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Among the lexical units of a language, all of which can be subjected to semantic expansion according to selection and combination, verbs are quite susceptible to radial and semantic expansion due to their nature. This article tries to use the cognitive approach to investigate the semantic expansion of the simple triad form of the event "Zarb" in the Arabic language. And in a descriptive-analytical way, while enumerating the marginal expansions of this verb, explain how they are produced and also the semantic sharing relationship between the derivatives of the same root. About 80 usages were extracted from the most advanced to the latest Arabic dictionaries for the event "Zarb", which, excluding similar usages, resulted in 32 radial meanings for this event. The result showed that the existence of a semantic relationship between the derivatives of a word can be confirmed in the light of the derivational property of the Arabic language. Therefore, from the most unmarked meaning of "stroke" to its metaphorical expansions, each of them conveys the concept of "pressure and force" in a way. Therefore, the claim that the meaning of "beating" is late in this event is questionable. Also, most of the marginal expansions of the verb "to multiply" are the product of the change in the most frequently used elements accompanying this event, i.e. space scenes. In addition, in the virtual expansion of the event "hit", the necessary-necessary interest and the cause-cause have more frequency in producing the radial meanings of this event.
 

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Investigating and studying the political relations of countries in the international arena, especially the countries of a particular region, is of particular importance. Such studies investigate issues related to the interactions between states and factors affecting political relations between them from different perspectives. Geopolitical studies are among such studies which provide national interests and national security for countries to identify political and geographical factors and variables affecting the political relations of states and accordingly, to investigate the regional and global impacts of these relations. By looking at the political relations between Iran and Syria, as two important non-bordering Middle East countries with special geopolitical and geostrategic importance in the axis of Islamic Resistance, which plays an essential and decisive role in regional interactions and geopolitics which is significantly impacted by these relations, we can observe fluctuations due to the influence of geopolitical, political and economic factors in the interactions between them. The current study tries to examine the impact of major geopolitical factors between the two countries and finally answer the following question: What predictable prospect exists for Iran-Syria relations in the future"? In this regard, using a descriptive-analytical research method, we will test the hypothesis that "the future of Iran-Syria relations depends on the future of Syria and its future positioning." This research investigates other aspects of the future effect of the two countries' relations on the region and, like any other research studies, there were limitations and obstacles.

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The purpose of this paper is to study and evaluate the effect of Job - Family Conflict on intention of nurses to quit their jobs in public and private hospitals (A comparative Study), by job burnout as mediator. Statistical society of this research was formed by Emam Khomeini, Firouzgar, Day & Hasheminejad hospitals. 275 nurses was selected randomly among those hospitals. Data analyzing performed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Pearson Correlation test, Conformity Factors Analysis and Structural Equestrians Modeling. The findings showed that Job-Family Conflict has a meaningful (direct and indirect) effect on nurses' intention to quit. We also found that Job-Family Conflict can increase nurses' job burnout. With 95 percent confidence, differences between Job-Family Conflict in public hospitals and private ones was meaningful and Job-Family Conflict occurrence in public hospitals was greater than private hospitals. There was no meaningful difference between public and private hospitals in job burnout level and intention to quit.  

