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Researched show that backpack is the most appropriate means to be carried by the primary students every day.As the weight of these backpack may be not standard, this study aimed to evaluate the Standards associated with the primary school students’ backpack in Karun, Iran. This cross-sectional study was done on primary school students studying in Karun, Iran in 2016. In this study, a randomized multi-stage sampling method was performed by which a total of 400 students were selected. A flat scale used to measure the students’ weight and a sliding scale used to measure the students’ backpack weight Furthermore, a checklist including the questions regarding standard items of backpack was completed. Collected data and information on the checklists were analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the brand's special value and the audience's loyalty to the brand in Iranian sports clubs. The descriptive research method was correlational and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population included sports club spectators, whose sample size was determined based on Morgan's table for a population of 1,800 people, and 317 people were selected through available and targeted sampling. Aker's brand value questionnaire and Mahoney's audience loyalty questionnaire were used to collecting data. Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression were used simultaneously with SPSS version 25 software to analyse the data. Based on the results of the research, it was observed that the special value of the brand has a significant direct positive effect on audience loyalty with the path coefficient (p=0.001, β=0.891); Therefore, it can be said that the special value of the brand has a significant positive effect on the loyalty of the audience. It is suggested according to the results.

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Introduction
Encouraging political participation through electoral behavior is the most crucial mission for a candidate and their team. In other words, how the political process is initiated and how the game is played effectively to benefit oneself while also deepening competitive democracy requires a nuanced art and comprehensive, professional strategies. Election activists can explore and utilize various aspects of political participation by understanding diverse electoral behaviors, the nature and functionality of these actions, and how to create them. There are numerous factors involved in electoral competitions that, to varying degrees, influence a candidate’s ability to secure a position and achieve political power. These factors range from cultural and social elements to economic and livelihood conditions, as well as communication, networking, and geographic factors, which are fundamental and vital in overcoming political rivals during an electoral campaign.

Methodology
The current article is a research-based study that is dual in nature regarding its objective: both fundamental/theoretical and applied. However, its predominant aspect can be considered applied, specifically problem-solving. It is applied in the sense that the results aim to settle a problem, which is how electoral candidates can achieve victory and attain political power.

Research Findings
This study showed that there is no single factor that can predict how people vote. Instead, a combination of various factors explains voting behavior in electoral contexts. There are diverse and various factors and strategies involved in the success of candidates in electoral campaigns. Political actors cannot effectively influence the voters' perception and play a significant role in elections by relying solely on one or a few components or strategies. The findings indicate that activists who have entered the electoral arena with a well-structured and comprehensive plan have managed the electoral environment more effectively. Therefore, candidates need to develop and articulate well-founded and comprehensive factors and strategies to ensure their strong and stable presence in electoral contests, enabling them to outperform their rivals, attract votes, and ultimately win the election.

Conclusions
Electoral candidates are the central actors in an election, serving as the focal point of the electoral campaign. The following question then arises: What factors contribute to a candidate's success? Various factors influence this outcome, as explained through theories of electoral behavior and political participation approaches. Sociological, social psychological, and political economic theories emphasize social, psychological, and cognitive indicators and components, focusing on subcultures and macro-social cultures (demographic characteristics and membership in institutions and groups) and the individual's loyalty to party’s identity and rational, demand-driven actions. In this context, elitist, political communication, and electoral geography theories place significance on political elites and adherence to directives, media, and interactions among the electorate within geographical spaces of varying scales (states, provinces, counties, districts, neighborhoods, and regions; spatial differences). These theories highlight the importance of active political forces, spatial communication tools, and comprehensive coverage of the electorate within the geographical space. Therefore, it can be said that the factors are diverse and unequal, with each factor and strategy having its own mechanisms and operational contexts. Among these factors and strategies, five strategies (factors) with their respective components—namely, the personal and social personality of candidates, political parties, money and financial resources, media, and geographical perspective—are considered to play the most significant and influential roles in a candidate's electoral success. Actors should primarily focus on these five spatial factors in their electoral campaigns

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Some experiments with the aim to identify insects feeding on the dodder Cuscuta campestris Yuncke as an important parasitic flowering plant, resulted in the discovery of two new potential biological control agents namely Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa, 1843) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) and Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763 (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Oxycarenus hyalinipennis was observed feeding extensively on dodder seed capsules that were parasitizing Christ's thorn Jujube tree Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Wild. Also aphid feeding caused severe damage to the dodder vine wraps on native hopbush Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. This is the first report of O. hyalinipennis and A. fabae feeding on C. campestris highlighting their potential as a biological control agent in Iran. 

