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The present research investigates the conceptualization of the metaphors of “fear” in the Quran. Conceptual metaphors are an important discourse in cognitive linguistics. In this approach, metaphors are believed to be a cognitive phenomenon which manifests in language. This research aims to identify the initial spheres based on which fear has been conceptualized in the Quran and endeavors to attain the stance of the Quran on this emotion. To this end, a body of 607 verses containing the concept of fear was collected. In the next stage, 18 concepts were identified using cognitive analysis. The two schemas of force and movement as the initial spheres play a major role in the conceptualization of “fear” in the Quran. In conceptualization based on movement, behavioral and physiological actions of people facing external forces indicate their lack of control and defeat by external forces, with a virtual basis in most cases. In return, in conceptualizing fear based on the schema of force, the presence of a range of forces such as pressure, blocking, and redirection in facing external forces express the voluntary reaction of people in overcoming the external forces. Hence, in line with its guiding purposes, the Quran has missioned the prophets, in many cases as a divine command, to ask His audience to confront the non-divine external forces with the force arising from – the fear – of divine majesty.

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I aim to explore whether there are similarities and differences between the ethical virtues and vices in Nahj al-Balāghah in terms of cognitive-linguistics and based on the image schemas of Evans and Green's Model piety, perseverance, expenditure are the ethical teachings, described in Nahj al-Balāghah, chosen and analyzed based on image schemas. And the vices described in Nahj al-Balāghah are Secularism, greed, and jealousy. Studying the descriptive-analytical approach, I investigate and compare the virtues and vices discussed in sermons and short sayings of Nahj al-Balāghah in terms of cognitive semantics. Finally, the findings reveal that the general types of image schemas of Evans and Green’s model (schemas of Force, Balance, Unity/ Multiplcity, Existence, Identity, Locomotion, Containment, Space) have almost similar frequencies for both the virtues and vices. Among all, the schemas of force are the most repetitive in virtues and vices. And the balance is on the second level. The research finding is significant because it shows the similarity of the virtues and vices in using the different types of schemas in Nahj al-Balāghah. Their main difference lies in the way of using the subsets of the general concepts.  
 

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The human experience is shaped through effective collaboration with forces. Johnson (1987) initially highlighted the significance of force schemas in conceptualizing events. Thus, this research seeks to explore this topic using a library-based approach, focusing on the force schemas presented in Johnson's cognitive semantics model and their application in Quranic verses related to infaq (almsgiving). In this inquiry, I seek to identify which force schemas are most commonly used in these verses and how they contribute to the understanding of the concept of infaq. In the analysis of the research data on the ethical concept of infaq in the Holy Quran, the concept of force image-schemas based on Johnson's model was used. The importance of the topic of infaq and the presence of force image-schemas in it were the reasons for choosing this ethical concept. In this regard, I examined the seven types of power in the context of infaq in the Holy Quran. The results showed that the force image-schema of obligation has the most frequency. In figurative language, the divine revelation's imperative and prohibitive commands, exert a pressure that functions as a force of compultion. After the force schema of compultion, the force schema of blockage has the highest frequency. In the Holy Quran, factors such as greed, hypocrisy, disbelief, and denial are introduced as obstacles to infaq. The force schema of "deviation from the path" does not exist in the interpretation of the verses of infaq.
 

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Ayat al-ahkam of prayer are verses in which divine commands about prayer are in the form of prescriptive discourse; But the point that is raised about such verses is that despite the rule of prescriptive discourse on them, in many of these verses, the actor is one of the components of inductive discourse (encouragement, threat, etc.) has also used; For this reason, in this research, it is the question of what function the inductive discourses have in these verses, and despite them, what kind of discourse structure does this category of commandment verses have? In this research, which was carried out with the analytical and applied method and based on the semiotic-semantics approach of Garmes, an attempt has been made to examine the 17 verses of the Qur'an, which are known as the commandments of prayer, from the point of view of prescriptive and inductive discourse, in order to determine how their discourse structure is. And the function of inductive discourses should also be clarified in these verses; The findings of this research show that the inductive discourses used in addition to the prescriptive discourse are anti-discourses that have provided semantic support to the performance of the prescriptive action by the actors in two ways, and their presence has created a unified system of prescription and induction in these verses. Is.