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Water erosion causes a series of on-site as well as off-site damages and problems on natural ecosystem. These damages include soil and nutrient loss and finally loss of productivity which causes costs to the society. So, this study attempts to quantify the economic value of soil productivity conservation as one of the important functions of rangelands vegetation and its economic cost by productivity losses. The soil loss amounts were obtained from integrated Geographic Information System (GIS) and map of erosion vulnerable areas using RUSLE model. Supplementary data such as soil nutrients (NPK) valuated from the measurement plots of a portable rainfall simulator (E65). Field plots were constructed to measure soil nutrients and soil loss from different soil types with different resistance to erosion. Rainfall simulation was carried out in three sites on the basis of geology map and different resistance to erosion. Nine experimental unit plots (1*1 m) were used to correlate nutrient loss to sediment losses. Assuming that nutrient loss by erosion could be replaced by fertilizers, economic cost of major nutrients estimated by market prices of fertilizers. Results showed that mean annual soil loss using RUSLE was 27.44 t ha^-1 y^-1 ranging from 0.0 to 996.06 t ha^-1 y^-1. Also, 114.17 kg ha^-1 y^-1 of N, P, K elements were lost in 2010 due to soil erosion in the degraded rangelands which costs (738944 Rial) 71.5 US$ ha^-1y^-1. Total economic cost of soil nutrient loss in 94978.6 ha of the rangelands of Nour-rud watershed basin, was estimated 70×10^{^}9 Rial (6.8×10⁶ US$). The maximum annual cost of soil nutrient loss was estimated in the "TRujs" geological formation (1.23×10⁶ US$) consisting of "gray shale, silt, sandstone, conglomerate" and the least cost belonged to the "Jl1" geological formation (0.916*10⁶ US$) which consists of "thin gray dolomite limestone". In economic terms there was a direct relationship between soil nutrient loss and its economic cost.

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China has launched the Silk Road Rehabilitation Project, a "one-way belt project," as a comprehensive regional project. The main goal of this project is to enhance the level of development of the countries between the eastern and western borders of Eurasia by facilitating regional cooperation and developing the infrastructure of the transit countries. The project has two routes: the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21^st Century Maritime Silk Road. The one-way belt project has various geopolitical, economic, political and commercial dimensions. Areas of non-economic cooperation within the framework of this project include: ensuring the security of trade routes, strengthening counterterrorism cooperation at the regional level, designing mechanisms for resolving disputes over land and sea disputes, developing marine resources, and cooperating in the field of environmental protection and increasing in cultural exchanges. This study using the descriptive- analytic method explains the geopolitical position of Chabahar port in China’s Maritime Silk Road in the 21^st Century.

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Research subject: Selectivity and permeability are the major parameters of polymeric membranes in gas separation process. Hence, nowadays in order to improve aforementioned parameters, modification and enhancement issues for such membrane have been highly noticed.
Research approach: In this study, in order to improve the performance of polymeric membranes, the two-component blend membranes containing Pebax^®1657 and PVA were synthesized for CO₂ separation. The effect of different PVA concentrations within the Pebax matrix on structure, morphology and gas separation properties of resultant membranes was investigated. The chemical bonds, crystallinity and cross-sectional morphology studied through, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and were utilized.
Main results: The results of the thermal analysis indicated an increase in crystallinity and also glass transition temperature in presence of 5 – 15 wt.% PVA, while the membrane crystallinity decreased by increasing the PVA content up to 20 wt.%. FESEM images demonstrated a uniform cross-section without any cracks and defects for neat Pebax membrane but by adding PVA to Pebax matrix, appeared cracks and cave structures on the cross- section of blend membranes. The CO₂/CH₄ separation performance of membranes was measured using a constant volume set up at 30°C and feed pressure of 2, 6 and 10 bar. The obtained results revealed that the CO₂ permeability in blend membranes improved as the PVA content increased within the membrane. The best obtained CO₂ permeability was 204.64 Barrer which gained by Pebax/PVA (20wt.%) at feed pressure of 10 bar. Moreover, the highest selectivity of CO₂/N₂ for blend membrane with 15 wt.% of PVA was about 100.21 at 10 bar and 30°C.
 