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Abstract: Because of the complicated nature of track and train, investigation of interactions between them has been always an complex problem in railway engineering. Perceiving of this interaction is an complex problem only in track with various defects but also in the track without defects. Estimating of the forces exerted on track and train will be much difficult when a defect such as rail corrugation is added to this interaction. If an accurate computer model is available, we can have a good forecast of these forces. However, precise estimating of them is only reached field measurement. In this study, we tried to present a good estimation of passenger and freight wagon forces on track with rail corrugation defect. The pressure between sleeper and ballast was calculated by these forces. Afterwards pressure (on ballast surface)-rail corrugation wavelength diagrams was determined. By using these diagrams, the rail corrugation wavelength where ballast stresses were beyond the permissible limit for each type of operation, was determined (it was named critical corrugation wavelength). A computer model was developed in ADAMS/Rail software for passenger and freight wagons with various speeds to estimate the forces exerted on the ballasted track with corrugation defect.

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Objective: In about 50% of infertile couples a male factor can be found to be present either alone or in addition to other female factors. A new molecular mechanism recently revealed to be involved in infertility is epigenetic pattern modification like as aberrant methylation. This mechanism can change or even silence gene expression. On the other hand, GSTM1 (glutathione S-transferase mu 1) is shown to be important in transport of hormones and sexual steroids. Recent studies are in favor of implication of GSTM1 in male infertility. Based on the role of this gene in spermatogenesis, and protection of sperms, proving its epigenetic modification in male infertility and its implication in other diseases were reported. We explored its implication in Iranian men with infertility. Materials and Methods: This study is performed on peripheral blood samples of 50 fertile and 50 infertile men as well as 32 testicular tissue samples of infertile men with non obstructive azoospermia and 5 infertile men with obstructive azoospermia. Methylation detection method used in this study is Methylation Specific PCR. Results: Regarding GSTM1 gene in both cases (infertile men with non obstructive azoospermia) and normal control (fertile men) blood samples showed both methylated and unmethylated alleles. In tissue samples, 2 out of 32 testicular tissues showed only methylated and other samples showed both methylated and unmethylated alleles. Conclusion: This result shows a trend to methylation in Iranian men with infertility. However, statistically this difference is not significant (P-value=0.3). This study, in contrast to a previous report

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The Direct Torque Control (DTC) of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) offers simple structure and fast torque response. The conventional Switching Table-based DTC (ST-DTC) presents some disadvantages like high torque and flux ripple and also variable switching frequency. This paper investigates the improved ST-DTC strategies to reduce both torque and flux ripple in DTC of IPMSM with emphasis on structure simplicity and fast dynamics. New switching table with only two active vectors for each sector is introduced and the torque control hysteresis band is replaced by duty cycle calculation unit. For flux ripple reduction, conventional hysteresis-based controller is replaced by simple dithering technique. The duty cycle calculation unit is implemented to operate on each selected vector with the aim of torque ripple RMS minimization. The increase of switching frequency in ST-DTC because of delay in torque and flux estimation process, actually, is not possible; even when hysteresis bands are sufficiently diminished. This paper incorporates the combination of duty cycle modulated DTC and dithering technique to enlarge switching frequency. It therefore provides smoother waveform concurrently for the motor torque and the flux.  In the proposed method waveform comparison structure for duty cycle calculation is used; hence, the merits of classical ST-DTC, such as fast dynamic and simple structure, are mostly preserved