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Species diversity is an index for sustainability of rangeland ecosystems. We studied the effect of environmental factors (soil properties and aspects) on plant species diversity in Zagros mountainous rangelands (vegetation type: Festuca ovina-Astragalus parrowianus) in the west of Hamadan in March–July 2009. For this purpose, four aspects were defined in the study area. Vegetation types were studied by physiognomic-floristic method in the field. The factors of vegetation were measured by transects using a systematic-randomized method. Five transects (100 m) and five plots along each transect were used. One soil sample (composition, 0–40 cm) in each plot was collected by a randomized method and assessed the following factors: pH, OM, N, EC, P, K and texture in the laboratory. The multiple regression method was used to investigate the relationship between species diversity (dependent variables) and soil and topographical factors (independent variables). Results showed that soil characteristics and aspects had significant effects on diversity in which north, east and west aspects as well OM, N, EC and clay were the most prominent factors influencing diversity.

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Soil erosion is an abstruse phenomenon which contains segregation and transmission of soil particles and runoff from rainfall and infiltration. Runoff and sediment generation was compared using rainfall simulator in grassland (St. parviflora-Br. tomentellus) and shrubland (As. parrowianus-As. gossipinus). For this purpose, vegetation map was supplied for two vegetation types four main aspects and two slope classes (12%-20% and 20%-40%)  and corresponding work units were accordingly determined Three points were selected in each unit and rainfall simulator set inside them through a randomized pattern. The intensity of rainfall simulation was 1.6 mm min^-1 with 10 minute duration and then runoff and sediment were measured. One soil sample (depth of 0–40 cm) was collected and assessed for pH, OM, EC, P, K, Ca, Mg and texture in the laboratory at the vicinity of the study area. The results of Duncan test and multiple regressions showed that grassland had more runoff and sediment than shrubland, but initial time of runoff in grassland was less than shrubland. Also aspects, slopes and soil characteristics (EC, Ca, Clay, P) had significant effects on runoff, sediment and initial time and they had linear correlation with runoff and sediment.

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The probiotic effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger on the feeding efficiency, body composition, ammonia excretion, blood serum enzymes and the intestinal microbiota of juvenile beluga, Huso huso was investigated. The fish (31.8±2.81g) were randomly allocated into 12 oval tanks at a density of 30 individuals per tank with three replicates for each treatment,. The fish were fed either a basal diet (as control) or the diet supplemented with S. cerevisiae and A. niger (2×10⁶, 4×10⁶ and 6×10⁶ cells g^-1) for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the probiotic supplemented diet at 6×10⁶ (cells g^-1) significantly improved FCR and other nutritional indicators compared to the control treatment (p<0.05). Significant improvements (p<0.05) were also observed in ammonia excretion and blood serum enzymes between treatments. Total viable fungus and Lactobacillus spp. count were significantly improved in treatment compared to control (p<0.05). These results indicated that S. cerevisiae and A. niger improved feeding performance and blood serum enzymes of beluga.

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Using the Correct Pattern of Consumption to achieve stable and optimal patterns of consumption and use of resources, not only can increase productivity but also can increasing possibility of a successful crossing of probable future economic downturns. Productivity means using least resources most effectively to achieve growth and prosperity in all concerning aspects. The Main Objective of This Study was to investigate factors influencing the productivity of employees with regard to the mediator role of Correct Pattern of Consumption variable. The statistical population includes all government employees in Kermanshah that among them a sample of 371 individuals was selected by The Stratified approach using the Cochran formula. For Collecting Data, questionnaire was used. Based on the research literature, a model showing influence of selected variables has been tested using LISREL software. The results showed that all factors have significant and positive effects on the productivity. Considering this relationship, and taking indirect correct pattern of consumption Mediator variable into account there are significant and substantial effects. Amount of the model fit indexes (GFI=1, AGFI=0/98) demonstrate suitability of the research model.