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The production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass could be considered as an appropriate and economic option to remove environmental disasters and improve energy security. In fact, lignocellulosic material is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Lignin works as the adhering prevents the bioconversion of cellulose into sugars and ultimately to ethanol. To address the problem, various chemical, physical, physicochemical and biological methods have been suggested. Enjoying convenient operating conditions, production of non-hazardous wastes, and having no harmful side effects, make the biological methods a potentially proper option. Unfortunately, the biological methods are slower and less efficient in comparison with the other processes. In the present study, an attempt is made to resolve this problem in an enzymatic degradation of lignin of a rice straw sample. Several peroxidase enzymes were produced by a white rot fungus, and their effects on lignin removal from the biomass samples were investigated in shaking flasks. Lignin concentration and enzymes' activity were measured by the acetyl bromide-soluble lignin spectrophotometric method and optical density method using special reagents, respectively. The results revealed that the enzymatic treatment could remove at least 30% of the lignin content of the lignocellulosic biomass. To achieve the maximum activity of the enzymes, The chemical composition of the culturing medium was optimized for the concentration of important metal ions including Cu2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ through Box Behnken response surface methodology. The enzymes' activity at the obtained optimal conditions increased four times for Manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase.

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Aims: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is part of human oral cavity microbiome and is known to be responsible of dental caries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of Punica granatum, Ricinus communis, and Allium sativum extracts on biofilm formation caused by S. mutans.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the biofilm formation was carried out by broth dilution method with glucose -supplemented Tryptic Soy Agar (TSB) in 96-well microtiter plates. Seven serial dilutions from the aqueous extracts of the Punica granatum, Ricinus communis, and Allium sativum were prepared. Then, a suspension of S. mutans was added to the wells. The anti-biofilm effects of the extracts and turbidity were measured by an ELISA reader apparatus at OD₄₉₂nm. Experiments were completed in triplicate.
Findings: Ricinus communis was more active on S. mutans than other extracts. In comparison with others, the mean OD obtained in the presence of a concentration of 50mg of the plant extract (OD=0.083) was close to the negative control (OD=0.068). This plant was effective in higher concentrations (50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25mg/ml). Allium sativum extract has a moderate effect on S. mutans. The lowest activity belonged to Punica granatum extract.
Conclusion: The extract of Ricinus communis has strong anti-biofilm activity against Streptococcus mutans, when compared to other extracts, Allium sativum extract show moderate activity on the biofilm formation. Aqueous extract of Punica granatum peel isn’t very effective on S. mutans.

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One of the new research domain which affect managers, researchers and scientific approaches is ambidexterity and its effect on all aspects of organizations. This means that how an organization can benefit from using simultaneously mechanisms of exploration and exploitation, and efficiency and innovation and be successful. In this paper authors reviewed the literature and theoretical foundations in the area of ambidextrous learning and its interaction with the intellectual capital (human capital, social capital and organizational capital) to adapt and develop an ambidextrous learning in organizations. Designed model is consistent with the logic of ambidexterity mode and is used 90 degree crossed modes to show results. In order to test the model, a questionnaire distributed among the senior executives  of pharmaceutical industry. Companis data analyzed using content analysis and application of Max QDa. The results showed that for developing ambidextrous learning in organizations, all aspects of intellectual capital are needed to be Simulated Ranked with the concept of ambidextrous learning.    

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According to the prevalent beliefs, comitative object, cognate object and object of purpose are not present in the syntactical functions of Persian language. However, there is lack of scientific research on this subject. Not only has it been ignored in grammar books, but also it has not been discussed in the essays and articles. The present study seeks to investigate the above mentioned functions in Persian syntax and to show their Persian equivalents by bringing several instances from Persian texts of prose and poetry. Subsequently, the paper aims to show the differences between these functions in Arabic and Persian. Influenced by Arabic, the article introduces new terminology, which did not formerly exist in Persian language.      