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There is a great resolution calling for smart grids in recent years. Introduction of new technologies, that make the network flexible and controllable, is a main part of smart grid concept and a key factor to its success. Transmission network as a part of system network has drawn less attention. Transmission switching as a transmission service can release us from load shedding and remove the constraints’ violations.
In addition to removing the congestion and decreasing the system cost, transmission switching may damage generating units due to transient states in instance of reconfiguration. Therefore, in optimal transmission switching, the system security, practical limitations and possible damages should be considered.
Considering dynamic constraints in proposed model avoid the occurrence of transient instability when opening the line in transmission switching action.
A network reduction method based on modified Jacobean AC Newton-Raphson technique power flow considering switchable line in technique is used for speeding up the calculation, efficiency and simplicity.
An approach for selecting the best lines in switching operation in the network is proposed. Based upon this approach, the lines with the highest effect on cost reduction are considered as the candidate switchable line.
To investigate the efficiency of the proposed strategy IEEE 57 bus test system is studied.
 
 

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Recently, the use of coronary stents in interventional procedures has rapidly increased and different stent models, with different geometries and materials, have been introduced in the market. In order to select the most appropriate stent model, it is necessary to analyze and compare the mechanical behavior of different types of stent. In this paper, finite element method is used for investigating the effect of stent geometry and material properties on its behavior. Two commercially available stent designs with different geometries (the Palmaz–Schatz and NIR stents) and two different stent materials (stainless steel 304 and Cobalt alloy MP35N) are modeled and their behavior during the deployment is compared in terms of stress distribution in the stent and vessel, and outer diameter changes. Moreover, the effect of stent geometry and material properties on the restenosis after coronary stent placement is investigated by comparing the stress distribution in the arteries. According to the findings, the possibility of restenosis after coronary stenting is lower for NIR stent in comparison with Palmaz–Schatz stent. Moreover, stainless steel 304 is more suitable material for manufacturing stents, in comparison with the other one.

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In Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the main air pollutant parameters in the atmosphere of Tehran, Iran. Generally, it is difficult to predict and control CO concentration because it is essentially nonlinear time-varying system. Recently, in particular, environmental control such as CO concentration level control is regarded as one of the most important factors in environmental protections. This paper describes forecasting and more specifically uncertainty determination of CO concentration during the modeling process using a support vector machine (SVM) technique. Uncertainty of the air pollution modeling studies highly affected the simulation results. In this regards, it is very important to determine the uncertainty of air pollution models due to consequences on health of people exposed to the pollution. Therefore, this research aims to calibrate, verify, and also determine the uncertainty of support vector machine (SVM) in the process of air pollution modeling in the atmosphere of Tehran. To achive this goal, the SVM model was selected to predict arithmetic average of daily measured CO concentration in the atmosphere of Tehran. In this regards, the SVM model was calibrated and verified using six daily air pollutants include particulate matter with diameter equal or less than 10 micrometer (PM10), total hydrocarbons (THC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), methane (CH4), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) and also six daily meteorological variables include pressure (Press), temperature (Temp), wind direction (WD), wind speed (WS) and relative humidity (Hum). The data was collected from Gholhak station located in the north of Tehran, Iran, during 2004-2005. Thereafter, the best developed SVM model for predicting the CO concentration was chosen based on determination of coefficient (R2). Finally, to determine the SVM uncertainty, the model was run many times with different calibration data. It led to many different results because of the model sensitivity to the selected calibration data. Then, the model uncertainty in the CO prediction process was evaluated using the width of uncertainty band (d-factor) and the percentage of measured data bracketed by the 95 percent prediction uncertainties (95PPU). Generally, the results confirmed the strong performance of the SVM model in predicting CO concentration in the atmosphere of Tehran. The predicted average daily CO concentrations by SVM model had a good agreement with the measured ones in the Gholahak air quality monitoring station. It was found that the determination of coefficient for calibration and validation of SVM model were equal to 0.89 and 0.88, respectively. Furthermore, the results indicated that the SVM model has an acceptable level of uncertainty in prediction of CO concentration in which the level of d-factor and the percentage of measured data bracketed by the 95PPU in the validation step were 0.74 and 76, respectively. Therefore, The obtained results indicated that the SVM model had an acceptable level of uncertainty in prediction of CO concentration. Therefore, it can be concluded that the SVM model is able to predict the CO concentration in the atmosphere of Tehran while it resulted an acceptable level of uncertainty. Finally, due to the proposed methodology is general, the authors suggest to apply it for analyzing the uncertainty of SVM model in other fields of science and engineering.