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Improving the quality of life has always been considered as one of the human purposes. “creating and maintaining balance between natural and built environment” has a significant role in improving the quality of life. Before industrial revolution, man and nature always was in balance but after formation of industrial revolution this balance was faded and lost ,over the years. This imbalance, reached the highest level in the second half of the last century. During the second half of the last century, the world’s urban population has increased tremendously. Migration to cities has primarily occurred, and will continue to happen, in the so-called less developed countries as the result of increased economic and social opportunities offered in urban areas and the degradation of rural economies and societies. The extremely rapid urbanization has led to extremely serious environmental, social, political, economic, institutional, demographic and cultural problems. The tremendous increase in the world’s population and in urbanization is the main reason for the continuous increase of energy demand and consumption in most countries. Building sector and transportation sector are the major consumers of energy in many cities. To responding energy demand of these sectors, the use of fossil fuel is rising. One of the consequences of this rising, is increasing pollutant like greenhouse gases. Increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is leading to climate change. According to IPCC report in 2014, GHG emission is the major cause of climate change. Climate change brought about by man-made emissions of greenhouse gases has been identified as the greatest challenge facing human society at the beginning of the twenty first century. Climate change, it is predicted, may potentially damage every natural and human system on the planet. Today, climate change is became as one of the most important concerns of scientific and political circles, so It is clear that urgent action is needed and that the scale and scope of such action will be hugely varied. At present, the main worldwide response to the threat of climate change is mitigation; especially the lowering of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across a variety of scales. The preponderance of scientific evidence suggests that climate change is caused and exacerbated by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and that lowering the amount of gas being emitted will limit climate change effects. An increasing amount of climate research now points to adaptation as a necessary means of addressing unavoidable climate change impacts. Adaptation to climate change refers to efforts to develop resilience to predicted or potential climate impacts and effects before and as they happen. In order to responding climate change- as the biggest crisis of this era- and achieving adaptation to climate change, proposing efforts and strategies in various disciplines is inevitable and unavoidable. Urban design and its strategies can have a key role to responding climate change impacts and achieve adaptation. But it is obvious that traditional urban design is not sufficient to responding this. A new paradigm is required to develop resilient cities that can adapt and thrive in changing global conditions, meet the requirements of carbon-reduction and other environmental measures, and sustain urban populations in more compact settings by providing amenities that people need and want. The scope and speed of current changes demands that urban designers define compelling visions and integrated design measures for shaping resilient cities. From energy and transportation to water and green infrastructure, urban designers can shape these systems to shrink our ecological footprint, configure resilient urban form and adapt our cities to climate change. A climate-resilient urban design strategy requires expanding traditional place-making urban design qualities to include principles of sustainable design such as resilience, comfort, resource efficiency, and biotic support. Today, resilience is one of the most important qualities that considered in urban design. There are various ways to achieve resiliency through urban design. Reducing CO2 emission is the most known and common way to achieve resiliency. In the past, efforts at reducing CO2 have focused primarily on building scale (low to zero-energy buildings). While there has been great progress in the energy efficient buildings over the past forty years, buildings alone do not include transportation and infrastructure systems (energy, water and waste) as part of the design process, so low-carbon urban design is considered as an inevitable necessity. Low-carbon urban design principles can be classified into sevencategories which are called as “seven rules of sustainable and low-carbon urban design”. These principles include: 1)restore streetcar city, 2)designing an interconnected street system, 3)locate commercial services, frequent transit, and school within a five-minute walk, 4)locate good jobs close to affordable homes, 5) provide a diversity of housing types, 6)create a linked system of natural areas and parks,7)invest in lighter, greener, cheaper, and smarter infrastructure. These principles represent the elements of a whole. Achieving one without the others – particularly if it is at the expense of the others – will be of limited value and could be counterproductive. Low-carbon urban design principles and strategies can be applied in different scales. Among the scales proposed for urban design, neighborhood is recognized as an appropriate scale for application of low to zero-carbon urban design strategies, because it aggregates all the systems and flows. It has the potential to integrate the design of transportation, buildings, infrastructures, landscape and land-use while engaging the design of public realm as part of the system. This article seeks to present the urban design criteria for low to zero-carbon neighborhood by exploring the studies and the best practices (in Freiburg, Hannover, Stockholm, Malmö and London) to create low to zero carbon neighborhoods. The result of the research is shown as urban design criteria which categorized by urban form and building typology, transportation and land-use, energy, landscape design and creativity. These criteria not only is in consistent with the low – carbon urban design principles, but also if these criteria are applied in an integrated way, we can expect creating a low to zero-carbon neighborhood; A neighborhood with qualities, such as local identity, inclusion, human scale, lower energy consumption, lower CO2 emissions and, most importantly, greater resilience.

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According to The Richness of the Base (ROTB) in Optimality Theory, there is no limitation on the input and linguistic variation in this theory which is defined as permutation of constraints. Assuming Sorani Kurdish verbal form to be more intact than those of Ardalani and Kalhori dialects, it is treated as the proto-form and, following OT principles, and by showing different constraint permutaions, an instance of variation among these three dialects is put forth. To do so, having interviewed 10 native speakers of Sorani, Ardalani and Kalhori each, and having obtained an audio corpus, the authors consider the Sorani form as an input, putting it into different constraint tableaux, and different constrains permutation resulted which is thought to be the reason of variation. In Kalhori and then in Ardalani more markedness constrainsts are active than in Sorani. OT can deal with the variation perceived in verb forms in Kurdish dialects well.
 