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Aim: Thermophilic Campylobacter is the first cause of gastroenteritis infection in human. Nowadays, the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. is higher than other bacteria causing intestinal infection such as Salmonella and Shigella. This study was designed to compare the frequency of Campylobacter species in poultry slaughterhouse workers and poultry meat sellers (exposed group) and in healthy people (non-exposed group) in Arak city.
Materials & Methods: Among the 104 samples, 52 samples were collected from the slaughterhouse workers and poultry meat sellers, and 52 samples were collected from the control group. The stool samples were taken from the slaughterhouse workers, poultry meat seller, and healthy people who had not received antibiotics for the last two weeks. For enrichment, the samples were enriched in Preston broth medium at 37℃ for 48 hrs under the microaerophilic conditions. Then they were sub cultured using a passive filtration method on Brucella agar at 37℃ for 72 hrs under the microaerophilic conditions. Finally, the samples were directly tested using genus- and species specific PCR primers.
Findings: Of 52 samples collected from the slaughterhouse workers and poultry meat sellers, 11 (21.1%) samples were positive for the presence of Campylobacter spp. by PCR, and of 52 samples collected from the healthy people, 2 (3.8%) samples were reported as positive. The most frequent species isolated from the 2 groups were C.jejuni (53.84%) and C.coli (23.07%), respectively.
Conclusion: Chicken is identified as one of the important sources of Campylobacter infections in humans, which may contaminate poultry Slaughterhouse workers and chicken meat sellers, which in turn, they could potentially transmit Campylobacter strains to healthy people and chicken meat.

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As an important country in West Asia, Turkey has an influential position on Iran's foreign policy, and considering the bilateral and trans-regional relations in the relations between the two countries, it can be very important from a geopolitical point of view. Developments in recent years in Turkey have been mainly related to the foreign policy of that country. Relations between Turkey and Iran have undergone many changes throughout history. The two countries are considered as powerful non-Arab countries in the region that have common geographical and cultural features and do not consider each other as an existential threat. In recent years, political differences between the two countries over Syria and sometimes Iraq have led to political disputes between them. This scientific study examines the impact of Turkey's geopolitical actions in Iraq and Syria on reducing Iran's regional influence. The research method is descriptive-analytical, it is descriptive because it describes Turkey's geopolitical actions in Iraq and Syria and is analytical. This is because it expresses the impact of these actions on reducing Iran's regional influence. The method of collecting information is library, based on the use of relevant letters, reports, information and valid data. The results show that although Turkey's geopolitical actions have caused conflicts between the two countries, the maturity of the two countries' diplomacy and some similarities have led to the stability of relations.

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Biofilter is one of key components of recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) that affect initial investment, executing cast and success or unsuccess of system. Hence in this research, performance of barley straw, wood chip, sponge (as cheap and available media) and PVC pure pipe (to compare) based biofilters was surveyed in Common carp recirculating aquaculture system. To conduct this research 12 pilot recirculating aquaculture systems designed and 50 common carp individuals (mean weight: 4/8 g) were stocked in each system. After activation period (about 1 month), waste removal efficiency of biofilters and growth performance of Common carp were surveyed. Results indicated that sponge based biofilters had the best performance. Barley straw and wood chip based biofilters showed acceptable waste removal efficiency, while PVC pure pipe biofilters had poor performance. The highest feeding and growth performance of fish were observed in systems involved barley straw based biofilter. In conclusion barley straw, wood chip and sponge because of having low cast, being available, having relatively high specific surface area and showing acceptable waste removal efficiency, can be used in RAS and semi reuse systems.

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Background: Concentrations of Se in seven plant species (white mulberry, apricot, spindle tree, pistachio, wheat, barley, chives), and the associated soil samples were investigated in Shahrood and Damghan, Iran.
Materials and Methods: Soil samples were taken from the surface zone (0-5 cm) and plough zone (5-20 cm) in 13 sampling locations. The collected soil and plant samples were taken to the laboratory, then digested usin USEPA's method and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy technique. 
Results: Since there was a significant correlation (r=0.688, p<0.01) between Se concentration in the two soil's depths, it was turned out that agricultural practices, through tillage and plough, had probably moved Se to the deeper parts of the soil in area in which agricultural activity was prevalent. The highest accumulation of Se was recorded in the chives with the average value of 0.35mg kg^-1. Except for apricot, the concentrations of Se in top parts of the plants (e.g. leaf, grain, fruit) were higher than stem/stalk, implying the easy translocation of this element in the considered plant species.                   
Conclusions: The highest values of bio-concentration factors were recorded in chives followed by spindle tree and wheat, whereas the lowest level was detected in pistachio.

