---

Rural handwoven carpet weavers, particularly in the context of handmade silk carpet production, grapple with significant challenges concerning recognizing all stakeholders and establishing timely connections. These challenges have a substantial impact on the adoption of innovation in carpet production and the overall enhancement of productivity. This research was conducted to scrutinize the communication network of carpet weavers within the Knowledge and Innovation System (KIS) of handmade silk carpet production in rural areas. Data were gathered through interviews with 270 rural households in Zanjan province, specifically in the Tarom, Khodabandeh, and Zanjan counties, utilizing a structured questionnaire. Social Network Analysis (SNA) in UCINET was employed to examine the interactions among these actors, and graphical representations were created using Net Draw. The results revealed that the network's density varied across different levels, showing weakness in some cases, moderate strength in others, and strong connections in select instances. The connections of carpet weaving families with other actors within the KIS were predominantly localized. Among these families, those utilizing the home-based wage production method exhibited the most extensive interactions. The individuals designated as "FMs" (likely referring to family members) and "WNVKRs" (possibly local experts) demonstrated the highest degree of connection and influence within the network of weavers' interactions
 

---

A bench scale aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was evaluated in terms of its potential to treat synthetic dairy wastewater. The 2-l plexiglass bioreactor was supplied with oxygen via a fine bubble air diffuser, fed with synthetic dairy wastewater under various operational conditions. To analyze the process, three significant independent variables — influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), and aeration time — were assessed. Three dependent process and quality parameters (as process responses) were also evaluated: total COD removal efficiency, sludge volume index (SVI) and final pH. The experiments were based on a central composite design (CCD) and analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The treatment was limited to the following concentration regimes: COD (1000, 3000 and 5000 mg/l), MLVSS (3000, 5000 and 7000 mg/l) and aeration time (2, 10 and 18 h). Maximum COD removal efficiency (of 96.5%) was obtained for an influent with the following characteristics: CODin: 3000 mg/l, MLVSS 5000 mg/l, and aeration time of 18 h. The study demonstrated the capability of aerobic SBRs for high COD removal from dairy industrial wastewater. Easy operation, low cost, and minimal sludge bulking condition were some of advantages of the SBR system as an option for biological treatment of medium-strength industrial wastewater. The present study provides valuable information about relationships between quality and process parameters for different values of operating variables.

---

In order to determine effects of chicken and cattle manures in culture of Chlorococcum, an experiment was designed in six treatments including; 0.1, 0.4, 0.8 g/l of chicken manure and 0.1, 0.4, 0.8 g/l of cattle manure as completely randomize design with three replicates for 28 days. Results showed that the mean maximum density (87.1 × 10⁵ cell/ml), specific growth rate (0.054 day^-1), algal dry biomass (0.644 g/l), and chlorophyll a (9.42 mg/l) were obtained with 0.8 mg/l chicken manure. In order to compare performance of these manures with other culture media, second experiment with five treatments including; BBM (control) (Bold’s Basal Medium), BBM + soil extract, 0.8 g/l chicken manure, 0.8 g/l cattle manure and mixture of all treatment (BBM, BBM + soil extract, chicken manure and cattle manure) was designed as completely randomize design with three replicates for 15 days. Comparative results showed that BBM + soil extract had highest algal density (11.6 x 10⁶ cells/ml), highest algal dry biomass (0.81 mg/ml), maximum SGR (0.13 /day), highest chlorophyll a (10.15 mg/l) and minimum doubling time (4.97 days). In conclusion, performance of BBM + soil extract was better in terms of biomass and growth parameters of Chlorococcum.

---

The problem of optimum assignment of base station to users in cellular network has been considered extensiveley in recent years. In this thesis we consider base station assignment problem in cellular network. The outcome of this thesis is two heuristic algorithms. First algorithm is for solving optimum base station assignment in downlink of WCDMA Network which in this algorithm we consider radio condition and capacity of each base station and fainess is considerd in decision making. This problem will be explained in form of MMKP problem that is a NP-Complete problem. So major object of this algorithm is making maximum connectivity between users and network throw the base stations such that connections between users and their assigning base stations provide a good Transactionmission environment with minimum resource consumption. Second algorithm is for a GSM network that in this algorithm we include free channel of each base station in decision making of base station assignment problem such that consult to reducing blocking probability of users requests.