 

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Pastoral literature is one of the literary genres that have been neglected, while both the formal and informal genres of pastoral literature deserve a serious attention of researchers with literary and interdisciplinary approaches. Pastoral stories are part of a huge system of informal pastoral literature. So far, no determined research has been done in Iran with the approach of analysing pastoral themes on these texts. Nature has a special state in pastoral literature. The available research intends to investigate the twofold functions of nature (sanctity-magical function and the function of advancing the narrative) in the informal pastoral stories of Khaomirabad region of Marivan city. To achieve this, the approach of content analysis has been used with insinuating the structural analysis of stories, and the special place of outstanding natural elements such as mountains, caves, water, fire, springs, stones, and plants in stories have been investigated. The results of the research show that first, natural elements and places in pastoral stories are the cross point of the most important events of the story; secondly, the presence of magical and sanctity images in the description of nature evokes a positive image based on the necessity of respecting nature and the ecosystem in the reader. Thirdly, the structured schema in the mind of the reader and the audience provides an appropriate condition for generalizing the holiness and supernatural power of the natural elements described in the story to the physical world around him.
 

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In this study, the structural health of a thick steel beam, made of ST-52, is inspected by ultrasonic guided wave propagation method using piezoelectric wafer active sensors that is one of the most important techniques of on-line structural health monitoring. The key parameters of the diagnostic waveform such as excitation frequency and cycle number are determined in relation to beam dimensions as well as pulse-echo configuration of PZT active sensors attached to the beam. Finite element simulations were conducted to characterize wave propagation in the beam, and the signals of wave propagation were experimentally measured. For signal processing and feature extraction, continuous wavelet transform and scaled average wavelet power technique are used. Using the extracted features, probable existing damage in the structure is detected, localized, and intensified. The acquired results are representing a higher precision of the implemented method for damage identification and characterization with respect to a previous study.

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The two concepts satan/Iblis are considered as the most important concepts in the Qur’an, as they have a major role in the system of guidance/misguidnce which is the main purpose of sending prophets and revealing the Qur'an. Providing an incorrect understanding can lead to a misunderstanding of the function of Satan in this system. This study tries to use the etymology by paying attention to the linguistic context of the Qur'an, to provide a clearer explanation of these two concepts and to examine the views of the lexicographers. It observed that the word "Sheitan" derived from "ŝtn" that means enemy, competition … coming from magic. However, despite emphasizing "ŝtn" as the source of "Sheitan", the lexicographers have emphasized the meaning of the root "ŝt" - deviate and turn aside- and have placed the focus of meaning on Satan's own condition in being misguided. The combination of words in the meanings of enmity, discord, obstruction and magic with this word in the Qur'an confirms the results of etymological studies and shows that the focus of the meaning is on the effect of Satan on human misguidance and not his own condition. Regarding the word Iblis, the lexicographers have expressed two theories of derivation from the "bls" meaning despair or loanword in the meaning of mixed and inspector. Studies show that "Iblis" does not related to the meanings of mixed and inspector, but is a Greek word in the original sense of a liar and a special name for one of the Satans.
 
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1. Introduction

The two concepts of Satan and Satan are among the central concepts in the system of guidance /misguidance, which is one of the most important semantic systems of the Qur'an. Therefore, it is very important to have a correct understanding of these concepts.

Explaining these concepts has always been of interest to Arabic lexicographers from the classical Arabic period to the present. In addition to explaining the concepts of "Iblis" and Satan and expressing the relationship between these two concepts, they have tried to explain the role of Satan in misleading man. The difference in the explanation of these concepts starts from determining the root and source of their derivation and leads to the expression of different meanings for each of these words.

The present article tries to determine the connection between the two concepts of "Iblis" and Satan by discovering the root and origin of the derivation of these two words and to achieve a meaning consistent with the system of guidance/misguidance in the Qur'an. Based on the Qur'an's emphasis on Satan's enmity with man and the purpose of the Qur'an, which is to guide human beings, the meaning of these two words seems to be focused on the influence of Satan on man's misguidance. Contrary to the opinion of classical lexicologists who have considered the meaning of these two words only related to the situation of the Satan himself.

 

2. Literature Review

Classical lexicographers have studied the meaning of the words "Iblis" and Satan like other Qur'anic words. However, a research background with a radiological approach in the tradition of Qur'anic studies found under the topic "Foreign words in the Qur'an" in which the influence of other languages on the Arabic language, the presence of non-Arabic words in the Qur'an and the meaning and origin of these words are examined.