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Aim: A theory-based research program can increase the participation of elderly people in terms of good nutritional behaviors. This study aimed at assessing the prediction of the nutritional improvement of elderly based on protection motivation theory (PMT).
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 elderly people over 60 years of age in the City of Hamadan in early April in 2016. The PMT-based questionnaire data were analyzed using measures of central tendency, dispersion, and independent t-tests.
Findings: The results showed that the knowledge item of the questionnaire had significant effect on all constructs of the model.
Conclusion: This study revealed that the PMT-based program had an effect on the improvement of nutritional performance of the elderly people; however, further investigations in other age and gender groups as well as using other educational methods are also recommended.

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Background: The participation of local communities is considered as one of the major factors contributing to social and economic growth and development in rangeland management. Therefore, an analysis of variables affecting their participation contributes greatly to foreseeing the needs and fulfilling the shortages of a participation program. The present paper is an attempt to investigate the impact of socio- economic variables effecting local communities’ participation.
Materials and Methods:The pilot area of the present study was Gomorgan village in Malard County (Tehran Province). Regression function was used for examining the impact of explanatory variables (socio-economic) upon participation of local communities to rangeland protection. Shazam 9 software was applied for logit regression function analysis.
Results: It was found out that the variables such as age, education, bid and importance of rangelands as livestock production inputs had negative effects upon local communities’ participation in Malard’s rangeland protection, whileincome had positive effects.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that enhancing the socio- economic condition of local community could be a useful tool to increase the success level of the conservation projects in rangeland management.

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This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of three binding agents, including corn starch, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and urea formaldehyde (UFA) (in diets containing 42% soybean meal) on growth performance, pellet water stability and chemical composition of Litopenaeus vannamei. Shrimps with an average initial weight of 0.73 g stored in polyethylene tanks and fed experimental diets for 52 days (four treatments and three replicates). Biometric measurements of shrimp were carried out in two periods of 15 and 21 days. At the end of experiment results showed that the average final weight of shrimp fed the UFA binder is significantly lower than other treatments (p<0.05). Specific growth rate at three sampling periods (p<0.05) and at the end of experimental (p<0.01) was significantly affected by the type of binder, with the lowest SGR in UFA and highest in shrimps were fed control diet. Statistical analysis showed that chemical body composition of shrimp was not significantly affected by dietary treatments. In general, according to the results of diet stability, growth performance and feed utilization as well as shrimp body composition, corn starch is a good binder for whiteleg shrimp feed.

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One of the significant elements in the formation of narrative structure is the sequence of its events which is explored under the umbrella term of temporal element. Abbas Maroufi’s novel Peykar-e farhadis a work in which real and imaginative times are what narrative is based upon. The novelist relates, in the novel’s surface structure, one single story in three different temporal frames, yet breaks the narrative linearity, so that for the most part the existing relations and temporal order of events remain obscure and, consequently, time, losing its quantitative value, fades away in the narrative. The current paper attempts to survey the order of events and narrative temporality in addition to studying how the author, by deploying some features of stream of consciousness, has narrated the mental structure as well as confusion of the novel’s female character. These features range from temporal and spatial turbulence, free association, author’s textual removal, and assigning a role to the reader in narration act due to direct displaying of disturbed subjectivities as well as uncensored stream-of-consciousness memories—being the same as pre-lingual mental layers—to utilizing internal monologue and soliloquy in some parts of the story, poeticness, mental obscurity and difficulty of finding the decisively right meaning for the novel with the purpose of developing a particular narrative technique.

