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Since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates, both real and nominal exchange rates have fluctuated widely. Empirical findings indicate significant impact of exchange rate uncertainty on macroeconomic variables such as output, trade, and investment. This article investigates the impact of the real exchange rate uncertainty on total factor productivity (TFP) in agriculture sector of Iran during the period of 1974-2007. The uncertainty of real exchange rate is defined as the conditional variances obtained from Exponential Generalized Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (EGARCH) model. The econometric estimation using Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach shows that the real exchange rate uncertainty has a significant and negative effect on TFP in Iran's agriculture sector in long- and short term. According to the results, in order to reduce the real exchange rate uncertainty, it is recommended that the appropriate policies should be made by policymakers to lessen the difference between nominal and real exchange rates.  

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Considering the role of will in private law, especially in contracts and transactions, some legal systems have also proposed the interference of the parties’ will in determining the competent court to deal with the civil liability claims of the road transport operator. The main question is that, does the will have such a role in the studied systems or not? The primary premise is that in the scope of private law, will has a fundamental role and is even effective in choosing a court. By using the comparative research method, we come to the conclusion that in the studied legal systems, with respect to the public order and imperativeness party of the rules of civil procedure, examples of the manifestations of will can be seen in it. This can be seen implicitly in the legal system of Iran, Afghanistan and the CMR Convention. It is suggested that, as necessary, the scope of will in the proceedings should be expanded like other parts of private law, and the law of civil and commercial procedure in Iran and Afghanistan should be amended in line with the CMR convention and the change in the approach of the countries.