AL-Jawaliqi (1942), as the author of the first independent work on foreign words in the Qur'an about the word "Iblis", has suggested the possibility of being non-Arabic, but has not mentioned the meaning and origin of this word. Ibn al-Jawzi (1987) also only said that the word Iblis is non-Arabic. Al-Jawaliqi and Ibn Al-Jozi did not mention the word Satan. Others, while examining the origin of the derivation of some Qur'anic words, have also referred to the two words "Iblis" and "Satan", such as Al-Anisi (1932), Al-Muḥibbī (1994), Belasi (2001) and Kamal Aldin (2008). The views of these lexicologists reviewed in this article.

Husseini (2017) while researching the concept of "Satan's mass" has studied this word in Hebrew and Syriac. Asgari (2010) in an independent study related to the word devil has not studied this word in Semitic and Afro-Asiatic languages. Citing lexical opinions, poetic evidence, and pre-Islamic Arabic culture, he considered the word to be Arabic in the sense of a rope.

The difference between this study and the above studies is that the two words "Iblis" and "Satan" studied in all branches of the Semitic language, as well as in Afro-Asiatic and Nostratic. After obtaining the root, the source of derivation and the exact meanings of these two words, the use of these two words in the Qur'an also examined and the views of classical lexicographers criticized.

 

3. Methodology

First, a report on the meanings of these two words was presented in classical Arabic sources, after that the mentioned words were followed in ancient languages to obtain the main root, the origin of derivation and semantic changes of these concepts. After that, the results of etymology analyzed according to the Qur'anic uses of these words and their companions in the Qur'an.

By studying the mentioned roots in Semitic, Afro-Asiatic and Nostratic languages, the process of semantic changes and meanings in the main root of these words obtained, the possibility of being loan worn examined and the opinion of classical lexicologists reviewed and supplemented.

4. Results

In all Semitic languages, the word "Satan" derived from the root "ŝt̩n". Even in the Akkadian language, which is the oldest Semitic language, there is a consonant "n" in the root, and in all cases of  useing this root without the consonant "n" does not indicate the connection of this root with the word Satan in Arabic.

The main meaning of "ŝt̩n" is enmity, competition, war, obstruction, misleading and magic, which is not mentioned in classical lexical sources. The meaning of deviation from the right path, sin, bending, turning away, negligence, Neglect, etc., which is known in classical lexical sources as related to the root of "ŝt̩n", is related to "ŝt̩t̩".

The meaning of "burning" in Syriac language, which is not related to the concept of the Satan and the meaning of a snake or an ugly plant, also transferred from the culture to this word.

Examining the Qur'anic applications of "ŝt̩n"and "ŝt̩t̩" and studying the attributes and deeds such as enmity, "Nazgh", "Rijz", cursing, teaching of magic etc., attributed to Satan, confirms the results of etymological studies. It shows that the dominant view of the Qur'an on the function of Satan towards man and his place in the system of guidance-misguidance.

Classical lexicographers have proposed two theories for the word "Iblis", derived from the Arabic word "bles" meaning despair and being loan word in the meaning of mixed and inspected. Etymological studies show that "Iblis" is a Greek word that has changed into Arabic and has nothing to do with "bls" in Arabic. The meanings of mixed and inspecting, which considered by classical lexicographers, belong to Assyrian and Aramaic Targum.

"Iblis" is a special name for a genie means liar. Who disobeyed God's command and cursed. Then he became an enemy of human being and a barrier against them, and thus that genie and all those who had a similar act described as "Satan / Satans"

 

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The aim of this study is to analyze the role of phonological opacity in the phonetic representation of the prefix of progressive aspect in Kermanshahi Persian. In this dialect, when the progressive prefix /mi-/ is added to the verb stem, it changes in form in certain cases, depending on the nature of the first vowel of the verb. In Kermanshahi Persian, the progressive prefix is added to the left side of verbal root - which is, in turn, followed by verbal ending. This research is based on the Optimality Theory-Candidate Chains (McCarthy, 2007) - a version of Serial Optimality Theory. The data of this research have been collected through the conversations with the speakers of Kermanshahi Persian dialect in two age groups of over fifty- and under twenty-year-olds, relying – as well - on researchers' language intuition. The results of this study indicate that what causes the opacity in the phonetic representation of the vowel of progressive prefix in Kermanshahi Persian dialect is the occurrence of counter-bleeding interaction. The Serial Optimality Theory, is more successful in explaining this phenomenon than Parallel Optimality Theory.

