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Analysis of the spatial and temporal trends of precipitation and temperature are pertinent for future development and sustainable management of water resources in a given region. In this paper, we present a study concerning the climatic behavior of two principal observables Variables, viz. monthly temperature (maximum and minimum) and mean precipitations obtained from the measurements carried out in 60 Iranian meteorological stations for 40 years from 1969 to 2008. The Mann-Kendall test was used to detect the significant trends.Results showed that during summer and autumn, the precipitation had a negative trend (at 5% significant level) in the south-eastern parts of Iran and this trend is less during spring, but no special trend was observed in winter. The minimum and the maximum temperatures did not have any particular trend in winter. Spring was accompanied by an increase in positive trend in the maximum temperatures in the south-west and north-east, while the minimum temperature only limited in the south-west parts. Positive and negative trends of the minimum temperature were very dispersed during the summer. The maximum temperatures had a negative trend in the north-west and no positive trend was observed at 5% significant level. During autumn, the temperatures indices had positive and negative trends with a wide range of dispersion.

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Aims: This study aimed to examine the challenging experience of parents with hospitalized chronic kidney disease children in the nephrology department.
Participants & Methods: Using the content analysis approach, a qualitative study was carried out on 19 parents with chronic kidney disease children. The participants were selected through purposive sampling. For data gathering, in-depth, semi-structured, and face-to-face interviews were carried out and the collected data were analyzed through conventional content analysis.
Findings: Data analyses revealed two overarching categories of “confusion and the lack of support” and “chronic illness challenges.” The subcategories of category 1 were “insufficient information in parents and others” and “inadequate support.” Category 2 included the subcategories of “chronic nature of the disease” and “hard to manage the disease.”
Conclusion: Through creating a proper communication and supportive environment, the health team members can significantly assist parents.

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High groundwater salinity, a high water table and secondary soil salinization are dominant conditions in eastern Isfahan Province, Iran. This region has a low annual rainfall, high annual evaporation demand, saline soils and limited fresh water supplies. To investigate the effects of irrigation deficit and salinity on cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. var. cantalupensis) production, a field experiment was performed at the Salinity and Drainage Research Station of Rudasht, 65 km East of Isfahan. Irrigation treatments were T65, T80 and T95 (irrigation after 65, 80 and 95 percent of cumulative evaporation from Class A pan, respectively), each having three replicates. EC of irrigation water was 5.25 dS m-1; irrigation water depth for the whole growing period was 300, 342 and 384 mm, for T65, T80 and T95 treatments, respectively. The results showed that T65 and T80 irrigation treatments significantly reduced fresh yield, number of fruit, fruit weight per plant and water use efficiency. Fresh-fruit yield was 31.73, 38.48 and 54.34 ton ha-1, and water use efficiency was 10.58, 11.25 and 14.16 kg m-3 in T65, T80 and T95 irrigation treatments, respectively. A second order polynomial equation was fitted (R2= 0.99) for production function (yield vs. irrigation water depth). The relationship between water use efficiency and irrigation water depth was also a second order polynomial equation (R2= 0.97). Nitrogen and potassium content of fruits in T65 treatment was higher than T80 and T95 treatments. Effect of irrigation regimes was not significant on P and Na content of fruits, but was significant on Cl- content (P< 0.05). Overall results showed that cantaloupe is a crop sensitive to soil moisture stress.

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This paper illustrates the application of S-transform and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) for fault location in combined overhead line and cable distribution networks. The high frequency transient signals originated by faults are analyzed using S-transform and CWT. The S-transform is found to be applicable in transient based fault location in distribution networks. This technique is an expansion of wavelet transform method and is based on a moving and scalable localizing Gaussian window. Taking into account this fact that the signal energy of faults has high amplitude around certain frequencies, the fault location can be identified considering the relationship between these frequencies and so-called path characteristic frequencies related to the fault traveling waves. The transient voltage signal energy is calculated using S-Transform and CWT. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, the distribution networks with only overhead lines, as well as a combined system (consisting of the overhead lines and underground cables) have been studied. The IEEE 34-bus test distribution network is simulated in EMTP-RV software and the relevant S-transform and CWT analyses are carried out in MATLAB coding environment