---

Determining landslide size could be a difficult and expensive task. In this research, size parameters of 142 landslides recognized in Tajan River Basin, northern Iran, have been assessed. The dataset was prepared through the extensive field surveys and using the satellite imagery available via Google Earth. Dependence between landslides area (A-m²), volume (V-m³), and depth (D-m) was appointed by the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) at 0.05 and 0.01 levels. Then, the relation between the area and volume variables has been investigated using 10 curve estimation (CE) models. Coefficient of determination (R²), F statistic, and RMSE were calculated to compare the models with each other. Results showed that the power law fit the data better than other CE models. Although, the quadratic and cubic relationships have represented high R² and low RMSE, they have resulted negative estimated volumes, and also their F statistic is less than its value in power law. To achieve a better result, the estimated volumes were compared with the observed ones using paired test. Results indicated that the estimated volumes were in conformity with the observed ones and there was no statistically significant difference between them (R²=0.801, sig=0.633). Although, the estimated depths were significantly different from the observed ones. The mean depth was estimated 5.5 m which was close to mean of the actual depths (5.53 m).

---

The control of bacterial diseases of fish has always been one of the most important problems of aquaculteriets in recent years. One of these problems is bacterial resistance. Using antibiotics can cause problems for consumers. Therefore, the use of new antimicrobial agents with minimal complications is common. In the present study, using the acid-thermal method, the bentonite structure was modified and the chitosan and bentonite hybrids were modified in the stage of development. The structure of the compounds was studied using the Infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometry (FTIR), Surface Electron Scanning Microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (EDX). Antimicrobial activity of two types of modified bentonite on gram negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila was studied in vitro using two methods of disk diffusion and microdilution. The results of the disc diffusion method showed that the antimicrobial compounds produced had antibacterial properties in experimental conditions against the Aeromonas hydrophilia bacteria. Antimicrobial activity (MIC and MBC) was determined using microdilution and clonal counting in Agar culture medium. The results showed that the modified compound with the acidic method had MBC of 28.57 and 14.28 mg / L for Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in 10 minutes and 30 minutes. For chitosan and modified bentonite composite, MBC was 14.28 mg / ml for Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in 10 and 30 minutes. The results of this study showed that modified bentonite and composite compounds have strong antimicrobial effects and can remove pathogens in laboratory conditions and can be used as new compounds to control pathogens in breeding systems.

 

---

The effect of six diets including Scenedesmus quadricauda), manure (cattle+poultry, 1:1 ratio), vegetable (spinach+parsely+coriander, 1:1:1 ratio), algae+soil, vegetable+soil, and manure+soil were examined on culture of freshwater copepod, Acanthocyclopsrobustus, under the experimental conditions of 23±1ºC, 12 hours dark: 12 hours light photoperiod, and light intensity of 60 µmol photons/m²/s. The maximum population density (1282.6±163.7 individuals/L), maximum specific growth rate (SGR) (0.17±0.0 /day) and minimum doubling time (Dt) (4.0±0.1 days) were obtained when A. robustus fed on algae+soil. The nauplii production was 727.3±42.4 (±SE),  272.0±23.5, 267.6±17.7, 147.0±18.2, 33.6±3.8 and 25.0±7.1 ind./L and copepodit production was 311.3±26.8, 124.3±11.1, 183.0±13.0, 59.0±7.1, 14.3±8.1, and 17.6±3.6 ind./L in algae, algae+soil, vegetable, vegetable+soil, manure+soil, and manure, respectively. Correspondingly, the adult production was 208.5±26.8, 51.6±16.5, 192.7±23.7, 91.7±28.4, 8.7±5.4 and 8.7±3.6 ind./L, respectively. The maximum body length (663.8±29.1 µm) and width (526.2±23.7 µm) of A. robustus were recorded when fed with vegetable+soil and vegetable, respectively. The number of nauplii, copepodit, adults, length and width were significantly correlated with EC, BOD and COD. According to results, the A. robustus has suitable potential culture on algal and non-algal diets based on production, growth, body size, BOD and COD, but the better performance obtain on algae+soil and vegetable.