1. Introduction
Kermanshahi Persian is a dialect which is spoken in the city of Kermanshah mainly in the west of Iran, and it presents certain linguistic differences with Standard Persian. One of the morpho-phonological differences is in the phonetic form of the progressive prefix /mi-/ when attached to certain verbal stems. Like what occurs in Standard Persian with the subjunctive prefix /be-/, the vowel of the prefix /mi/ undergoes vowel harmony if the following verbal stem contains a round vowel, and just as in /be-ro/ ("Go!") which surfaces as [bo-ro] on the phonetic level, /mi-/ in Kermanshahi Kurdish turns into [mo-] if there is a round element in the verbal stem, making forms like [mo.-ko.n-am] (meaning 'I do') out of /mi-kon-am/. The motivation of the such rule, however, is challenged by the phonetic form [mo.-xɑm] (I want), in which the vowel of the prefix is rounded, but there does not seem to be any round element as the motivation. This opaque application of the phonological process is analyzed in this article via the principles Optimality Theory. The main questions of the present study are as follows: (1) to what extent is Optimality Theory successful in explaining the opacity introduced by Kermanshahi Persian data? (2) What are the relevant active constraints? (3) In what permutation must the constraints be organized? (4) Which of the two versions of Optimality Theory, namely Parallel or Serial, is more successful in the explanation of the data in this study?

2. Literature Review
In order to prepare the grounds and to have a better insight into the present study, the review is based on the relevant works on phonological opacity and Optimality Theory which have been done inside and outside Iran.

2.1. International Studies
Bermúdez-Otero (1999, pp. 36-39) is among the first researchers who reported the challenge which the first versions of OT were faced with regarding the opacity phenomenon, and he asserts that the difficulty lies in OT neglecting the intermediate forms between the phonological and phonetic levels. This claim is also supported by McCarthy (2007, p.99), who reports the necessity of considering derivational path of the phonological processes. Urek (2013, p.1), too, reasons that Parallel OT fails to explain opacity since the Generator in this theory is designed to produce the candidates in one attempt. Anttila (2006, p. 893-901) classifies the suggested solutions to the problem of opacity in OT in three sets: "Input-Output Correspondence" theory which was first put forth by Benua (1995, pp. 77-82); "Sympathy Theory" suggested by MacCarthy (1999, 2000); and "Opacity Approach" put forward by Goldrick (2000, p.16). Alqahtani (2020, p. 22) is among the recent researchers who has investigated opacity as the result of counter-bleeding by analyzing examples from colloquial Persian. Also, Hauser and Hughto (2020, p. 29) claim that the general solution to opacity in OT could be found in what they call "contextual faithfulness constraints".
 
2.1. Iranian Studies
Many optimality-theoretic studies have been conducted in Iran on Persian and Kurdish data, among which one can mention those of Bijankhan (2006), Modarresi Ghavami (2011), Heidarpor Bidgoli (2012) in Persian; and Naqshbandi (2011), Fattahi (2012), Zahedi (2014), and Mohammadi (2014) in different dialects of Kurdish. As valuable as these studies are, none deals with the problem of opacity in Optimality Theory.
  
3. Methodology
The data in the present study have been collected in two ways: (1) through interviews with Kermanshahi Persian speakers of two age groups of above fifty and below twenty. The first group was chosen for their tendency towards using this dialect in their daily conversations, and the younger group was chosen as speakers who lean towards Standard Persian for its social prestige. This study, though, does not aim to investigate linguistic variations of these two age groups, but rather tries to identify the alternating forms in the verbal forms with progressive aspect. (2) through linguistic intuition of the researchers of the study, who are themselves, native speakers of Kermanshahi Persian. The collected data were then transcribed and the relevant alternating forms were identified. The last step was to identify the underlying phonological forms in order to decide on the nature and direction of the changes.

4. Discussion and Results
The following table illustrates the alternating forms of the progressive prefix in Kermanshahi Persian.

Table 1
 The Alternative Forms in Progressive Prefix of Kermanshahi Persian Dialog

(1)		mi.-bi.n-am prog. – see – 1S "I see."	(2)	mi.-xɑ.n-am prog. – read – 1S "I read."
(3)		mi.-bu.s-am prog. – kiss – 1S "I kiss."	(4)	mi.-ka.n.-am        prog. – dig – 1S "I dig."
(5)		mi.-ʃu.r-am prog.- wash – 1S "I wash."	(6)	mi.-ke.ʃ-am prog.-pull-1S "I pull."
(7)		mo.- xor.-am prog.-eat-1S "I eat."	(8)	mi.- sɑ.z –am prog.-make-1S "I make."
(9)		mo.- ko.ʃ- i prog.-kill-2S "You kill."	(10)	mo.- ko.n- am prog.-do-1S "I do."
(11)		mo.- xɑ-  m prog.-want-1S "I want."	(12)	mo.- wo.r -am  prog.-cut-1S "I cut."
	* prog.: progressive – 1S: first person singular – 2S: second person singular