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The concept of linguistics is closely associated in contemporary literature with Reza Barahani and it comprises one of the most significant postmodern poetic movements. It emphasizes the importance of language over meaning and encapsulates poetry within the realm of language and linguistic forms. While this concept is linked to Barahani's name in terms of its foundations and poetic style, the principles and foundations of this theory can be traced in the postmodern poetry of other countries around the world. In Arabic poetry, the Lebanese modernist and surrealist poet Wadih Sa'adeh is a case worth investigating in this regard. The theoretical principles of the concept of linguistics were elucidated by Barahani, and the collection of poems "Khatab be Parvaneh-ha" (To the Butterflies) was composed and published by the poet under this theory. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method, aims to conduct a comparative study of the poems of Reza Barahani and the contemporary Lebanese poet Wadih Sa'adeh, relying on this theory, namely Barahani's theory of linguistics, to accurately and systematically explore the similarities and potential for critical analysis of the poems of a Lebanese poet with the concept of linguistics. This article has endeavored to uncover and reveal the extent of the two poets' attention to language and its formal, figurative, and purely linguistic features. The basis of the analysis is the American school of

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The species of the genus Dusona Cameron, 1901 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae) are studied in four provinces of Iran (Mazandaran, Guilan, Alborz and Fars). Specimens were collected using Malaise traps during 2010–2012. Eight species of Dusona were collected and identified, among them three species, D. libertatis (Teunissen, 1947), D. limnobia (Thomson, 1887), and D. disclusa (Förster, 1868) represent new records for the fauna of Iran. Morphological characteristics of the newly recorded species are illustrated. Additionally, an updated checklist of Dusona species known from Iran is provided, along with zoogeographical distribution maps for all species collected in this study.


 

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The detection of changes in the dynamic behavior of structures is an important issue in structural safety assessment. Deployment and servicing of marine and coastal structures such as piers in the marine environment with constantly changing, requires understanding the dynamic behavior of these structures to prevent possible damage. Among the factors of uncertainty in understanding the dynamic performance of piers is uncertainties related to semi-rigid connection of deck to piles. According to this fact that the main mass of the structure is on deck, the connection of deck to piles is very important. In this study, experimental and numerical model of beach piers were studied. A Test on experimental modal analysis was performed to determine the response of structures. A numerical model of the structure prepared and theory of modal analysis was performed on it. Then, based on the finite element model updating of structure approach, identify and determine the percentages of semi-rigid connections. Results show this fact the connection isn’t fully rigid. According to the present method can be compared to determine the percentage of semi-rigid connections and prepare the finite element model with more adaptable to the experimental model. Updated results with this method were very close to the real model.

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Time preference and intertemporal behavior are of basic importance in theoretical and applied studies of decision-making and economic analysis. Present-bias induces individuals to postpone their savings and makes the saving level less than its optimal level. This article studies the present-biased and time preferences in intertemporal consumption-saving behavior among selected students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. It examines the effect of interest rate on intertemporal decision-making and tests the impacts of individual factors such as past experiences, gender and consumption expenditure on present-bias. Hence, after reviewing the theoretical basics, the parameters of individual present-biased and time preferences have been estimated by “multiple price list” and “convex time budget” methods. In this experiment, participants were faced with different decision-making situations along with changes in interest rates. The results of experiment show that participants are generally present-biased in their intertemporal behavior. In addition, individuals exhibit more present bias in “multiple price list” method than “convex time budget” method.  While interest rate is an influential factor in intertemporal decision-making, but the intertemporal behavior of students is influenced by their past experiences. There is no significant relationship between gender and present bias. Furthermore, consumption expenditure was independent of present bias.

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The purpose of this study is to estimate a “hybrid” version of the optimal monetary policy rule in Iran using the optimal control theory. To do this, it is assumed that monetary authorities solve an optimization problem with regard to the constraints of economic structure, which includes five equations of aggregate supply, aggregate demand, exchange rate, demand for money and government expenditure. First, the structural equations’ parameters are estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) and seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) methods during 1978-2016. Then, the preferences of the monetary authorities for stabilizing inflation and output, and smoothing liquidity growth are chosen with the aim of minimization of social welfare loss. The results indicate that the central bank should consider the deviation of monetary growth rate and the output gap. In addition, the optimal rule of monetary policy derived from the optimal preferences indicates that the central bank must react simultaneously to the changes in inflation, output gap and real exchange rate, in which the role of output gap is of great importance.
 

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The use of controlled fermented legumes along with the aqueous extract of aromatic plants is important in terms of improving the quality characteristics of wheat bread. In the present study, after spontaneous fermentation of mung bean sourdough containing saffron petal extract, the predominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolate was used as a starter culture in controlled fermented sourdough, and then the characteristics of the produced wheat breads in terms of texture, surface expansion of fungi and overall acceptability were investigated. Sequencing results of PCR products led to the identification of Levilactobacillus brevis as the predominant LAB isolated from sourdough. Processing of wheat bread with mung bean sourdough containing mentioned bacteria and saffron petal extract not only improved the textural features and overall acceptability of the produced bread, but also increased their resistance towards the surface expansion of Aspergillus niger. Based on the results, wheat bread containing fermented mung bean and saffron petal extract showed the best textural features compared to other samples with crumb hardness of 10.21 N and porosity of 16.16%. Furthermore, the mentioned sample with 44.33% inhibition had the highest ability to inhibit the growth of the indicator fungus compared to other samples. Although the use of mung bean and saffron petal extract alone in the formulation of wheat bread did not show a great effect on reducing the surface expansion of fungi, but their combined application was significantly (P<0.05) effective in reducing the surface growth of fungus. Due to the appropriate techno-functional capabilities of controlled fermented mung bean sourdough containing saffron petal extract, it can be used as a natural improver in the bakery industries.