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Ecological footprint analysis in agriculture is a new and evolving subject. The main purpose of the study was to assess environmental sustainability of conventional and conservation tillage systems using ecological footprint analysis in Hamedan Province. Global hectares (gha) were used to measure the ecological footprint unit. Data was collected through questionnaires and use of cross-sectional multi-stage cluster sampling in 2013-2014 cropping year. Results revealed a significant difference in global hectares (gha) between ecological footprints in conventional (2.96) and conservation (2.84) systems. Both cropping systems used agricultural lands more than the ecologically productive land required to offset the environmental impact of different farming activities, and are therefore considered unsustainable. However, conservation systems proved to be more environmentally sustainable. The ecological footprint of fuel factor (gas oil and electricity) in both cropping systems had the highest impact on environmental sustainability: 49.70% and 47.22 percent of global hectares; respectively. Although environmental pollution was reduced slightly by the conservation system, estimated footprint based on gha was worrying. Addressing these challenges requires a national commitment which would not be possible without government intervention.

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The use of porous scaffolds for repairing the damaged bone tissues has been increased in recent years. As exploration of the mechanical properties of the scaffolds on the basis of experiments is time consuming and uneconomic, mathematical models are increasingly being introduced into the field, but most of them rely on finite element method and theoretical studies are rarely found in the literature. In this paper, different micromechanical models are presented for obtaining the effective elastic properties of bone scaffolds. Using these models, the mechanical properties of different scaffolds, including ceramic and composite bone scaffolds, are investigated. Single scale and multi-scale modeling approaches are used to simulate the ceramic and composite scaffolds, respectively. Furthermore, because of the wide application of hydroxyapatite in fabrication of bone scaffolds, the mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite scaffolds in different porosities are obtained in the current study by means of the presented methods. Results show that Dewey, self-consistent and differential schemes are the best methods in calculation of the value of Young’s modulus of these scaffolds in porosity ranges of less than 30 %, 30 to 60 % and more than 60 %, respectively. Moreover, self-consistent scheme gives good estimation of the value of Poisson’s ratio of hydroxyapatite scaffolds in different porosities. By obtaining the values of the mechanical properties of the scaffolds in different porosities by these models and using the statistical analysis, the mathematical relationship between the porosity and the mechanical properties of this kind of scaffolds (Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio) is obtained.

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The main purpose of using scaffolds replacement tissues of the body. The most important part is to choose the type and steel scaffolding so that eventually will replace the damaged tissue. One of the mechanisms proposed to reshape the bone is based on its piezoelectric properties. It seems that the use of piezoelectric materials is an option for use in the body, is a unique privilege. Therefore, the ceramic barium titanate (BaTiO3) having good piezoelectric properties, Curie temperature of about 125˚C and laboratory observations that non-toxic in the body, as a candidate to replace and simulate the performance of bone tissue, has been proposed. In this study, the design and produce of barium titanate piezoelectric ceramic as a bone scaffold with foam casting method and become coated with gelatinous and nanostructured HA composite for bone tissue engineering. Then test its properties by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and mechanical properties were studied. In the end, it was concluded that the barium titanate scaffold produse with foam casting method coated with gelatin nano hydroxyapatite composite structure suitable for use in bone tissue engineering.