As can be seen from the data above, the alternating forms of the progressive prefix are [mi] and [mo], with the latter appearing where there is a round element in the verbal stem. The exception, though, is (11), in which the vowel of the prefix has been rounded without any apparent incentive. To have a better picture of what is going on in this form, we can compare the root with its likely historical form by synchronically comparing it with other Iranian languages and the forms in the history of Persian language. As evident even in the Persian orthography, there used to be the glide /w/ after /x/ sound in the verbal root of "to eat". If we take the /xw/ cluster as the onset of the root, then we can assume the line of the change as below (the verbal ending is removed for simplification):
/mi-xwɑ/ --(vowel rounding)à moxwɑ --(the omission of glide w)à[moxɑ]
  If the glide omission, which is motivated by cluster simplification, was applied earlier than vowel rounding, the process of vowel rounding would be bled by it, leading to the incorrect phonetic form of *[mi-xɑ]; but since the actual order is in the opposite direction, the order of vowel rounding and glide omission is that of counter-bleeding, which causes opacity.
As was cited by many studies in the review section, parallel OT seems unable to choose correct opaque forms, the same is proved about Kermanshahi Persian data.
Tableau 1
 Inability of Parallel Optimality Theory to explain Opacity Phenomenon

Ident (r)	Aligh-left(r)	mi-xwɑ-m
	*	a. mixwɑm
*		b. moxwɑm
		Mc. mixɑm
*		d. moxɑm
Notes: symbol M shows an incorrect winning candidate. - Aligh-left(r) constraint penalizes any candidate with no agreement in rounding - Ident (r) penalizes any candidate with a changed value in the feature [round]

Optimality Theory-Candidate Chains, in addition to valuing the intermediate steps and derivational paths, enjoys a new form constraint that guarantees a fixed order of the application of the processes, namely Prec(A,B), in which constraint B is only violated if constraint A has been violated earlier. We can consider Prec(Ident(r),Max(r)) to penalize any candidate in which: (a) the round element is deleted without the process of vowel rounding having occurred earlier; (b) the round element is deleted and the vowel rounding occurs following that. With this constraint at play, we can consider the steps of derivation as depicted by the following tableaux.

Tableau 2
The First Step of Derivation

Ident (r)	Max (r)	No-Codaprg	Prec(Id,Max)	Complex-Syll	Align-l(r)	mi-xwɑ-m
*		*				Fa. mox.wɑm
	*		*!			b. mi.xɑm
		*			*!	c. mix.wɑm
*				*!		d. mox.wɑm
Notes: Complex-Syll penalizes any candidate in which there is consonant cluster in a syllable - No-Codaprog penalizes any form with a coda in the same syllable as the progressive prefix- Max (r) penalizes any candidate in which a round segment has been deleted (compared with the input)

Tableau 3
 The Second Step of Derivation

Ident (r)	Max (r)	No-Codaprog	Prec(Id,Max)	Complex-Syll	Align-l(r)	mox.wɑm
	*					Fa. mo.xɑm
				*!		b. mo.xwɑm
		*!				c. mox.wɑm
*		*			*!	d. mix.wɑm

Tableau 4
 The Third Step of Derivation and the End of Cycle (Convergence)

Ident (r)	Max (r)	No-Codaprog	Prec(Id,Max)	Complex-Syll	Align-l(r)	mo.xɑm
						Fa. mo.xɑm
				*!		b. mo.xwɑm
		*!				c. mox.wɑm
*!						d. mi.xɑm

In Serial Optimality Theory, which OT-CC is a version of, the Generator is only allowed to produce candidates with one difference from the input. The winner chosen by the Evaluator will then be given to the same tableau, and there again, the Generator produces candidates with only one difference from the new input. This cycle will continue until the winner is the same form as the input – a step which is also called as convergence. This success in choosing the right form as the final winner is all thanks to the gradualness of Serial OT and the Prec constraint, which disqualifies the threatening competing forms Parallel OT was not able to shed out of the competition.
6. Conclusion
Optimality Theory-Candidate Chains proves to be more successful in the case of opacity observed in Kermanshahi Persian progressive prefix than the Parallel version of OT, where the process of choosing the final winner is not gradual and the intermediate forms are not taken into account due to the Generator's permission to produce candidates with any number of differences compared to the input. The gradual nature of OT-CC along with the Prec constraint leads to the choice of the right candidate as the winner. The following tableau, also known as Harmonic Improvement tableau, shows how the winners of the later rounds incur less threatening violations.

