytotoxicity in comparison to the free drug in the T47D cell line.

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This article investigates experimental study of the flow field on a blunt airfoil. For this purpose, PIV technique based on instantaneous flow structures is used in order to view and two dimensional investigation of flow field around unmodified and blunt airfoil and at different times. This study is performed on flows at very low Reynolds number(Reynolds number lower than 4500). This flow regime is very similar to dominant condition on micro air vehicles (MAVs). In order to validate the method used in this study, flow field around cylinder is considered and in continue, instantaneous and mean velocities fields, streamlines and mean vortices field around unmodified and blunt airfoils are obtained. The results show that there are prominent differences on the structure of wake around airfoils and sizes of separation region for blunt and simple airfoils. Meanwhile separation of the flow for both blunt and simple airfoils at this very low Reynolds number, is occurred at angle of attack 5 (at low angle of attack). Also generation of vortex at wake region and their position and circulation at different times, are discussed.

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In this research the effect of the screw angle and the depth of the channel were examined on the flow rate of an incompressible Newtonian isothermal and a non-Newtonian fluid flow in a single screw extruder. In the presented study the pressure drop has not been considered and only drag force was considered. For this purpose, the channel of extruder was assumed a cubic and spiral channel. Accordingly the Newtonian flow was simulated by Fluent foftware package and the results were compared with analytical solution in several angles. Then one step from the shallow spiral channel was examined and the results were compared with analytical solution in different angles and also at low Reynolds numbers. Hence, the obtained results reveal the range of validity for the analytical solution at different Reynolds numbers. As the results show, at low Reynolds numbers, up to 10, and the ratio of channel depth to diameter, less than 0.2, numerical and analytical results are the same for Newtonian fluids. Identically in this range the analytical solution can be used for screw design, calculation of the maximum flow rate, the evaluation of the optimum angle, etc. The results of the study of non-Newtonian fluid showed that the flow rate at low screw angles for non­-Newtonian fluids were higher than the Newtonian cases and at high angles, were smaller.

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Penetration into ceramic-aluminum targets is of prime importance for researchers in defense and non-defense industries. In this study, the effect of a blunt projectile having a specified speed and penetrating into a ceramic-aluminum target at angles of 0, 15, 30, and 45 degrees is investigated. In this research, 8 experiments were carried out at Ballistic Laboratory of Imam Hossein University and the design of the experiments was carried out in such a way that the facilities of the laboratory could be used. The results of the study showed that by increasing the angle of obliquity, is decreased substantially in ceramic-aluminum target, and when the angle of obliquity is increased beyond a certain limit, will ricochet. Also, in this study, numerical investigation was performed, using Autodyne software. In this numerical simulation, the impact of the blunt projectile at 700 m/s on ceramic-aluminum target was carried out to determine the penetration depth into the given target. The blunt projectile penetration was simulated with oblique carbide plates supplemented with aluminum 2024-T3 and the residual velocity and mass values of the projectile were determined at the exit of the combined target. The projectile was assumed to be rigid and the Johnson–Holmquist structural model was used to describe ceramic behavior and Johnson-Cook material model was used for projectile and target. The results of the experiments and numerical simulation were compared and there was a good agreement between these two modes of investigations, indicating the validity and accuracy of simulation assumptions.
 

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