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Translation assessment involves investigating the extent of accuracy or inaccuracy in translation of textual units and levels as well as examining their positive and negative points. As one of the most basic, effective units of translation, words are capable of incorporating various semantic levels; consequently, finding their precise equivalent is of substantial importance. Translators are always faced with a set of challenges because the translation of a word must be adequate and aligned with the context of the text. And sometimes, the semantic load of a word is untranslatable. In order to eliminate or mitigate the percentage of such challenges in translation, different methods can be employed. Ladmiral (1994) laid out a set of components in this regard which guides the translator on how to transfer lexical concepts, so that a relative equivalence can be achieved between the source and target text through selecting words as equivalents. As a religious-literary text, Nahj al-Balagha contains different layers of meaning at lexical level. The present study seeks to investigate different methods for interacting with the words within Nahj al-Balagha in translation using Ladmiral’s theory (1994) as well as to examine the performance of Ali Shirvani (2005) in his translation of the words of this book. The findings of the study show that considering Ladmiral’s components (1994), the translator’s approach in certain parts of translation has been target-oriented, while in other parts, it has been source-oriented. Furthermore, despite his faithfulness toward source language words, the translator has been focused on transferring the message and meaning of the text and in some cases, he has been satisfied with translating certain references and contents which has resulted in his translation to be devoid of difficulty and ambiguity in understanding the purpose of the text.

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The topic of demand for sport has attracted substantial attention in the fields of sports economics in recent decades. Sport contest is one of the important products in the sport industry. Understanding the factors that affect the demand for this product can help football managers to earn more money. The main goal of this article is to identify the factors affecting demand for Iranian Football Premier League. To this end, demand function for Premier League Football is specified and estimated using the data during 2005 - 2006 seasons. The results reveal that match variables as well as economic variables have significant effect on the demand for Premier League Football in Iran. The results of the estimates show that Football is an inferior good and demand for Football is declined in the cities that have greater population. Since the uncertainty of outcome can not be explained by the demand, the numbers of attendance in match decreases at the end of seasons.

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Understanding the different aspects of the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth can outstandingly help to adopt appropriate policies in energy sector. Structural breaks and regime shifts may affect the above relationship. Therefore, it is important to consider structural breaks and regime shifts in empirical analysis. In this paper, the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is analyzed in the presence of structural breaks. The empirical models are specified and estimated using Iran's time series data during 1967- 2005 period. To this end, unit root tests proposed by Zivot and Andrews (1992) are first used to identify structural breaks found endogenously and then the Gregory-Hansen cointegration test, which allows strctural breaks in time series, is employed to estimate the long-run relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. The results show that in the long run, there is a positive and significant relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Iran.

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During the Industrial Revolution and particularly at the beginning of the Second World War, mathematicians and those involved in the industry became interested in the optimization models. The application of these model was specially developed in industry and services sector after the Second World War. Based on this, designing of the mathematical model for the transportation network of Islamic Republic of Iran’s Post Corporation, which is practically complicated as a result of the multiplicity of communication paths and the variation of transportation systems and vehicles as well as mail items, will be studied according to a multi-level model. First the transportation system’s data is loaded into the post corporation’s system of transportation data. After estimating the Function Utility of the system, the shortest time and path as well as the vehicle carrying the intended mail item between the two post offices (i & j) will be identified. Finally, the consignments will be transported through the selected paths and based on their weights. Therefore, besides reviewing the related literature, the history of transportation systems as well as postal transportation systems will be discussed. Finally, based on the methodology, the findings and proposals will be presented through a multi-level mathematical model.

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According to exchange rate pass-through models, exchange rate has a great impact on the competitiveness of exports and determining the effects of exchange rate on export prices can be useful in planning for export promotion. For this purpose, in this paper it has been attempted in the theoretical framework of exchange rate pass- through models and applying ARDL approach the effects of exchange rate on non- oil exports price of Iran during 1971 to 2007 has been tested empirically. The findings show that there is a significant positive relationship between exchange rate and export price index so that by increasing exchange rate (devaluation of national currency) export price index increases significantly. Exchange rate pass- through to export prices is complete and to import prices in terms of destination currency is zero. In other words, the empirical results of this study indicate that in the Iranian economy, exporters are faced with devaluation of national currency (increase in exchange rate), which increases export prices in terms of domestic currency. Thus, the exchange rate changes have not significant effects on export prices in terms of destination currency and just affect the profits of exporters.