Tableau 5
 The Harmonic Improvement in [mo.xɑm]

Ident (r)	Max (r)	No-Codaprog	Prec(Id,Max)	Complex-Syll	Align-l(r)
					*	a. mix.wɑm
*		*				b. mox.wɑm
	*					c. mo.xɑm

In the tableau above, the candidates are the winners of each step of derivation, with each being more harmonic – incurring fewer violations to the higher-ranking constraints – than the previous candidate.

 

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The prevalence of electronic money has affected the volume of banknotes and coins in circulation in Iran. This paper aims to study and analyses the mechanism of e-money impacts on currency volume. In this regard, the effects of e-money issuance and development indicators, such as number of debit cards, number of ATM machines, number of Point of Sales (POS) terminals, number of terminals in bank branches, on the volume of banknotes and coins in circulation are estimated using quarterly data during 2004-2010. The estimation results show that the increase in the number of debit cards raises the volume of currency in circulation. This arises since the debit cards are often used to get money for daily and weekly purchases from ATM machines in Iran. In addition, the number of Point of Sales has a negative effect on the volume of currency in circulation.  

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This study tries to model real exchange rate using a two-state Markov autoregressive model. The empirical results indicate that the real exchange rate cycles are well explained by a switching autoregressive pattern rather than a simple autoregressive model. The Markov switching autoregressive model (MSAR) is a non-linear method, which models volatility in financial markets well and identifies periods of regime change of exchange rate volatility. The results show that duration of staying in high volatility regime (regime 1) is less than that of low volatility regime (regime 2) in Iran. The other result is the possibility of testing for the purchasing power parity (PPP) theory, implying that existence a regular trend in data and lack of convergence potential real exchange rate to 1 leads to reject the PPP theory. Since there is a regular trend in real exchange rate data, we can reject the PPP theory in Iran. This also indicates that the real variables affect real exchange rate only in the long-run.

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Rapid increase in housing price has been a national difficulty for the people and public officials in recent years in Iran. Therefore, the study of factors affecting increased housing prices is of great importance. In this paper, the effects of some key variables, including land price, construction cost, the volume of bank loans to housing sector, exchange rate, stock price index, the number of residential buildings and household income on the price of housing have been studied in Kermanshah. For analyzing the effects of above-mentioned variables on price of houses, an auto regressive distributed lag model has been estimated using quarterly data over the period 1991-2009. Additionally, the error correction model was estimated in order to evaluate the adjustment speed of dynamic model to the long-run one. The estimation results indicate that the macroeconomic variables are of high power in explaining the behavior of house price and its fluctuations.

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In present paper the Inamuro Model based on free energy approach of the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) was used to simulate the motion of bubble and coalescence of two bubbles under buoyancy force. By combining the Tanaka and Inamuro models, three-dimensional model of Inamuro was used in two-dimension for decreasing the computational cost. Firstly it was ensured that the surface tension effect and Laplace low for two density ratio 50 and 1000 were properly implemented. Secondly in next step, effect of governing dimensionless numbers problem such as Etvos number and Morton number on Reynolds number and terminal shape of bubble were investigated. Different flow patterns in various dimensionless numbers were obtained and by changing the dimensionless number, terminal change of bubble’s shape was seen. Finally, motion of two bubbles and terminal shape of coalescence of two bubbles were studied in different dimensionless number, which shape of first bubble was same to single bubble, but it was seen that second bubble experienced various shapes due to its location in wake of first bubble and less difference pressure on two sides of this bubble.

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Customer satisfaction represents a modern approach for quality in enterprises and organizations and serves the development of a truly customer-focused management and culture. Measuring customer satisfaction offers an immediate, meaningful and objective feedback about clients' preferences and expectations. In this way, company's performance may be evaluated in relation to a set of satisfaction dimensions that indicate the strong and the weak points of a organization. In this research and for the first time in Iran; Multicriteria satisfaction analysis is offered for measuring and analysis of customer satisfaction in export development bank of Iran (EDBI). The integrated methodology evaluates the satisfaction level of a set of customers based on their values and expressed preferences. This research has been performed in according to request of Customer Affairs and Branch Coordination Department in EDBI that by solution of several linear programming model (with respect to Hierarchical structure of customers' satisfaction dimensions), average satisfaction level and importance (weight) of each dimension will be achieved and finally by development of a set of quantitative indices and perceptual maps makes possible the provision of an effective support for the satisfaction evaluation problem.