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Foods that contain live probiotics and prebiotic compounds at the same time are called "synbiotics." Inulin is one of the prebiotics, the most important source of industrial extraction of which is chicory, jerusalem artichoke and garlic. The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate percentages of chicory, garlic and jerusalem artichoke for the production of synbiotic herbal tea with desirable PHysicochemical, microbial and sensory properties. For the preparation of synbiotic tea, different percentages of chicory (10 and 20%), jerusalem artichoke (10 and 20%) and garlic (0.5 and 1%) were prepared. Then Lactobacillus acidoPHilus (1%) was inoculated and aqueous extraction was performed mixed with water at 55- 60 ° C for 10 minutes. The chemical properties (brix, turbidity, PH, compounds and antioxidant activity), microbial and sensory properties of the drug were investigated. Also from black cumin (0.16 g), chamomile (3 g), cinnamon (0.12 g), fennel (0.2 g), mint (3 g) and licorice (0.1 g) as The filler was used in the preparation of tea. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design with three replications, using SPSS software version 24 and the mean comparison was performed using Duncanchr('39')s multiple range test. The results showed that with decreasing the amount of chicory, the amount of brix and the activity of probiotic bacteria increased, while decreasing the amount of pickled potatoes and garlic decreased the amount of brix and the activity of probiotic bacteria. Also, with decreasing the amount of chicory, garlic and jerusalem artichoke, the amount of turbidity, PH, antioxidant compounds and antioxidant capacity decreased. The amount of chicory, garlic and jerusalem artichoke did not affect the sensory properties  of the drinks.The treatment containing 20% chicory, 1% garlic and 20% jerusalem artichoke had the best chemical, sensory and microbial properties and was introduced as the superior treatment.

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High nutritional properties and therapeutic effects of sheep milk and dairy products can help many of the body's needs with its beneficial effects. Different percentages of cow's and sheep's milk (25, 50, 75 and 100%) were used in the preparation of traditional ice cream. Physicochemical and sensory tests such as pH, acidity (Dornik), fat percentages, melting resistance, dry matter and sensorial features such as flavor, odour, texture, sweetness and acceptability were studied. This research has 5 treatments and all tests were performed with 3 replications. Duncan's multiple range test was used to determine the difference between means at 95% confidence level and SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. The percentage of overrun in all samples was 30% as the same. The higher the percentage of cow's milk in the ice cream formulation, the lower the acidity, and conversely, the higher the percentage of sheep's milk in the ice cream formulation, the higher the acidity was observed. The pH of sample containing 100% cow's milk was highest. Traditional ice cream containing 75% of sheep's milk, had the highest percentages of fat, dry matter and melt resistance.  According to the 5-point Hedonic sensorial features treatment containing 50% of cow's milk and 50% sheep had a higher sensory rating than other treatments, and also in terms of characteristics Sensory senses are closer to the control treatment and are introduced as superior treatments.

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The rapid and intensive progress in science and technology in the world, despite its abundant advantages and gifts of welfare and comfort for the mankind, in many ways, it has pushed human security to face grave tragic events. To give an example, the progress in chemistry before the Great War, made it possible to produce and use toxic gases including Phosgene gas causing enormous deaths of both military personnel and civilians. Another example in man’s progress in nuclear physics led to innovating nuclear bomb with no precedent and unheard of in terms of mass destruction and ruins. In turn, the international humanitarian law, despite its progress in recent decades, has had been slower than the development of aforementioned scientific progresses. Nonetheless, one should consider the point that those disciplines of human sciences have more essential and fundamental principles that provide it with the ability to prevail with new conditions and situations. To elaborate the subject, although the international humanitarian law lacks explicit rules, regulations and treaties in addressing many of the modern armaments and warfare, it still possesses the principle of distinction, principle of unnecessary pain and suffering, principle of preventing vast and long-term damages that could be enforced on new arms by assessing its legality in order to boost human security.  The present paper aims at studying various aspects of this issue.

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The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the effect of R&D on profitability of high -tech industries with new evidence from the Iranian industries carrying four- digit codes. The Structure- Conduct- Performance (SCP) paradigm, which is relatively well known in industrial economics and in organization management, provides the theoretical construct that guides our empirical model formulation and execution.  The data is compiled from observations made at the plant level covering all industrial plants employing ten or more persons and carrying four- digit codes within the time span of 1994-2007. The model used essentially consists of a simultaneous equation system framework grounded into a panel data approach and estimated by Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS). Our findings indicate a positive and significant effect of R&D expenditures, measured in intensive form, on profitability of high-tech industries as evidenced by the Iranian case. Our more notable finding is the positive effect of lagged profits on R&D expenditure intensity, revealing a likely mutually enforcing relationship between profitability and R&D intensity in high tech industries

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