---

  This study aims to investigate and compare some frequent phonological processes in Isfahani accent with that of standard Persian in the framework of optimality theory.  The methodological approach of the study is descriptive-analytical and the data collection was done through field study method. To do this, the conversation of Isfahani-native speakers, aged between 30 and 50, has been recorded for ten hours and then the data have been transcribed and classified. Through the analysis of the data in the framework of optimality theory, the top-ranked constraints in the hierarchy of constraints responsible for optimal candidates in Isfahani accent have been determined. Among the most significant phonological processes in this accent are devocalization, vowel harmony, and consonant and vowel dissimilation. The data analysis showed that the optimal candidates in Isfahani accent differ from that of standard Persian and in most cases, markedness constraints are responsible for optimal candidates in Isfahani. While in standard Persian, faithfulness constrains are top-ranked in the hierarchy of constraints.      

---

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of occupational accidents among farmers with an emphasis on the role of extension and education in reducing these incidents.
Methods: This study was conducted through a literature review. For this purpose, we investigated books, documents and articles related to research topics in the period of 2000 to 2017.
Findings: Various factors are effective on the incidence of occupational accidents as well as on the type, amount and severity of injuries resulting from accidents at work. Farmers and agricultural workers are not excluded from occupational accidents. The affecting factors on occupational accidents in agriculture are classified in three categories: farmers’ characteristics, agricultural environment, and agriculture technologies.
Conclusion: Occurrence of incidents in agricultural occupation is inevitable. Identifying the factors affecting the incidence of accidents can help to reduce the occurrence of incidents among farmers. The agricultural extension and education according to the abilities and talents in the field of agriculture and rural society can reduce accidents and work-related risks and improve the farmers’ occupational health.

---

 

The two Qur'anic words, 'osr' and 'yosr', require a revision of transcripts and interpretations. Most interpreters, and commentators have received the equivalent of "ease and simplicity" for the matter of "yosr" and "hardness" for the matter of "osr." The most important form of error in accepting this concept in verses 5 and 6 of the Sura "Sharh", is the mismatch between the verses and the truth. On this basis, most commentators have used the term "maa" in these two verses as meaning later, and They are influenced by a syntactic rule and a poor narrative and believe that the message of verse 5 and 6 of this sura is that it is two easy with every difficulty. The present article seeks to retrieve the notion of "Osr" and "Yosr" , with the descriptive-analytic method. The retrieval of the concept of "Osr" (difficulty) and "Yosr" (development), and also the study of the correct meaning of the term "Maa", Expresses a concept that has been neglected by most commentators and that concept is the expression of a divine tradition in verse 5; and the consolation and calm of the Prophet on the sixth. Therefore, the reason for the repetition of the verses is not emphasis; but each of the two contains an independent message that has been analyzed in this paper.

---

---

Due to the lack of General Practitioners (GP) in the past two decades in Iran, increasing the number of General Practitioners has been on the strategic agenda for health sector. However, this was an appropriate action for the time but, these augments unfortunately continued without scientific considerations, while these were based on the needs of society in that time. This led to some problems for all sectors in the health system. Unemployment, misemployment, underemployment were the results of these policies. Government suffered from heavy cost of educating General Practitioners. the system faced with inequality in their performance as well. Because of the importance of the subject, this research is done for avoiding such problems. It uses mathematical and economic models and techniques to estimate the number of GP from 2006 to 2011, which is believed to be essential for the health system. In this research, Cob-Douglas production function and partial adjustment model have been used for estimating GP labor demand function, then using growth rates of variables and growth mean of the period for each variable, the needed number of GP has been estimated. The future need of GP for years of 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 is respectively, 3864, 4507, 5282, 6224, 7384, and 9011. The elasticity is also calculated for the variables: (RInv), (RVA), (L). Point elasticities for the above variables are respectively 0.035, 0.041, and 0.01.