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Aims: Despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, breast cancer still remains the second leading cause of cancer- related death in women. Recent reports have detected a new class of non-coding molecules named long non-coding RNAs that play an important role in various biological processes involved in cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the expression level of long non-coding RNA HULC in breast cancer.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, after collecting 40 breast tumors with invasive ductal carcinoma and 40 normal marginal tissues, RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were done. The expression level of HULC was obtained by using the qRT-PCR method. REST 2009 software was employed to evaluate the association of its expression in tumor and normal tissues. Biomarker potential of HULC was evaluated by drawing ROC curve. Relationship between HULC expression and clinicopathological features was analyzed.
Results: Results from REST indicated significant upregulation of HULC in tumor tissues compared to normal marginal specimens (95% CI; p=0.0001). ROC curve analysis also demonstrated the biomarker potential of HULC in breast cancer (ROC^AUC=0.79; p<0.0001). Evaluation of the relationship between HULC expression and clinicopathological features revealed that there is a statistically significant positive correlation of HULC expression with advanced stages (95% CI; P=0.019).
Conclusion: Considering the upregulation of HULC expression in invasive ductal carcinoma, this lncRNA could be considered as a new potential diagnostic biomarker in breast cancer.
 
 

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In this study, two transport methods for tomato (room temperature and refrigerated transport) as well as post-harvest packaging treatments (thin polyethylene packaging bags, thick polyethylene packaging bags, use of 1%calcium chloride, use of absorbent paper in the box, and control) were examined at four stages of post-harvest consumer chain transport. These stages included: (1) Farm, after harvesting and putting in boxes, (2) Transport, after transferring products for wholesale and during discharging, (3) Wholesale, after discharging and when selling to local retailers usually 24-36 hours after harvesting time, and (4) Retail stores (2 days after harvesting time at most). The total acid level, vitamin C, and lycopene of the fruit differed across different farms, different transportation conditions, post-harvest treatments, and the four stages of product transport. The total percentage of unacceptable fruits was significant in post-harvest treatments and at different stages of transport. Among post-harvest treatments, packaging with high-density plastic and absorbent paper with 7.94 and 12.16% of weight loss, respectively, claimed the minimum and maximum physiological loss in fruit weight. The minimum post-harvest loss (4.21 percent) was related to high-density plastic packaging.
 

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Business evolutions, emergence of powerful competitors, rapid technological changes, change of customers' expectations, new social models, etc have required the firms to revisit their strategies continuously. Capability of a firm to agree on a change, identify opportunities and reform its resources enables it to change strategic orientations properly. New orientations need the definition of a new logic of value creation for a firm that appears in three axes of value creation, delivery and capture. In the present research, the effect of strategic agility is studied on organizational performance by examining it exactly. The population of the research is Iranian Banks at least with 5-year experience in this industry. According to the exploratory nature of the research, factors of strategic agility are identified after literature review on agility, and PLS-SEM is used to measure its effect on organizational performance according to the limitations of the sample of study. Findings show that strategic agility has a significant positive effect on organizationl performance. Also among factors affecting organizational performance with the mediator "strategic agility", collective commitment has the highest effect.

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Farmers’ trust in extension staff may improve the performance of agricultural extension services and productivity through transferred knowledge and new farming practices. Using the trust game and trust questionnaire, this study measured farmers’ trust in extension staff. Measures obtained from the two methods were statistically different. We examined the relationship between the measured trust and agricultural productivity to control socio-economic factors. The findings revealed an insignificant relationship between trust and productivity that might be due to inappropriate attributes of extension programs. This emphasizes the need for more participation of farmers in researching and structuring training programs. While age had a negative impact on trust, traditional farmers with high experience showed a high level of trust. This indicates that young farmers who mostly inherited their lands from their parents and have occupations other than farming or practice modern farming, do not trust the extension staff. Farm size positively influences productivity by reducing the number of laborers per hectare. This emphasizes that the traditional way of farming is the cause of low productivity in Iranian agriculture.