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The genetic structure, diversity and population kinship of four strains of ornamental barb, Puntius tetrazona, viz. tiger, green, albino and rose barb, was studied through microsatellite markers.  Genomic DNA was extracted from dorsal fin tissue of 160 individuals (40 per strain) using kit and its protocol from Denazist Co.  PCR amplification was performed using four pairs of microsatellite primers (Sm17, Sm25, Ma106 and Ma109). PCR products were electrophoresed on 8% acrylamide gel and stained with silver nitrate. The results showed that all loci were polymorphic. A total of 21 alleles for four markers in four strains was found. The mean number of alleles per locus at the population level was 5.25, and the number of alleles per polymorphic locus varied between 3 and 6. Average number of the observed alleles in tiger, green, albino and rose barb strains were 3.25, 3.25, 4 and 3.25, respectively. The observed and expected heterozygosity averages were 0.24 and 0.49, respectively. Most cases significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p≤0.01). The analyses of molecular variance showed high genetic diversity (97%) within populations. The F_st value was 0.03 which indicates the low genetic differentiation between populations. UPGMA cluster analysis based on Nei genetic distance showed two different populations inhabiting the regions. Therefore, the microsatellite markers used in this study were found suitable for the different strains, and the degree of diversity was very low between strains, indicating a high degree of kinship.

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Developments in the oil contracts of countries indicate that most countries have abandoned the use of service contracts only and resorted to the contract model of production sharing contracts and new concessions, or by modifying, have driven their contract models to a variety of partnership contracts. However, this study shows that although many legal efforts have been made in Iran and Iraq to use this contract model, but the lack of clear law in this regard has led to the reform process of oil contracts leading to the implementation of models of long-term service contracts. The results of comparing the economic evaluation of Iranian petroleum contracts with service contracts and production sharing contract in Iraq show that the production sharing contract has higher economic efficiency, while creating the necessary incentives for the contractor to implement risky projects, in various economic conditions creates greater alignment between the interests of the parties to the contract, establishes a more efficient and equitable distribution of technical and economic risks between them, which is an important factor for the commitment of the parties to the implementation and termination of the contract. Therefore, it seems that due to the prevailing conditions in the oil market, including competition and declining trends in oil prices the use of the contract model of production sharing contract, at least for fields with difficult conditions and common fields, is a solution, but to use it like other countries, more effective legal measures such as the enactment of a law is essential.

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The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of genomic breeding values prediction with different marker densities before and after the imputation in the simulated purebred and crossbred populations based on different scenarios of reference population and methods of marker effects estimation. The simulated populations included two purebred populations (lines A and B) and two crossbred populations (Cross and Backcross). Three different scenarios on selection of animals in the reference set including: (1) A high relationship with validation population, (2) Random, and (3) High inbreeding rate, were evaluated for imputation of validation population with the densities of 5 and 50K to 777K single marker polymorphism. Then, the accuracy of breeding values estimation in the validation population before and after the imputation was calculated by ABLUP, GBLUP, and SSGBLUP methods in two heritability levels of 0.25 and 0.5. The results showed that the highest accuracy of breeding values prediction in the purebred populations was obtained by GBLUP method and in the scenario of related reference population with validation set. However, in the crossbred population for the trait with low heritability (h²= 0.25), the highest accuracy of breeding values prediction in the weighting mechanism was equal to (=0.2). Also, results showed that in the scenario of related reference population selection when 50K panel was used for genotype imputation to 777K SNPs, the prediction accuracy of genomic breeding values increased. But, in most scenarios of random and inbred reference set selection, there was no significant difference in the accuracy of genomic breeding values prediction between 5K and 50K SNPs after genotype imputation to 777K.