---

Backgrounds: Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is a simple, fast, and eco-friendly method which could be performed by various microorganisms or plant extracts. Silver NPs are well-known as antimicrobial and anti-fungal materials. They play an essential role in the control of tumors via their cytotoxic effects. Therefore, they have attracted significant attention for developing an effective treatment solution for cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the potential of Penicillium chrysogenum for the synthesis of silver NPs and to evaluate their toxicity on liver cancer cell line (HepG2).
Materials & Methods: After synthesis of NPs usingP. chrysogenum, characterization of the synthesized NPs was performed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was carried out to detect biomolecules that may be responsible for the synthesis and stabilization of NPs. The cytotoxic activity of the synthesized AgclNPs on HepG2 cell line was evaluated using MTT assay.
Findings: UV–Vis spectroscopy and XRD analysis confirmed the synthesis of AgclNPs using P. chrysogenum. TEM analysis revealed the spherical shape of AgclNPs with an average crystalline size of 15 to 45 nm. FTIR spectroscopy indicated the possible functional groups that could be responsible for the reduction of metal ions and the capping process. These nanoparticles showed a dose-dependent anticancer activity against HepG2 cells.
Conclusion: The results suggest that biosynthesized silver chloride nanoparticles could offer potential applications in cancer therapy.
 

---

The style of removing the preposition is one of the vital topics in the field of imperative and transitive verbs in the Arabic language. Grammar scholars have discussed about this topic in their grammar books and have explained its types and rules. However, they never look at this topic as one of the expressive Iʻjāz of the Quran and the subtleties and rhetorical aspects and the influence of this syntactic rule in the interpretation and translation of the verses and its semantic aesthetic functions, which according to the Quranic evidence, is very practical and crucial. By using some rhetorical styles, including the removal of the preposition, the Holy Quran highlights significant points in the context, and to clarify the exact meaning of the verses and to understand the beauty of the expression and the greatness of the Quran miracle in the aspect of its rhetoric, pay attention any type of deletion or addition of letters and even the movements. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical method, aimed to study five examples of deleting the preposition in the Quran, the rhetorical, interpretive effect and the effect of the guiding messages of these methods on the translation and interpretation of verses, the study and shortcomings of translations and interpretations of the Qur'an, and in each case, a precise and correct translation and in some cases, a new one based on the correct interpretive approach is presented.

---

Background: COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in early 2020. The spectrum of clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients, including asymptomatic and symptomatic cases, includes dry cough, fatigue, fever, shortness of breath, and gastrointestinal symptoms. However, increased immune inflammatory responses to stimuli could result in overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunopathological complications, and death in patients with COVID-19. Given the anti-inflammatory effects of naproxen, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of naproxen on IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TGF-β in COVID-19 patients.
Materials & Methods: Serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TGF-β were determined by a commercial ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) kit before and after naproxen treatment.
Findings: According to the results, serum levels of IFN-γ and TGF-β cytokines significantly decreased in patients after treatment with naproxen. In addition, naproxen treatment was effective in reducing the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-1β in patients with COVID-19; however, it did not significantly change the serum level of TNF-α.
Conclusion: Overall, the findings demonstrated the effectiveness of naproxen on regulating the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 patients.