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In this paper the reflection coefficient of electromagnetic wave incidence on the walls of the buildings and obstacles that occurs in mobile communication path was modified by solving the Riccati nonlinear equations. For this purpose, the building walls are assumed inhomogeneous layers where their permittivity changes as function of the wall thickness. Using this reflection coefficient, a new propagation model based on urn and GID (uniform geometrical theory of diffraction and geometrical theory of diffraction) for multiple diffraction paths is proposed. Using this model, the diffraction loss as well as the path loss for a row of buildings with two in homogeneous faces is calculated and compared with measured data. Comparison of theoretical and measured results reveals that the modified reflection coefficient can adequately predict the reflective properties of the building walls. Moreover, results obtained with the proposed UID model are in good agreement with the measurement data. Therefore, the modified reflection coefficients well as the new UID model can be used for estimation of multipath signals strength, diffraction loss and also path delay in ray tracing algorithms used in mobile communication, radar and radio links.

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Introduction
One of the centers of regional crisis is Afghanistan in the east of Iran. This country has common cultural, social, religious and political structures with Iran, but due to the weakness of political structures, it has been the center of geopolitical competition of regional and global powers. Due to its geographical proximity on the one hand and the competition of the powers, it is one of the geopolitical regions that can have many effects on Iran's regional actions. Therefore, Iran is bound to play a geopolitical role in this region. One of the most important reasons for the importance of Iran's role in the East, especially in today's Afghanistan, is activities of the groups that are religiously sympathetic to the Taliban. Therefore, national interests require Iran to prevent these groups from approaching radicalism through regional de-escalation. During the sanctions period, the Afghan market is one of the main markets for Iran's exports, the dependence of Sistan and Baluchistan province in eastern Iran on Hirmand River can be better achieved by maintaining the relationship with the Taliban, and finally, being present in Afghanistan prevents the country from turning into the backyard of Iran's regional and extra-regional rivals.

Methodology
The research method is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive-analytic in terms of method and nature. Data gathering procedure is based on library findings. The statistical population of the research consists of experts and professors of the university and fields related to geopolitics, geostrategy and geoculture, and the sample size was determined based on Cochran's model of 50 people. In order to analyze the findings, the average test was used in SPSS software.

Results and discussion
The factors of Iran's role-playing in the geopolitical region of the East with an emphasis on Afghanistan are subject to relevant factors and variables at three internal, regional and extra-regional "global" levels. In this context, the ambiguous future indicators of power in Afghanistan and Iran's capabilities in playing its role, ethnic diversity in Afghanistan and the Pashtuns' role in power and the roles played by the Islamic Republic with regard to its civilizational characteristics in Afghanistan and playing a role, the Islamic Republic of Iran is considered as one of the main and most important factors in the geopolitical region of the East in terms of building universities and scientific centers in Afghanistan and Pakistan and producing knowledge and increasing general literacy in Afghanistan, and the influencing factors. The role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the fields of increasing the construction of cultural bases such as Basij, seminaries, knowledge centers and cultural centers, etc. is prominent. Preventing illegal immigration on the borders of Pakistan and Afghanistan has not been successful. In the context of evaluating Iran's role-playing achievements in the direction of securing the national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the East, 12 indicators were presented, and the results showed that factors such as Iran's achievements in solving hydropolitical disputes with Afghanistan, Iran's achievements in the construction of the Chabahar Free Zone, Iran's achievements in the field of spreading the Persian language in Afghanistan and Iran's roles in preventing the spread of the Salafist ideology of Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia are the most achievements for Iran in the East, and finally factors such as Iran's role in preventing the transit of narcotics on the borders of Pakistan and Afghanistan and Iran's role in preventing arms smuggling in the borders of the peripheral east are not considered as the achievements of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the peripheral east.

Conclusions
The results showed that Iran's role-playing in the geopolitical region of its peripheral east, with an emphasis on Afghanistan, will be subject to relevant factors and variables at three internal, regional and extra-regional "global" levels, and the greatest share of this role-playing includes extra-regional factors. Also, factors such as Iran's achievements in the field of settling hydropolitical disputes with Afghanistan, Iran's achievements in the field of establishing the Chabahar Free Zone, Iran's achievements in the field of spreading the Persian language in Afghanistan and Iran's roles in preventing the spread of Salafist ideology in Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia will bring the most achievements for Iran in its peripheral east.