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For studying the heavy rain fall in southeast of the Caspian Sea, the Meteorology Organization,s daily synoptic maps on four surfaces (the earth, 850, 700 and 500 HPA) from 1992 to 2002 were used. The results showed that five kinds of air mass and pressure systems influence heavy rain fall in southeast of the Caspian Sea; European migrant high-pressure, Siberian high-pressure, Subtropical high-pressure, Moonson low-pressure and Sudan low-pressure. Therefore, necessary synoptic conditions for heavy rain fall in warm season in Golestan province consisted of cold air advection on the surface of the Caspian Sea by European migrant high-pressure and warm and wet convection from the east and southeast by Moonson low-pressure on the earth level. Descending cold air in divergence zones of north Russian trough in upper layers of atmosphere on the surface of the Caspian Sea. Penetration of European migrant high-pressure from northwest and descending of subpolar cold air and penetration of Sudan low-pressure tongues from south and southwest of the earth and penetration of subtropical high-pressure to central part of the Caspian Sea in middle atmosphere layers and to settle the Caspian sea in divergence zones of north Russian trough.

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Drilling is one of the most critical mechanical process in oil and gas industry in which its operational parameters should properly be tuned to reduce drilling time and consequently enhance efficiency of the drilling process. The main objective in this paper is to present a new method to regulate and optimize the Rate of Penetration (ROP) of the system with top drive rotary motor torque in drill string. The paper presents a formulation of a robust receding horizon controller to track piecewise constant references. To achieve this, a tube-based Robust Model Predictive Control (RMPC) is introduced in which the tubes are based on reachable sets. A drilling system is assumed as a test bed for evaluating the performance of the proposed control scheme. The assumed drilling system is modeled as a linear system with additive bounded uncertainties by using Bourgoyne and Young model which is known as a complete mathematical drilling model. The most important novelty part of this manuscript corresponds to integration of both tracking and regulatory objectives in one control framework. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the stability and robust characteristics the proposed RMPC scheme in terms of its stability and robust characteristics with respect to the usual control approaches.

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One of the basic functions of input-output analysis is to identify the economic structure of regions and countries. This research seeks to identify the key sectors of Iran's provinces and to compare them with national key sectors. The data is extracted from the national input-output table and regional accounts of the Statistical Center of Iran in 2011. The results show that based on the "total gross backward and forward linkages" criterion, there are 17 and 20 key sectors, respectively, with and without considering the "dispersion of the linkages", at national level. With same criterion, every province has at least one and two key sectors, respectively. However, some key sectors of provinces are not listed as national key sectors, and are not included in the central planning. On the contrary, a number of national key sectors are not categorized as key sectors in the provincial level. In addition, due to the larger usage of national resources in key sectors, the provinces with more common key sectors with national economy have higher GDP per capita. Thus, it seems due to inconsistency between some regional economic structure with national one, considering the provincial key sectors in national economic planning leads to optimal use of national resources through increasing the GDP per capita and decreasing the interregional disparities.

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Today, with the growing competition in domestic and international markets, the ability of agribusiness companies to survive and to grow depends on choosing and implementing a sustainable business strategy. However, this task actually is not as easy as it seems, because it is important to consider various criteria and interrelations between them for choosing the best business strategy. Additionally, matching business strategy with organizational resources is essential for gaining a competitive advantage. Using the ANP model, the purpose of the current study was to select the most suitable business strategy for one of the largest saffron companies in Iran. The results revealed that differentiation strategy had the highest priority with 39% of the influence. Another finding was that managerial capabilities among organizational resources were relatively more important in choosing a business strategy. According to the findings of the study, it is suggested that agribusiness firm managers pay special attention to three important elements, namely, improving the financial condition, knowing the needs of customers, and creation of new innovative products or services, to implement a differentiation strategy.
 

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As for the buy-out clause, if the player pays the buy-out fee, he/she can terminate the contract prematurely without specifying any cause. The current research principally aims to analyze the legal nature of the buy-out clause and what are its legality conditions in FIFA regulations and Iranian law. Regarding the nature of the buy-out clause, different perspectives have been raised. From a perspective, the buy-out clause can be classified as a liquidated damage clause and is subject to prohibition of exorbitant and unfair liquidation damage provision. According to another perspective, the nature of the buy-out clause is a contractual right. The buy-out fee is in consideration for the exercise of contractual rights. Currently, the latter opinion is preferred by FIFA. Under Iranian law, basically, the nature of buy-out is valid and acceptable, but according to the Iranian Football League’s new charter of registration of employment contracts for the season 2023-2024, the use buy-out clause in the contract of Iranian players is prohibited. The findings of the present study with the analytical-descriptive approach indicate that the nature of the buy-out clause is a conditional opt-out right. Termination by this method should be deemed to be based on the parties’ (prior) consent. The player can trigger the buy-out clause and terminate his/her contractual relationship unilaterally and prematurely upon the unconditional and complete payment of the buy-out fee.