---

Aim: Landslide classification using a fractal model at the Tajan river basin in northern Iran is the study intended as a new approach based on 142 landslide information data set.
Materials & Methods: The obtained results were interpreted using the Depth–Number (Dp–N) fractal model and a fairly wide set of information available for each landslide class, consisting of Digital Elevation Model (DEM), rainfall, landuse, geology (lithology and fault) and drainage network data.
Findings: The log–log plot shows five classes for depth (weakly, moderately, highly, strongly, and extremely magnitude) which shows that the extremely magnitude landslides have depths higher than 19.95 m in the NE, middle, western, and SE parts of the Tajan basin. The strong (5-19.95 m) and high (2.4-5 m) magnitude landslides happened in the northern, NE, western and NW parts. The results, which were matched up to landuse, drainage network, DEM, and fault allocation patterns revealed an affirmative correlation between landslide classes and the particulars in the area. In addition, the coefficient of determination, R2, for each population shows that the classification has been done correctly using the Dp-N fractal model. Amounts of P-value obtained from paired samples t-test and ANOVA showed that the separated categories are in incongruity with each other and are significantly different (sig=0.000).
Conclusion: Results show that separating the populations of landslides based on a parameter as magnitude and the difference between the populations’ magnitude of landslides should be considered in landslide susceptibility zonation.

---

In this article, the interaction between lysozyme and CdTe nanoparticles was investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence, thermal stability, kinetics, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic methods at pH 7.25. It was proved that the fluorescence quenching of lysozyme by CdTe NPs was mainly a result of the formation of the CdTe–lysozyme complex. By the fluorescence quenching results, the Stern–Volmer quenching constant (K_SV), binding constant (Ka), and binding sites (n) were calculated. Under pH 7.25 conditions, the level of binding constant is determined to be 2.33×10³ from fluorescence data. The hydrogen bond or van der Waals force is involved in the binding process. The blue shift of the fluorescence spectral peak of protein after the addition of CdTe nanoparticles reveals that the microenvironments around tryptophan residues are disturbed by CdTe nanoparticles. The effect of CdTe NPs on the conformation of lysozyme has been analyzed by means of UV-Vis spectra and CD spectra, which provided evidence that the secondary structure of lysozyme has been changed by the interaction of CdTe NPs with lysozyme.

---

The aim of study it was carried out survey investigation of consumer attitudes toward organic agriculture. The study was a kind of applied and descriptive –correlational method. The research population was consumers of agricultural products in Alborz Province. Sample size was determine by Cochran's formula (n= 250). Proportional stratified random sampling method was used. Data was collected through an instrument that developed by researcher. Validity estimated by a panel of experts in University and Agriculture experts’ of jihad-e- keshavarzi department of Karaj city. Reliability was conducted by a Pilot test and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient assumed (0/75) which show its suit for research conduct. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software package. Research findings show that there is a significant difference between responces in diploma and graduate & post graduted level at the 0.05 level. Also there is positive relation between consume obstacle and factors affecting to use of organice agriculture with responcendents attitude.  

---

The aim of this study was to analyze the components of Consumer behavior toward food waste. The study was a kind of applied and descriptive – correlational method. The research population was consumers of food products in Tehran city. Sample size was determine by Kerjice and Morgan table (n= 384). Proportional stratified random sampling method was used. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of expert in Agricultural Extension and Education Department, Tarbiat Modarres University. Reliability was conducted by a Pilot test and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient assumed (0/86) which show its suit for research conduct. Results of exploratory factor analysis revealed six components of consumer behavior: Cultural values, social participation, motivation, beliefs, education and awareness and perception which are composed of 60 percent of consumer behavior changes, explain.

---

Food security and access to healthy food and its’ quality is the primary and most basic of human needs. Food Security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needsand food preference for an active and healthy life. The main purpose of the study was survey of the food insecurity situation and access to food in urban households of the Alborz Province. The research method was descriptive and Cross-correlation that was conducted by a survey. The population consists of all urban households in Alborz Province (N=652,466) and 185 households were chosen by the stratified random sampling method. The main instrument was a questionnaire where its’ validity confirmed by panel of experts in agricultural extension and education department at Tarbiat Modares and Tehran universities. Consistency and reliability of Research tools were assiumed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient ( 0/74). The food security situation results show that 64/4 percent of households were in food safety category and 17/2 percent was in low levels of food insecurity, 10/3 percent were in medium food insecurity level and 8 percent were severely in food insecurity level. Also the results showed that there is significant differences at the 0/01  level in  food access Between urban households in Alborz Province, This mean that,  Nazarabad city households were in  highly level than the other households.